Ternary Blended Cement Research Articles

Life cycle assessment of concrete incorporating all concrete recycling products

This study evaluates the environmental impact of concrete incorporating locally available raw materials through life cycle assessment (LCA). It explores the integration of all concrete recycling products in the concrete mixes, including recycled concrete aggregates (coarse and fine) as alternative aggregates and ternary blended cements made with recycled concrete powder and waste perlite powder. With the declining availability of conventional supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and blast furnace slag, alternative resources are essential. The developed concrete mixes reduced the climate change impact by up to 12 % when ternary blended cements were used instead of ordinary Portland cement with the same aggregate mix. This can be attributed to the utilisation of industrial waste in the binder, which are locally available without any environmental burden other than transportation. The study maintains the same workability class and assesses the competitiveness of the developed mixes across strength classes, with notable environmental benefits recognised for the C50/60 strength class. A comprehensive assessment of the life cycle inventory (LCI) of the raw materials revealed significant variability between different sources for recycled aggregates, demonstrating the necessity for adopting a range of LCI data for alternative raw materials in the absence of specific data. Transparent reporting of production and transportation data is essential to improving LCA accuracy. The study shows the feasibility of developing circular concrete mixes that incorporate all products from the concrete recycling process, highlighting that optimising material performance and reducing reliance on conventional materials are crucial for increasing their attractiveness to the construction industry.

Performance Evaluation of Ternary Blended Cement Concrete with Manufactured Sand using Alccofine and Zeolite in different replacement levels

Performance Evaluation of Ternary Blended Cement Concrete with Manufactured Sand using Alccofine and Zeolite in different replacement levels

Feasibility study on the preparation of ternary blended cements with low-kaolinite calcined coal gangue and limestone

This paper presents a feasibility study on the production of ternary blended cements with low-kaolinite calcined coal gangue (CCG) and limestone, considering kaolinite contents varying from 11.7 % to 40.6 % in coal gangue (CG). The ternary systems were designed with 15 %, 30 %, 45 % and 60 % by mass of cement replaced by CCG and limestone with a fixed mass ratio of 2:1. The fluidity and compressive strength of the mortars were measured, followed by the strength efficiency analysis combined with CO2 emission. The potential hydration mechanism was revealed by analysing the hydration kinetics, hydrates and microstructural evolution of these ternary pastes. The results showed that it is possible to use low-kaolinite CCG and limestone to prepare ternary blended cements with adequate mechanical strength that can fulfill the 28-day strength requirement of 32.5 or 42.5 grade cement. In addition, Increasing the kaolinite content in CG can increase the substitution of cement up to 60 %. Microstructural studies indicated that the compressive strength of these ternary mortars at 3 and 7 days was mainly dominated by cement hydration and the pozzolanic reaction between CCG and portlandite (CH), respectively. The precipitation of carboaluminates from the synergy of CCG and limestone significantly reduced critical pore size and increased the volume fraction of fine capillary pores from 7 days, well supporting the strength development of the ternary mortar. The findings of this work underscores the potential of using low-kaolinite CCG as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to reduce carbon footprint in the field of construction, and also in contributing to a high-value green utilization of solid waste.

Comparative analysis of ternary blended cement with clay and engineering brick aggregate for high-performance 3D printing

Utilising recycled brick aggregate in cementitious mixtures can decrease the overdependency on limited natural resources and improve the sustainability of concrete. This paper presents a potential solution to lower the amount of waste being landfilled and increase the sustainability of 3D concrete printing technology by combining low-carbon ternary blended cement with recycled aggregates. Hence, the effect of incorporating two types of recycled brick aggregate - clay brick (CBA) and engineering brick (EBA) on the properties of 3D printable ternary blended cement were investigated. The natural aggregate in a pre-existing 3D printable blend was substituted by up to 50 wt.-% with two varieties of recycled brick aggregates available throughout Europe. The recycled brick aggregates underwent characterisation to determine their properties. The fresh property evaluation using the green strength test was used to assess the effect of aggregate replacements on the mixture's shape stability. The mechanical performance of mixtures containing CBA and EBA, both cast and 3D printable mixes, was evaluated and compared to that of the control sample. The results indicated that incorporating recycled brick aggregate enhances green strength and Young's modulus significantly. Mechanical strength performance showed significant enhancement when incorporating RBA, which reached up to 67% and 55% for both cast and 3D printing methods, respectively. The suitability of the developed mix formulations for 3D printing was assessed by printing cylindrical objects.

Determination of Fracture Mechanic Parameters of Concretes Based on Cement Matrix Enhanced by Fly Ash and Nano-Silica.

This study presents test results and deep discussion regarding measurements of the fracture toughness of new concrete composites based on ternary blended cements (TCs). A composition of the most commonly used mineral additive (i.e., fly ash (FA)) in combination with nano-silica (NS) has been proposed as a partial replacement of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binder. The novelty of this article is related to the fact that ordinary concretes with FA + NS additives are most often used in construction practice, and there is a decided lack of fracture toughness test results concerning these materials. Therefore, in order to fill this gap in the literature, an extensive evaluation of the fracture mechanic parameters of TC was carried out. Four series of concretes were created, one of which was the reference concrete (REF), and the remaining three were TCs. The effect of a constant content of 5% NS and various FA contents, such as 0, 15%, and 25% wt., as a partial replacement of cement was studied. The parameters of the linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics were analyzed in this study (i.e., the critical stress intensity factor (KIcS), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc), and critical unit work of failure (JIc)). In addition, the main mechanical parameters (i.e., the compressive strength (fcm) and splitting tensile strength (fctm)) were evaluated. Based on the studies, it was found that the addition of 5% NS without FA increased the strength and fracture parameters of the concrete by approximately 20%. On the other hand, supplementing the composition of the binder with 5% NS in combination with the 15% FA additive caused an increase in all mechanical parameters by approximately another 20%. However, an increase in the FA content in the concrete mix of another 10% caused a smaller increase in all analyzed factors (i.e., by approximately 10%) compared with a composite with the addition of the NS modifier only. In addition, from an ecological point of view, by utilizing fine waste FA particles combined with extremely fine particles of NS to produce ordinary concretes, the demand for OPC can be reduced, thereby lowering CO2 emissions. Hence, the findings of this research hold practical importance for the future application of such materials in the development of green concretes.

Artificially Intelligent Strength of Tertiary Cement Concrete, Natural Aggregate Is Anglizated with Recycled Aggregate

The researchers have studied RCA in concrete. Compressive strength is a fundamental criteria, although it has been shown that identical concrete may be created regardless of the quality of RCA. This study aims to demonstrate that ternary blended cement concretes made from RCA are a viable alternative in structural concrete and can remain so in the future. The results of this investigation seeks the best ratio of RCA aggregate to natural coarse aggregates in ternary blended cement concrete by testing the compressive concrete strength made with supplementary cementitious materials & RCA that have been blended together in a consistent manner using a chemical admixture that is effective at high concentrations of water reduction. Compressive strengths at 7 and 28 days were measured for two distinct concrete grades (40 MPa & 60 MPa) using natural coarse aggregate replacement ratios (Rr) of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, & 1.0 for the recycled coarse aggregates. A total of 84 test specimens in the shape of a cube were cast & examined. According to the results of the experiments, To obtain an equivalent M60 concrete, we can use RCA with a percentage of Rr = 0.5, & with Rr = 1.0, we can achieve an equivalent M40 concrete.

Magnesite Mine Waste as a Sustainable Binder for Low-Fines Self-Compacting Concrete: Engineering Property and Ecological Impact

<p>Mine waste management has become a global concern due to its environmental and health impacts, as well as the high cost of disposal. Recent advancements focus on recycling mine waste into resources using effective conservation methods and waste management systems. The building sector, a major consumer of natural resources, has seen studies on using waste materials in concrete. This study examined the feasibility of replacing cement with mine waste in two phases - binary blend (cement + mine waste) and ternary blend (cement + fly ash + mine waste) at 10%, 20%, and 30% doses. The study evaluated fresh properties like slump flow, T50 slump, V-funnel, J-ring, and L-box, and hardened properties like compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths. It also investigated microstructural characteristics, cost, energy impact, and CO2 emissions. The results showed good performance in fresh characteristics for almost all mixtures but failure in hardened properties. The achieved strength was backed by microstructural analysis. Binary blended SCC reduced costs by 5%, energy by 25%, and CO2 emissions by 28%, while ternary blended SCC cut costs by 8%, energy by 32%, and CO2 emissions by 36%.</p>

Binary and Ternary Blended Portland Cements Containing Different Types of Rice Husk Ash.

Rice husk ash (RHA) is agricultural waste with high silica content that has exhibited proven technical feasibility as a pozzolanic material since the 1970s. Notwithstanding, its use in mortars and concrete is limited by the standards currently utilized in some countries where RHA production is high and the aforementioned pozzolanic material is not standardized. This is the case in Spain, one of the main rice producers in Europe. Nowadays, the high pressure placed on the Portland cement production sector to reduce its energy use and CO2 emissions has given rise to a keen interest in mineral admixtures for cement manufacturing. In this research, we intended to establish the contributions of different RHA types to the final blended Portland cement properties ("H" is used to identify RHA in standardized cements). The experimental results demonstrated that RHA with good pozzolanic properties (large specific surface and high amorphous silica content) had to be limited to 10% cement replacement because of the severe reduction in workability at higher replacement percentages. RHA with lower reactivity, such as crystalline RHA, or fly ash (FA) can be used to prepare binary and ternary blended cements with reactive RHA. It is possible to design the following cements: CEM II/A-H and CEM II/A-(H-V). It would also be possible to design cement (CEM II/B-(H-V) with replacement values of up to 30% and the same 28-day mechanical performance as observed for the Portland cement without mineral addition.

Carbonation Resistance of Ternary Portland Cements Made with Silica Fume and Limestone.

Ternary blended cements, made with silica fume and limestone, provide significant benefits such as improved compressive strength, chloride penetration resistance, sulfates attack, etc. Furthermore, they could be considered low-carbon cements, and they contribute to reducing the depletion of natural resources in reference to water usage, fossil fuel consumption, and mining. Limestone (10%, 15%, and 20%) with different fineness and coarse silica fume (3%, 5%, and 7%) was used to produce ternary cements. The average size of coarse silica fume used was 238 μm. For the first time, the carbonation resistance of ternary Portland cements made with silica fume and limestone has been assessed. The carbonation resistance was assessed by natural carbonation testing. The presence of coarse silica fume and limestone in the blended cement led to pore refinement of the cement-based materials by the filling effect and the C-S-H gel formation. Accordingly, the carbonation resistance of these new ternary cements was less poor than expected for blended cements.

Binary and Ternary Blended Cement for Minimising Use of Portland Cement: A Review

Binary and Ternary Blended Cement for Minimising Use of Portland Cement: A Review

Study on the performance of ternary blended cement with calcined clay and recycled concrete powder

Recycled concrete powder (RCP) has a large amount of calcium carbonate, which suggests that it can be used to make limestone - calcined clay (CC) cement (LC3) system by replacing limestone powder. So that it can promote the recycling of construction demolition waste and reduce the requirement of the natural resource for LC3. In this study, the fresh and hardened properties of CC-RCP cement system were comprehensively characterized by varying the CC/RCP ratio and dosage, including rheological, mechanical properties, hydration products and pore structure. The results indicate that the addition of CC prolong the setting time, but the effect could be mitigated by the recombination of RCP. By comparing with RCP, CC had a less obvious effect on increasing viscosity, but it could improve the shear thickening behavior of paste. In the case of less total content of CC and RCP, a ratio of 1:1 CC/RCP was better for the development of long-term strength. Whereas, with the increasing of substitution, the mixtures with CC alone or blending with RCP in a 2:1 ratio achieved higher strength. The incorporating of CC and RCP could make the conversion of C4AH13 into hemicarboaluminate (Hc) and monocarboaluminate (Mc), and it resulted in a denser structure with more medium capillary pores and gel pores than that mixtures with CC only.

Investigation on Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Blended Cement Mortar Integrated with Mineral Additives

Investigation on Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Blended Cement Mortar Integrated with Mineral Additives

Mechanical and durability performance of ternary blended calcined clay and pulverized granite mortar composites

ABSTRACT Partially replacing cement with pozzolans, apart from the enormous technical benefits, has been reported as an effective approach to reducing greenhouse gases emanating from cement production. Calcined clay and pulverised granite, in recent years, have been experimented individually for their use as filler or pozzolan in concrete to improve workability and compressive strength. This research includes study of the synergistic characteristics of these two mineral admixtures and their influence on the mechanical and durability properties of mortar. Cement was partially substituted with 5–20% by weight of the composite material to form a ternary blended cement composite. The compressive strengths of the ternary blended cements were evaluated at 3, 7, 28 and 90 days. Durability properties such as alkali silica reactivity (ASR), rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) and performance of the blended cements in aggressive media have been discussed. Test results indicated that, blended cements containing 5% and 10% of the pozzolan recorded similar compressive strengths at 28 days and outperformed it by 2.4% and 0.6% respectively at 90 days. Beyond 10% replacement, compressive strengths declined. The ternary blended cements were found to be highly reactive, potentially causing ASR in concrete than the reference cement.

Performance of sustainable ternary blended cement containing municipal solid waste incineration fly ash coupled with slag, coal fly ash or metakaolin

Developing low-clinker cements can effectively reduce carbon footprint of the cement industry. Additionally, more sustainable methods over landfilling are needed to tackle the increasing annual generation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (IFA). In this study, carbonated-washed IFA coupled with slag (SG), coal fly ash (CFA) or metakaolin (MK) were used to substitute 60 % of Portland cement to form ternary blended cement. Performance of the blended cements was investigated and compared with pure Portland cement in terms of hydration kinetics, binding capacity, hydration mechanisms, pore characteristics, microstructure, and leaching toxicity. Results indicated that in the blended cement systems, ettringite was stabilized by the formation of hemicarboaluminate as a result of the reaction between calcium carbonate in the IFA and aluminate in SG, CFA and MK. The SG displayed the best synergy with IFA, refining pore structure through pozzolanic reaction and increased formation of ettringite and hemicarboaluminate. For an optimal 40 % SG+20 % IFA blended cement, the mortar compressive strength reached 90 % of that for pure Portland cement at 90 days. Although CFA had abundant aluminate, its low reactivity restrained the performance of the blended cement, resulting in poorer pore structure and lower compressive strength. The MK had abundant reactive silicate and aluminate, but the rapid consumption of calcium hydroxide by the pozzolanic reaction and hemicarboaluminate formation restrained further reaction, limiting the performance of the blended cement at the later stage. Besides, the heavy metal leachability and dioxin level in the produced mortar satisfy the prerequisites to be categorized as nonhazardous according to HJ 1134. This study demonstrated the promising potential of the blended cements to simultaneously divert IFA from landfills and reduce the clinker content of cement.

Properties of Binary and Ternary Blended Cement Containing Pond Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Properties of Binary and Ternary Blended Cement Containing Pond Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Evaluation of Kunkur Fines for Utilization in the Production of Ternary Blended Cements

Ternary blended cements, such as limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), represent a type of strategic binder for the mitigation of environmental impacts associated with cement production. These are estimated to reduce CO2 emissions by about 40% compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In this paper, we explore the possibility of producing such ternary blends by utilizing secondary raw materials that may be locally available. Specifically, the primary limestone that is commonly used in LC3 is herein substituted with quarry dust obtained by sourcing “kunkur”, a carbonate-rich sedimentary rock (also known as caliche) that can be locally utilized for the production of ordinary OPC clinker. To optimize the blending proportions of ternary cement consisting of OPC, calcined clay, and kunkur fines, a “design of experiment” (DoE) approach was implemented with the goal of exploring the possibility of reducing the amount of the OPC fraction to values lower than 50%. The properties of the formulated blends were assessed by a combination of techniques that comprise mechanical strength testing, XRD time-dependent quantitative phase analysis, and SEM–EDS microstructural and microchemical analyses. The results suggest that ternary blended cement based on kunkur fines forms hydration products, such as hemicarboaluminates, which are also observed in LC3. This shows that such waste materials can potentially be used in sustainable cement blends; however, the presence of kaolinite in the kunkur fines seems to affect their strength development when compared to both OPC and conventional LC3.

Study of fresh properties of cemented paste backfill material with ternary cement blends

This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of ternary blended Portland cement type I (PCI) with slag and limestone (LS) powder on key engineering fresh properties of CPB: (i) rheological properties and (ii) setting time. CPB samples with PCI/Slag ratios of 50/50 (Group A) and 80/20 (Group B) were considered in this study. The effect of LS in the ternary mix was investigated by replacing the slag with increasing doses of LS (5, 10, and 20 wt%). The specimens were cast and cured over periods of 0, 0.25, 1, 2 and 4 h and tested for rheological properties (yield stress, viscosity). In addition, tests were performed to identify the initial and final setting time of the samples. In addition, microstructural tests, zeta potential and pH measurements, and monitoring experiments (temperature, electrical conductivity) were carried out to better comprehend the underlying mechanisms behind the observed changes in rheological behavior and setting time. The findings have shown that the replacement of slag by a higher dosage of LS in the ternary binder significantly affects the rheological properties of the studied CPB. It reduces the yield stress and increases the viscosity of CPB. The effect of LS on the rheological properties of CPB is mainly attributed to the physical (e.g., filler effect, lubrication, particle size) and chemical (nucleation and changes in repulsive forces between CPB particles) effects of LS in the ternary system. The findings also revealed that increasing the proportion of limestone in the CPB ternary binder system prolonged the setting time (initial and final) of the CPB mixture due to the nucleation and dilution effects of LS. Overall, the synergy between slag and LS was observed; the optimal use of LS and slag in the ternary system can serve as a sustainable alternative to the predominantly used ordinary Portland cement (OPC) or OPC/Slag binary binder, thereby reducing the energy consumption and carbon footprint associated with cement and CPB technology. The results of this research will be valuable for a better comprehension of the impacts of ternary binder with an increasing percentage of LS on the rheology and setting time of the CPB mix, ultimately, the efficient design of the mixing plant, especially the backfill transportation system.

A low carbon cement (LC3) as a sustainable material in high strength concrete: green concrete

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Technology is a low carbon cement that combines limestone, calcined clay, and clinker, aiming to reduce CO2 emissions by 40%-50% during production. In this study, large-scale investigations were conducted to explore LC3 as a potential substitute for conventional cement (CC). Mechanical and durability tests were performed on LC3, comparing results with CC and Pozzolana Cement (PC) concretes. The findings revealed that LC3 concrete exhibited promising early-stage strength similar to CC concrete. However, at 90 days, LC3 showcased a 10% higher strength compared to CC concrete. Additionally, LC3 displayed a remarkable 45% increase in resistance to moisture ingress, indicating improved durability over CC concrete. These results highlight the efficacy of low carbon cement in developing ternary blended cements that offer early strength and enhanced durability, making it a viable eco-friendly alternative in the construction industry.

Mathematical model for prediction of compressive strength of ternary blended cement concrete utilizing gene expression programming

In order to encourage the utilization of rice husk ash (RHA), ceramic waste powder (CWP) and glass waste powder (GWP) in their ternary combinations in the production of concrete as well as determine the variability in the resulting compressive strength (CS), the application of soft-computing algorithms is of great interest. Therefore, this study developed a predictive model using the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) technique. The predictive model was trained and developed using extensive and trustworthy data of the compressive strength of ternary blended cement concrete comprising four (4) input parameters, including the RHA, CWP, GWP, and curing day (CD). The model was developed based on 70 % training datasets, and the model's accuracy was checked using 15 % testing datasets; the model's outcomes were validated using 15 % experimental datasets. The performance of the developed model was further assessed by applying statistical checks, comparing regression models and sensitivity analysis. The R-values in the training, testing and validation phases of GEP models are 0.95, 0.93 and 0.89 respectively with an objective function (OF) of 0.04. Based on the optimum GEP model, a closed-form mathematical equation is presented, proving to have excellent adaptability, predictive ability and capability of accurately estimating the compressive strength of concrete made from ternary blended cement mixes. Therefore, the outcomes of this study can help the construction sector predict the properties of pozzolanic concrete and manage scarce resources.

Characteristics of micro structure and strength development of alkali activated GGBS-FNS hybrid cement

A study was conducted to improve the performance of FNS (ferronickel slag) and GGBS (ground granulated blast furnace slag) incorporated in cement with alkali activator. First, setting time, compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity were measured to evaluate the physical properties of FNS incorporated cement mixed. After that, the morphology of cement matrix was confirmed through XRD, DTG, SEM and MIP analysis. As a result, it was confirmed that, despite the use of an alkali activator, FNS adversely affected the physical properties of the mixed cement due to its low alkalinity. On the other hand, it was confirmed that a proper alkalinity and excellent physical properties were obtained when FNS was used with GGBS. Moreover, it was observed that the activation effect of the alkali activator was further amplified in the ternary blended cement. Therefore, it seems appropriate to mix FNS up to 30%, and it is suitable to be used in ternary blended cement.