Ternary Nanomaterials Research Articles

Thermal transport analysis for ternary hybrid nanomaterial flow subject to radiation and convective condition

Ternary nanomaterials are now recognized as useful not only for thermal efficiency importance but also to enhance physical characteristics of liquids. Insertion of three nanoparticles in base liquid is characterized as ternary hybrid nanomaterial. Such materials have better magnet properties, electrical conducting and mechanical resistance. Here we discuss three-dimensional magnetized stretched flow of ternary nanofluid through porous space is addressed. Porous space is scrutinized by Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Convective condition is imposed. Nanoparticles here include copper, polyphenol coated and aluminum oxide and water as conventional liquid. Energy equation consists of radiation, magnetohydrodynamics, dissipation and heat generation. Resulting dimensionless system is computed by Newton built in-shooting technique. Outcomes of velocity, temperature, skin friction and Nusselt number for emerging parameters of interest are organized. Comparison of results for ternary nanofluid (CoFe2O3+Cu+Al2O3/H2O), hybrid (CoFe2O3+Cu/H2O) and nanofluid (CoFe2O3/H2O) is examined. It is found that temperature and velocity against Hartman number have reverse trends. Temperature and Nusselt number for radiation have increasing features. Similar characteristics for temperature through heat generation and Eckert number is noticed. Larger thermal Biot number corresponds to rise the Nusselt number and temperature. An increase in temperature through Forchheimer number is witnessed while reverse trend holds for velocity.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Sensing of Cysteine Based on Au Nanoparticle-Decorated ZnO@graphene Quantum Dots.

In this work, Au nanoparticle-decorated ZnO@graphene core-shell quantum dots (Au-ZnO@graphene QDs) were successfully prepared and firstly used to modify an ITO electrode for the construction of a novel photoelectrochemical biosensor (Au-ZnO@graphene QDs/ITO). Characterization of the prepared nanomaterials was conducted using transmission electron microscopy, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and the X-ray diffraction method. The results indicated that the synthesized ternary nanomaterials displayed excellent photoelectrochemical performance, which was much better than that of ZnO@graphene QDs and pristine ZnO quantum dots. The graphene and ZnO quantum dots formed an effective interfacial electric field, enhancing photogenerated electron-hole pairs separation and leading to a remarkable improvement in the photoelectrochemical performance of ZnO@graphene QDs. The strong surface plasmon resonance effect achieved by directly attaching Au nanoparticles to ZnO@graphene QDs led to a notable increase in the photocurrent response through electrochemical field effect amplification. Based on the specifical recognition between cysteine and Au-ZnO@graphene QDs/ITO through the specificity of Au-S bonds, a light-driven photoelectrochemical sensor was fabricated for cysteine detection. The novel photoelectrochemical biosensor exhibited outstanding analytical capabilities in detecting cysteine with an extremely low detection limit of 8.9 nM and excellent selectivity. Hence, the Au-ZnO@graphene QDs is a promising candidate as a novel advanced photosensitive material in the field of photoelectrochemical biosensing.

Structural characterization and dielectric properties of ternary polyaniline/berlin blue/ruthenium dioxide nanocomposite

ABSTRACT A ternary nanocomposite composed of polyaniline/berlin blue/ruthenium dioxide, i.e. PANI/BB/RuO2 was synthesized through a one-pot process using ammonium persulfate as a strong oxidizing agent in H2SO4 medium. The structure, morphology, thermal and optical properties of unary PANI, BB, RuO2, and ternary PANI/BB/RuO2 nanomaterials were analyzed through FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TGA, and UV-Vis techniques. The FTIR and XRD studies confirmed the formation of ternary nanocomposite. FESEM analysis revealed the homogenous structure with uniform distribution of PANI, BB, and RuO2 nanoparticles in the ternary nanocomposite. From UV-Vis studies, a low optical band gap value was obtained for PANI/BB/RuO2 nanocomposite in comparison to PANI nanoparticles. Further, the dielectric behavior of the unary and ternary nanomaterials was analyzed through various parameters such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, real and imaginary parts of electric modulus in the frequency range of 10 Hz−1 MHz by varying the temperature. It was found that ternary PANI/BB/RuO2 nanocomposite exhibits high dielectric constant and electric modulus (150°C) compared to unary nanoparticles. Hence, PANI/BB/RuO2 can serve as a suitable dielectric material for energy storage devices such as in solid-state capacitors.

Enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of rGO/NiO/Ag nanocomposite for degradation of methylene blue dye.

The current study focuses on boosting the photocatalytic ability of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by decorating the rGO nano-sheets with nickel oxide (NiOx) and silver (Ag) nanomaterials. The developed ternary nanomaterials were investigated using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, Raman, and UV-vis to evaluate the photo-degradation process. The rGO/NiOx/Ag ternary system showed promising photocatalytic dye degradation under simulated sunlight irradiance. The addition of NiOx and Ag nanomaterials widened the catalytic activity spectrum from the visible region to the UV-region. Besides, these materials hindered the electron-hole recombination, boosting the catalytic activity. The reusability results also clearly showed that the synthesized ternary nanomaterials have good reproducibility and stability for photocatalytic degradation of industrial wastewater.

Computational Assessment of ZrO2-Al2O3/EG and ZrO2-Al2O3-Cu/EG Nanomaterial on Blasius-Rayleigh-Stokes Flow Influenced by an Aligned Magnetic Field

In this work, the flow of a modified nanofluid is analysed as it passes over a moving surface to investigate the influence of nonlinear radiative heat transfer and the effects of magnetic fields that are aligned. In addition, ethylene glycol is used as the solvent while zirconium oxide and alumina are combined to generate a hybrid nanomaterial. Ternary nanomaterials consist of zirconium oxide, alumina, and copper dissolved in the ethylene glycol. For this mathematical model, Navier–Stokes equations were used to represent the assumed flow. The Navier–Stokes equations were approximated using the boundary layer method under the flow assumptions, yielding the PDE’s. Similarity transformations are used to translate this system into ODE’s. The bvp4c method is used to explain a dimensionless system. The impacts of the relevant physical parameters are elucidated quantitatively and visually. A greater temperature ratio parameter is observed to increase the temperature profile. In addition to this, when the magnetic field parameter is increased, the momentum layer becomes thicker.

Numerical investigation of dusty tri-hybrid Ellis rotating nanofluid flow and thermal transportation over a stretchable Riga plate

Due to high-ultra thermic significances, the nanosize materials are used in various chemical and mechanical engineering, modern technology and thermic engineering eras. For industrial growth of a country, one of the biggest challenges for engineers and scientists is improvement in thermal production and resources. In this study we analyzed the momentum and thermic aspects of MHD Ellis ternary nano material embedded with dust particles via stretchable Riga plate including volume concentration of dust material. The flow generating PDE’s for two phase models are minimized into dimensionless nonlinear ODE’s by using the right modification. To acquire the graphical results the BVP4c method was adopted in MATLAB software. Fundamental aspects affecting velocity and temperature have investigated through graphs. Additionally Nusselt number and skin friction have also been evaluated. Compared it with previous literature to check the validity of results. Finding reveals that as compared to dusty phase the performance of trihybrid nano phase thermal transport is improved. Moreover, the temperature profile increases for rotational and volume fraction dust particles parameter. Dusty fluids are used in numerous manufacturing and engineering sectors, like petroleum transport, car smoke emissions, caustic granules in mining and power plant pipes.

ATSS model based upon applications of Cattaneo-Christov thermal analysis for entropy optimized ternary nanomaterial flow with homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions

ATSS model for magnetohydrodynamic Darcy-Forchheimer radiative ternary nanoliquid flow by curved stretched sheet is constructed. Ternary nanoliquid consists of three different nanoparticles (gold (Au), zinc oxide (ZnO) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)) in ordinary liquid (Carboxymethylcellulose water (CMC-H2O)). Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and convective condition are discussed. Thermal equation has Ohmic heating, heat generation/absorption and radiation. Entropy production along with cubic autocatalysis chemical reaction is discussed. The obtained differential nonlinear systems are numerically computed by using ND-solve method. Graphical discussion for liquid flow, entropy rate and temperature via influential parameters for nanomaterial (Au/CMC-H2O), hybrid nanomaterial (Au+ZnO/CMC-H2O) and ternary nanomaterial (Au+ZnO+MWCNT/CMC-H2O) is organized. Computational outcomes for coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt number are studied. Opposite trend of velocity and skin friction for curvature is noticed. Velocity reduces against higher magnetic field. Augmentation for temperature against Eckert and thermal Biot numbers is noticed. Entropy production enhancement for radiation and diffusion parameter is observed. Thermal transport rate for radiation and thermal relaxation time has an increasing effect.

Thermal management in annular fin using ternary nanomaterials influenced by magneto-radiative phenomenon and natural convection

Annular fin is a particular mechanical setup for heat transfer that varies radially and frequently utilize in applied thermal engineering. Addition of annular fin to working apparatus enhance the surface area in contact with surrounding fluid. Other potential areas of fin installation are radiators, power plant heat exchangers and also it plays significant role in sustainable energy technologies. The major objective of this research is to introduce an efficient annular fin energy model influenced by thermal radiation, magnetic forces, coefficient of thermal conductivity, heating source with addition of modified Tiwari–Das model. Then, numerical treatment performed to acquire the desired efficiency. From the results, it is scrutinized that the fin efficiency significantly improved by strengthening the physical strength of {alpha }_{1}, {alpha }_{2} and {gamma }_{1} and the use of ternary nanofluid make it more efficient. Addition of heating source {Q}_{1} make the fin more efficient and radiative number is better to cool it. The role of ternary nanofluid observed dominant throughout the analysis and the results validated with existing data.

Numerical analysis of magneto-radiated annular fin natural-convective heat transfer performance using advanced ternary nanofluid considering shape factors with heating source

ApplicationsThe fins performance under natural convection is essential to make it more functional for large scale applications more specifically in thermal engineering. For this, it is important to introduce new techniques to enhance the fins performance instead of traditional way. Thus, this study introduces a new way to make the fin more efficient using ternary nanomaterial under nanoparticles shape factor. The annular fin significantly contributes in electronics to exhaust the hot air, injector pumps and applied thermal engineering. Purposeand Methodology: This work focuses on the fin energy model using shape factors. Therefore, the ternary nanofluid, natural convection, thermal radiation and magnetic field used to develop the model. Then, the RKF-45 implemented to investigate physical results. Core findingsKeen analysis of the physical results reveal that the coefficient of thermal conductivity ranging from 0.0% < α1 < 3.0% and natural convection have major role in the fins energy performance. Induction of magnetic field and thermal radiation Rd are reliable for the fin cooling and, heating source Q1 = 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 promote the fin energy capability in the existence of (Al2O3–CuO–Cu) ternary nanomaterial with concentration factor up to 2%. On the comparative basis, ternary nanomaterial makes the fin more efficient than hybrid nanomaterial.

Thermal efficiency in hybrid (Al2O3-CuO/H2O) and tri-hybrid (Al2O3-CuO-Cu/H2O) nanofluids between converging/diverging channel with viscous dissipation function: Numerical analysis.

Heat transfer and energy storage remain a core problem for industrialists and engineers. So, the concept of new heat transfer fluids, namely, nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids, has been introduced so far. Recently, a new third generation of heat transfer fluids has been developed known as modified hybrid nanofluids (MHNs), synthesized by ternary nanomaterials and the host fluid. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate the energy storage efficiency between (Al2O3-CuO-Cu/H2O)mhnf and (Al2O3-CuO/H2O)hnf in the presence of novel viscous dissipation effects. The problem is developed for a channel with stretchable walls via thermophysical attributes of binary and ternary guest nanomaterials and the host liquid. The model is tackled numerically and furnished results for the dynamics, most specifically energy storage efficiency in (Al2O3-CuO-Cu/H2O)mhnf. It is examined that the third generation of heat transfer fluids (Al2O3-CuO-Cu/H2O)mhnf has high thermal energy storage efficiency than traditional nano and hybrid nanofluids. Therefore, these new insights in heat transfer would be beneficial and cope with the problems of energy storage in the modern technological world.

Study on the design and photocatalytic performance of TiO2@g–C3N4–Ag/Ag2O ternary heterojunction nanomaterials

In this work, we designed and prepared the TiO2@g–C3N4–Ag/Ag2O (TCNA) ternary nanoparticle materials in a simple and low-cost hydrothermal method, in which, small Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on a layer of thin g-C3N4 nanosheets coated TiO2 nanospheres. By carefully changing the ratios of surface distributed Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles, the photocatalytic degradation performance of the prepared TCNA can be easily changed. Under the modified catalytic device, we found that a high degradation rate of about 99% at 90 min in degrading RhB can be obtained by TCNA-2 reached, which is 4.7 and 3.6 times higher than the photodegradation rate constants of pure TiO2 and TiO2@g-C3N4 composites, respectively. Furthermore, the prepared TCNA nanomaterials also showed high photocatalytic stability and good cycling properties. The scavengers study indicated that the ·O2− and ·OH were the main active groups of the obtained ternary photocatalysts. Subsequently, we proposed a suitable mechanism for exposing the high photocatalytic performance of our TCNA ternary nanomaterials, which may have a positive influence on the design and preparation of other high-performance ternary photocatalytic nanomaterials.

A dynamic assessment of various non-Newtonian models for ternary hybrid nanomaterial involving partially ionized mechanism

The dynamic of fluids and coolants in automobiles are achieved by enhancement in heat energy using ternary hybrid nanostructures. Ternary hybrid nanomaterial is obtained by suspension of three types of nanofluid (aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide) in base fluid (EG). Prime investigation is to address comparison study in thermal energy involving various flow models termed as Maxwell fluid and Williamson fluid. This exploration is carried out by partially ionized fluidic particles in the presence of ternary hybrid nanomaterial over cone. Heat transfer is carried out by heat source and thermal radiation. Equations regarding Ordinary differential are achieved from PDEs using variable transformations. The numerical consequences are obtained implementing finite element method. Flow into fluid particles is enhanced versus higher values of Hall and ion slip parameters. Thermal performance as well as flow performance for the case Williamson fluid is better than for case of Maxwell fluid. Production via energy is boosted versus heat source parameter.

Enhanced H2 evolution via photocatalytic water splitting using mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO ternary nanomaterial

Mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%) ternary nanosystem have been synthesized via sol-gel route using pluronic P123 as structure directing agent. The diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) indicated a considerable red shift for mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO 1% nanomaterial with a band gap energy value of 2.5 eV compared to 2.9 eV for mesoporous TiO2/RuO2 0.5%. The N2 sorption studies using BET (Brunauer Emmet Teller) revealed the type IV adsorption isotherms for the prepared samples with H3 type hysteresis loop establishing the formation of mesoporous structure. The specific surface area of mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO 1% and TiO2/RuO2 0.5% were 53 and 39.5 m2/g, respectively. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of the ternary material mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO 1% confirmed the existence of Ru, Cu, O, and Ti in this material which was further supported through high resolution transmission electron microscopic (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic (EDS) studies. From PL spectra it followed that there was a substantial reduction in PL intensity of the ternary nanomaterial TiO2/RuO2/CuO 1% compared to mesoporous TiO2 and mesoporous TiO2/RuO2 0.5%, which confirmed the lower electron-hole recombination in this ternary nanomaterial, which was further supported through photocatalytic H2 evolution studies using these catalysts. From the comparative photocatalytic H2 evolution conducted using the catalysts mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO 1% (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%), mesoporous TiO2/RuO2 0.5%, and mesoporous TiO2, the maximum H2 evolution was observed with mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO 1%. The H2 evolution was monitored by varying various parameters such as effect of catalyst used, catalyst weight, concentration of CuO loaded, amount of sacrificial agent, chain length of alcohols as sacrificial agent, and found remarkable influence in hydrogen generation. Continuous irradiation of the photocatalyst mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO 1% for 18 hours resulted in the maximum evolution of 20.7 mmol of H2. The present study demonstrated the excellent photocatalytic performance of the newly synthesized catalyst, mesoporous TiO2/RuO2/CuO ternary nanomaterial.

Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications of Ternary Oxide Nanoparticles by a Microwave Technique.

Nanocrystal preparation is in high demand due to the development of nanodevices. Nanostructures or microstructures of binary oxides such as TiO₂, ZnO, and Al₂O₃ have been extensively prepared and studied. Synthesis of ternary oxide nanomaterials with controlled structures, morphologies, and sizes are of interest due to their potential applications in nanodevices caused by tunable energy level, bandgap, and structure. In this work, a solution-based method is used to prepare CaWO₄ and LaPO₄ ternary oxide nanomaterials by microwave technique. Controlled sizes and morphologies including nanorods and microspheres are synthesized by the microwave method, which is believed to be a facile and low-cost technique for the synthesis of ternary oxide nanomaterials. Furthermore, the (relatively) quick process enables high efficiency of the production. The structural and optical properties of the prepared nanomaterials are also investigated in this work. This work benefits nanomaterial synthesis for nanomanufacturing and applications in lighting and photodynamic activations as well as optical storage.

Revealing the Intrinsic Nature of the Synergistic Effect Caused by the Formation of Heterojunctions in Cu-Cu2O/rGO-NH2 Nanomaterials in the Catalysis of Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol.

Ternary nanomaterials Cu-Cu2O/rGO-NH2 (rGO = reduced graphene oxide) exhibited a synergistic effect in the quantitative catalysis of selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The synergistic effect is attributed to the heterojunctions among the three components and in intrinsic nature, the formation of the heterojunctions lowered the conduction band (CB) energy level and raised the valence band (VB) energy level of the main catalyst Cu2O, which eases electron transfer from the catalyst to O2 in its activation and from the substrate to the catalyst in the oxidation, respectively.

A Non-enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor with Enhanced Sensitivity Based on Pt Nanoparticles.

The non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing platform for hydrogen peroxide by using Pt-based nanoparticle was investigated. The characterization of PtNiCo-NPs was done by XRD, TEM, HRTEM, EDS, and XPS. A simple drop-casting technique was used to fabricate the nanomaterial on FTO electrode. The amperometric and cyclic voltammetric results illustrated that PtNiCo-NPs on FTO had excellent electrochemical performance over other mono or bimetallic materials. The catalytic performance for H2O2 sensing based on PtNiCo-NPs possessed a wide linear range from 5 μM to 16.5 mM with a low detection limit of 0.37 μM and a good sensitivity of 1374.4 μA mM-1 cm-2 at a scan rate of 20 mV s-1 (vs. Ag/AgCl). This work presents a new way to produce a ternary nanomaterial for H2O2 sensing with excellent electrochemical performance. In addition, the fabricated nanomaterial showed no interferences for common interfering agents, which indicates the high specificity of the sensor. The PtNiCo-NPs have excellent stability and good reproducibility in real samples.

Synthesis and characterization of CdS/UiO-66/Ag3PO4 nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation

Single, binary and ternary nanomaterials were synthesized by precipitation, solvothermal, simple solution and impregnation methods to serve as photocatalysts. The crystal structure, morphology, band gap energy, functional groups and optical properties of these materials were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, UV-Vis, FTIR, and PL instrumental techniques, respectively. Photocatalaytic degradation performances of all the as-synthesized photocatalysts were investigated under visible light irradiation using MO as a model organic pollutant. The photocatalytic degradation performances of all the photocatalysts were evaluated on aqueous solution of the model pollutant dye as well as on a real sewage sample solution collected from Bahir Dar Textile Share Company. Results suggested that the optimized ternary nanocomposite photocatalyst exhibited a relatively higher efficiency towards the photodegradation of both the methyl orange (MO) dye solution (90%) and the real sewage sample solution (71.2%). The effect of operational parameters such as pH (4), initial dye concentration (10 mg/L) and photocatalyst load (0.2 g/L) in MO dye degradation were investigated by using the ternary CdS/UiO-66/Ag3PO4 (R4) nanocomposite.&#x0D; &#x0D; KEY WORDS: Metal-organic frameworks, Nanocomposite, Ternary system, Photocatalysts, Methyl orange&#x0D; &#x0D; Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(3), 571-588.&#x0D; DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i3.12

Photocatalytic and superior ascorbic acid sensor activities of PVA/Zn-Fe-Mn ternary oxide nanocomposite

The sol-gel method followed by accidental self-propagation procedures was used for the synthesis of optimized high surface area and porous Zn/Fe/Mn oxide nanocomposites. The synthesized single and ternary nanomaterials were characterized by DTG-DSC, UV–vis-DRS, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDAX, BET, TEM-HRTEM-SAED, and CV-EIS-Amperometric analytical techniques. Compared to single ZnO, the characterization results revealed the surface area, porosity, and charge transfer property improvement on the ternary nanocomposite (TNC) material. The DTG/DSC result substantiated that the calcination temperature of 500 °C was sufficient to degrade the impurities and PVA polymers after serving the role of a capping agent. The decent stability of the TNC material was further confirmed on the amperometric technique. Using a TEM image and XRD pattern analysis, the approximate particle size of ZnO and TNC was determined to be 59 and 10 nm, respectively. The porosity characteristics of the optimized TNC was explored by SEM images and BET analysis. This is consistent with the result obtained from HRTEM (IFFT) and SAED pattern analysis. The presence of noble charge transfer property by TNC material against single ZnO had been witnessed from CV/EIS analysis. This decent charge transfer properties of the material were also further confirmed on the photocatalytic decomposition of Congo red and Acid Red 8 dyes and novel ascorbic acid sensing activity. The sensing capability of the material was understood from CV and amperometric analysis.

Hybrid Electromagnetic Nanomaterials Based on Polydiphenylamine-2-carboxylic Acid.

Hybrid ternary nanomaterials based on conjugated polymer polydiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (PDPAC) (poly-N-phenylanthranilic acid), Fe3O4 nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were prepared for the first time. Polymer–metal–carbon Fe3O4/SWCNT/PDPAC nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization of diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPAC) by two different ways: in an acidic medium and in the interfacial process in an alkaline medium. In an alkaline medium (pH 11.4), the entire process of Fe3O4/SWCNT/PDPAC-1 synthesis was carried out in one reaction vessel without intermediate stages of product extraction and purification. In an acidic medium (pH 0.3), to prepare the Fe3O4/SWCNT/PDPAC-2 nanocomposites, prefabricated magnetite nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of obtained SWCNT/PDPAC-2. The phase composition of the nanocomposites does not depend on the synthesis reaction medium pH. The influence of the reaction medium pH on the structure, morphology, thermal, magnetic, and electrical properties of the obtained ternary nanocomposites was studied.

Three-Dimensional PdPtCu Nanoalloys with a Controllable Composition and Spiny Surface for the Enhancement of Ethanol Electrocatalytic Properties.

Pt-based nanomaterials have been proven to be effective catalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). Specifically, the ternary nanoalloys (NAs) composed of Pt with other noble metals and transition metals can not only reduce the component of Pt but also enhance the electrocatalytic property and durability for alcohol oxidation. Herein, ternary PdPtCu NAs were synthesized through the solvothermal method using ethylene glycol as the solvent and reducing agent. The morphology and composition of PdPtCu NAs can be effectively controlled via selecting suitable surfactants and adjusting the proportion of precursors. The three-dimensional (3D) PdPtCu NAs with spiny rambutan-like morphology were obtained using the triblock copolymer Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) as the surfactant and adding three precursors with an equal molar ratio. The unique structure of PdPtCu NAs and the synergistic effect between the components significantly improved the electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation. Compared with different atomic ratio binary or ternary nanomaterials, 3D PdPtCu NAs manifested the best electrocatalytic performance.