Ternary Blends Research Articles

Constructing High-Performance Ternary Device Using Analogous Polymer Donors.

Both ternary copolymerization and ternary blending are effective methods to fine-tune polymer structure and manipulate thin-film morphology to improve device performance. In this work, three D-A-A-A (D: donor, A: acceptor) terpolymer donors (FY1, FY2, and FY3) are synthesized by introducing BDD (1,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-5,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione) units into the D-A alternating copolymer PM6 backbone. Owing to the promoted conjugated planarity and excellent absorption of BDD, the obtained terpolymers display an extended absorption range and enhanced π-π stacking orientation, which is a promising third component in ternary device. As a result, the optimal FY1:PM6:BTP-eC9-based ternary device afforded an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 18.52%, owing to the efficient charge transport, negligible energy loss, and suitable domain size. The result provides an efficient method to obtain high-performance polymer solar cells by using analogous polymer donors in ternary device.

Macroscopic spray behavior in pressurized chamber alongside thermal performance of quaternary castor biodiesel with butanol and 1-butoxybutane

Biofuels derived from non-edible resources such as castor biodiesel have gained considerable attention. However, a combined spray and performance analysis of ternary and quaternary blends of castor biodiesel has not been performed. Hence, we investigated the effect of butanol and 1-butoxybutane on castor biodiesel. Macroscopic spray properties at 500 &1000 bar injection and 2 & 8 bar chamber pressures were investigated, while the performance was evaluated in diesel engine under 4 different loads ranging from 1.43 kW to 4.23 kW. Spray analysis revealed that the 20% castor biodiesel blend on average showed the maximum variation from diesel with difference of +7.24% for penetration length, −13.51% for spray cone angle and −10.12% for spray area. The quaternary blend with 10% butanol and 1-butoxybutane on average showed the least variation from diesel in terms of spray penetration (+2.07%), cone angle (−1.21%) and area (−2.11%). All the fuels showed greater fuel consumption than diesel except BB10BT10 (−2.5%) which also had better thermal efficiency (+1.72%). Hence, BB10BT10 had the optimum performance and spray quality among the tested fuels. The findings will be helpful for environmentally friendly and economically viable renewable energy sources based on castor biodiesel.

Multiscale investigation of cement pastes with low and high-grade calcined clays and slag at early and advanced ages

Clays are abundant materials worldwide, but the massive demand for pure kaolinitic clays in multiple fields could reduce the availability of high-grade calcined clay. For this reason, the properties of cementitious materials with low-grade calcined clays should be seriously investigated. In this work, binary and ternary binders composed of high-grade or low-grade calcined clays and slag, replacing 30% of Portland cement, are studied using nanoindentation, standard strength measurement, MIP, and SEM in order to demonstrate the impact of calcined clay composition on the microscale and macroscale properties of cementitious materials during both early and mature ages. Results show that in binary binders, low-grade calcined clay leads to reduced porosity and enhanced elastic and viscoelastic properties, as probed by means of nanoindentation, while high-grade calcined clay results in a high amount of low-density calcium silicate hydrate (LD CSH). Moreover, in the ternary binder, a synergistic effect has been highlighted between low-grade calcined clay and slag through the improvement of compressive strength at early age, as well as a refinement of the pore structure. From this study, it can be concluded that low-grade calcined clays give rise to good micromechanical properties and can be particularly effective in ternary blends when associated with slag.

Performance Evaluation of a CI Engine Using Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Bio-Diesel Fuel Blends

The present study utilizes dual biodiesel-alcohol blends to evaluate the engine performance. Five test fuels were prepared on a volume basis with different constituting percentages, each consisting of 70 % pure diesel (D70), a binary blend of biodiesel: B1 (WCO30), a ternary blend of biodiesel: B2 (WCO15 and WCCO15) and three quaternary blends: B3 (WCO10, WCCO15, Bu5), B4 (WCO15, WCCO10, Bu5) and B5 (WCO10, WCCO10, Bu10). The biodiesel is made from used cooking oil. The effects of each blend on engine performance were examined by performing the engine test on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled Kirloskar compression ignition (CI) engine at various engine speeds and loads. The indicated power (IP), brake power (BP), friction power (FP), fuel consumption (FC), and mechanical efficiency (%) were evaluated, and the experimental results show that the performance is best for B3 when run with 75 % of the maximum load capacity of the engine. The study thus justifies that to lower the density and viscosity of biodiesel fuel, adding alcohol can be acknowledged as a valuable application to boost the engine's brake thermal efficiency (BTE). This also lowers the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC).

Asymmetric Non-Fullerene Acceptor Derivatives Incorporated Ternary Organic Solar Cells.

Incorporating ITIC derivatives as guest acceptors into binary host systems is an effective strategy for constructing high-performance ternary organic solar cells (TOSCs). In this work, we introduced A-D-A type ITIC derivatives PTBTT-4F (asymmetric) and PTBTP-4F (symmetric) into the PM6:BTP-BO-4F (Y6-BO) binary blend and investigated the impacts of two guest acceptors on the performance of TOSCs. Differentiated device performance was observed, although PTBTT-4F and PTBTP-4F presented similar chemical structures and comparable absorptions. The PTBTT-4F ternary devices exhibited an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.67% with increased open circuit (VOC) and current density (JSC), whereas the PTBTP-4F-based ternary devices yielded a relatively lower PCE of 16.34%. PTBTT-4F showed much better compatibility with the host acceptor BTP-BO-4F, so that they formed a well-mixed alloy phase state; more precise phase separation and increased crystallinity were thus induced in the ternary blends, leading to reduced molecular recombination and improved charge mobilities, which contributed to improved fill factors of the ternary devices. In addition, the optimized PTBTT-4F devices exhibited good performance tolerance of the photoactive layer thickness, as they even delivered a PCE of 15.25% when the active layer was as thick as up to ∼300 nm.

Preparation of self-healing EPDM/ionomer thermoplastic vulcanizates with ionic network for automotive application: Effects of maleic anhydride grafted EPDM as compatibilizer

This work evaluates the effects of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM-g-MAH) on the processing characteristics, compatibility and mechanical properties of EPDM/Ionomer blends. Dynamic vulcanization process was used to fabricate thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) of different compositions using EPDM polymers and high acid (HA60D) or mid acid (MA60D) containing thermoplastic ionomers. The addition of EPDM-g-MAH in EPDM/Ionomer blends had a predominant role as a compatibilizing agent, which affected the processability and properties of the final material. The tensile properties showed significant improvement with increasing the content of compatibilizer in the vulcanizates. The microscopical analysis of fracture surfaces further supported the heterogeneous nature of the blends and compatibility of the polymer phases. The concept was based on a simple ionic crosslinking reaction between carboxyl groups present in the ionomer and zinc oxide (ZnO), where the formation of reversible Zn2+ covalent crosslinks exhibits the self-healing behavior. The combination of blending and ionic cross-linking improved not only mechanical properties but also improved self-healing performance. The self-healing nature of the TPVs has been identified by scratch resistance test, where the ternary blends (EPDM/Ionomer/EPDM-g-MAH) showed 100% healing efficiency of the scratch surface at 89°C for 24 h.

Evaluation of shape memory effect in PLA/copolymers blends

AbstractIn this work, polylactic acid (PLA)/copolymer blends were prepared by melt blending. Ethylene‐glycidyl methacrylate (E‐GMA) and ethylene‐butyl acrylate‐maleic anhydride (EBA‐MAH) functional block copolymers were used. A ternary blend of PLA/E‐GMA/EBA‐MAH was also studied. FTIR analyses evidenced the occurrence of reactive compatibilization of E‐GMA and EBA‐MAH with PLA in the binary blends due to the reactivity of the GMA and MAH functional groups with the terminal hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of PLA. Rheological measurements evidenced the occurrence of cross‐link reactions between E‐GMA and EBA‐MAH copolymers in the ternary blend. Three distinct morphologies were observed in the blends: PLA/E‐GMA exhibited a sea‐island structure, PLA/EBA‐MAH exhibited a co‐continuous structure, and PLA/E‐GMA/EBA‐MAH exhibited a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) structure. The shape memory effect (SME) of PLA and PLA/copolymers blends was evaluated by three different methods: fold‐deploy, tension, and torsion. Fold‐deploy tests were conducted in a water bath, whereas the tension and torsion tests were conducted using a rheometer. All methods proved to be effective; however, some precautions must be taken to choose the most suitable test for a given purpose, which is thoroughly discussed in this work. The SME of PLA was enhanced through the incorporation of the copolymers. Blending PLA with E‐GMA, EBA‐MAH, and E‐GMA/EBA‐MAH copolymers increased its shape recovery from 32% to 84%, 79.2%, and 80%, respectively, while its shape fixity remained around 100%.

Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Produced with Optimized Volumes of Calcined Clay and Rice Husk Ash-Emphasis on Rheology, Flowability Retention and Durability.

The durability of concrete requires a dense microstructure which can be achieved by using self-compacting concrete (SCC). Both calcined clay (CC) and rice husk ash (RHA) are promising supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) that can partially replace cement, but their use in SCC is critical due to their higher water demand (WD) and specific surface area (SSA) compared to cement. The effect of partial substitution of cement at 20 vol-% with binary and ternary blends of CC and RHA on flowability retention and durability of SCC was investigated. The empirical method of SCC design was adopted considering the physical properties of both CC and RHA. The deformability of the SCC was evaluated using the slump flow and J-ring tests. The T500 time and the V-funnel test were used to assess the viscosity of the SCC. The flowability retention was monitored by the plunger method, and flow resistance was determined based on the rheological measurements of SCC. The evolution of the hydrate phases of the binder in SCC was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, while the durability was evaluated by a rapid chloride migration test. Cement partial replacement with 20 vol-% CC has no significant effect on fresh SCC, flowability retention, compressive strength and durability properties. On the other hand, 20 vol-% RHA requires a higher dosage of SP to achieve self-compactability and increase the viscosity of SCC. Its flowability retention is only up to 30 min after mixing and exhibited higher flow resistance. It consumes more calcium hydroxide (CH) and improves the compressive strength and chloride resistance of SCC. The ternary blending with CC and RHA yielded better fresh SCC properties compared to the binary blend with RHA, while an improved chloride penetration resistance could be achieved compared to the binary CC blend.

Sustainability assessments of ternary mixed concrete: A cradle-to-gate analysis

The emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to the rapid growth of construction activities and industrialization have raised global concerns on climate change. The indiscriminate disposal of agro-industrial wastes poses ecological challenges. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the sustainability of waste materials as constituents of concrete and to produce suitable cement substitutes to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. To achieve this goal, cement was partially replaced with waste wood ash (WWA, 5–15 wt%) and calcite powder (CP, 5–15 wt%) using a concrete mix ratio of 25 MPa. The samples were tested for slump and compressive strength. The embodied energy, global warming impact, and sustainability index of the concrete mixes were assessed using a cradle-to-gate analysis. The results showed an increase in compressive strength with increasing WWA and CP content in the ternary blends. The replacement of WWA (10 wt%) and CP (10 wt%) with cement showed the maximum compressive strength. The embodied energy and global warming potential of producing the ternary-mixed concrete decreased with increasing WWA and CP contents in the ternary mixes compared to the control concrete, resulting in high sustainability. The study's findings demonstrated that WWA and CP are environmentally friendly materials that can be used to produce sustainable concrete.

Impact of biodiesel blended fuel with nanoparticles on performance and noise emission in compression ignition engine

Alternative fuels have garnered significant attention due to the depletion of petroleum sources and growing environmental concerns. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel, holds potential as a viable substitute for fossil fuels. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have made nanoparticle fuel additives for internal combustion engines feasible. Previous research has shown that these additives can enhance engine performance. In this experimental study, we investigated the effects of incorporating aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) into a JB30 fuel blend (30% Jatropha biodiesel + 70% diesel) to assess potential performance improvements and reduced noise emissions. Our tests employed a 4-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a constant speed of 1350 rpm. The JB30 blend was subjected to a 50 ppm dose of Al2O3 nanoparticles using an ultrasonicator. Results indicate that brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved for the DF70JB30 blend and further improved for the DF67JB30 blend with Al2O3 nanoparticles. Compared to pure diesel fuel, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 3.77% for DF70JB30 and by 3.82% for DF67JB30Al2O3. Noise emissions, a crucial factor influenced by the fuel type, were lower for all blended fuels compared to pure diesel fuel (DF). The addition of nanoparticles also contributed to a reduction in the combustion pressure rise rate, resulting in decreased combustion noise. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that both the binary blend DF70JB30 and the ternary blend DF67JB30Al2O3 can be used in diesel engines without necessitating any adjustments. However, DF67JB30Al2O3 demonstrated superior outcomes when compared to DF70JB30.

Theoretical analysis of the spray characteristics of ternary blends of diesel, biodiesel, and long-chain alcohols inside a combustion chamber

The diesel and alcohol blends are potential alternatives to biogenic fuels to reduce biodiesel consumption, which might help reduce toxic emissions. Due to the high-quality requirements for engines, the fuel fundaments in the fluid properties and its impact on the macroscopic spray characteristics. Herein, a study proposed the experimental determination of density, viscosity, and surface tension for ternary mixtures of diesel (D) + biodiesel (B) + 1-hexanol (H) and + 1-octanol (O) at 298.15 K. These properties comply with the limits established by the EN 14214 and ASTM D975 standards. Thus, to extend the impact of these results, a theoretical analysis via CFD is carried out in ANSYS FLUENT ® by considering a macroscopic and isothermal system, which involved the independence tests of meshing and turbulence modeling. The numerical results evaluated the spray tip penetration, spray angle, spray morphology, eddy turbulence, and relation of spray volume and surface spray area at the injection pressure of 90 MPa using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model. The behavior of the spray tip penetration and spray angle agree with experimental values reported in the literature for diesel fuel. This condition validates our simulations for biodiesel and ternary blends. Therefore, the use of alcohols and biodiesel as new additives to diesel improves the macroscopic spray characteristics, and some ternary mixtures showed similar behavior to conventional diesel: spray tip penetration (70D5B25O, 70D25B5H, and 70D25B5O) and spray angle (70D25B5H, 70D15B15H, 80D5B15O, and 80D15B5). The mixture of 70D25B5H agrees with both spray characteristics; therefore, this mixture could be considered an alternative fuel to conventional diesel. Hence, this analysis presents the essential elements to visualize the macroscopic spray characteristics and the fluid properties. This knowledge serves as a foundation for elucidating the intricate dynamics of spray during combustion processes and the development of complementary studies aimed at optimizing engine performance.

Development of a micro-patterned membrane consisting of a PCL/Keratin/PEGDE ternary blend using PSµM for potential biotechnological applications

Development of a micro-patterned membrane consisting of a PCL/Keratin/PEGDE ternary blend using PSµM for potential biotechnological applications

Biodegradable block copolymer as compatibilizer and blend component of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)-based polyester blends

Atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) diblock copolymer, a type of biodegradable block copolymer (BCP) was selected as compatibilizer for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH)/PCL immiscible blends. The additive effect of BCP on the morphologies and mechanical properties was dependent on the blend composition of PHBH/PCL. For 80/20 (w/w) PHBH/PCL blends, the incorporation of BCP did alter their mechanical properties by the increase in elongation at break with increasing BCP amount. However, the addition of BCP for 60/40 (w/w) PHBH/PCL blends were not greatly affected on their morphologies and mechanical properties. When BCP was used as one of binary blend components, the mechanical properties were significantly changed depending on the blend composition. PHBH/BCP blends also showed promising improvement in terms of mechanical performance. Presence of BCP in the ternary and binary blend systems decreased the enzymatic degradation rate by PHB depolymerase.

Resonant Energy Transfer-Mediated Efficient Hole Transfer in the Ternary Blend Organic Solar Cells.

The ternary blend approach accomplished improved spectral coverage and enhanced the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the role of the third component in improving the photovoltaic parameters needs critical analysis. Here, we introduced a wide band gap n-type twisted perylene diimide (TPDI) into the PM6:Y6 blend as a third component that improves spectral coverage and morphology, resulting in an overall increase in the efficiency of the OSCs. TPDI acts as an antenna for efficient energy- and charge-transfer processes. A systematic study compared charge- and energy-transfer dynamics and the orientational dependence nanomorphology of ternary blends with those of their binary counterparts. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements reveal enhanced hole-transfer efficiency in finely tuned ternary mixtures. This study provides a rational approach to identifying a third component to improve light management and morphology. These parameters enhance the energy and charge-transfer processes, improving the PCE of OSCs.

Investigation on Flame and Spray Characteristics of Butanol and Lemon Peel Oil Blends With Gasoline Using Optical Engine

Abstract The current research investigates the spray behavior of lemon peel oil (LPO) and butanol in a controlled environment under various engine-like conditions. The liquid spray morphology of both fuel blends is captured using a standard Mie scattering technique, and the liquid spray penetration length is compared to a baseline fuel isooctane. In order to simulate and create engine-like conditions, these experiments are carried out in a constant volume chamber under various pressure and temperature conditions. Furthermore, the combustion quality of binary and ternary blends is studied using an optical gasoline direct injection engine at three different injection timings. According to the constant volume spray study, isooctane has the shortest penetration. Because of its higher boiling point, LPO has a longer liquid spray penetration length. Despite its lower boiling point, butanol penetrates better than isooctane. The temperature was also discovered to influence liquid spray tip penetration length more than pressure significantly. In-cylinder combustion imaging results also revealed that injection timing significantly impacts combustion. Although butanol improves combustion, LPO-dominant blends demonstrated more diffusion burning due to poor evaporation characteristics. The blends prepared for the study were similar to gasoline in combustion conditions. It was discovered that these blends ran optimally without requiring any modifications to existing engines, even though late injection is recommended to improve combustion quality and peak performance.

Effect of reinforcing flexible biofriendly ternary polymer blend film with bio ionic liquid on structural, thermal and low-frequency dielectric properties for multifunctional biomedical and soft electronics applications

ABSTRACT In present work the effect of reinforcing choline acetate in PVC-PVP-50%PPy on structural, morphological, mechanical, thermal, electrical and low-frequency dielectric properties of base matrix is studied. Synergistic changes in structural, morphological, mechanical, thermal properties and dielectric parameters in low-frequency region of the host matrix are seen. Disk diffusion test for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis shows that the blend film reinforced with Choline acetate showed their benign nature toward bacteria indicating their potentiality to be used for various scale multifunctional dielectric and electrical applications working in close contact with living matter, green electronics and various health monitoring systems.

18.1% Ternary All‐Polymer Solar Cells Sequentially Processed from Hydrocarbon Solvent with Enhanced Stability

AbstractAll‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) have promising potential for industrial production due to their superior stability. Recently, the widespread application of the polymerized small molecule acceptor (PSMA) has led to a surge in the efficiency of all‐PSCs. However, the high efficiencies of these devices generally rely on the use of the highly volatile solvent, chloroform (CF). Furthermore, the molecular weights of PSMA are lower than polymer donors, yet their crystallinity is weaker than typical small molecules, making most PSMA‐based all‐PSCs suffer from low electron mobility. To improve device performance and facilitate large scale production of all‐PSCs, it is necessary to enhance electron mobility and avoid the use of CF. This paper investigates the use of sequential processing (SqP) for active layer preparation using toluene as the solvent to address these issues. This work reports 18.1% efficient all‐PSC devices, which is the highest efficiency of all‐PSCs prepared using non‐halogen solvents. This work systematically compares the conventional blend‐casting method with the SqP method using PM6 as the donor and PY‐V‐γ and PJ1‐γ as the acceptors, and compares the performance of binary and ternary blends in both methods. Finally, this work measures the device stability and finds that SqP can significantly improve the photostability of the device.

Utilization of phosphorus slag as fly ash replacement in low-heat Portland cement blends: Comparative study of hydration behaviors, physical properties, and life-cycle assessment

This paper presents the benefits of utilizing phosphorus slag (PS) to replace fly ash (FA) in low-heat Portland cement (LHPC) blends. After the first three days, PS exhibits worse mechanical properties and lower hydration heat compared to FA, presumably owing to its retarding effect. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of PS are approached that of FA at 180 days. Based on the Krstulovic-Dabic (K-D) model, the Qmax values of LHPC, L75F25 (where the letters stand for the material and the numerals indicate the composition percentage), L65F35, L75P25, L65P35, and L50F25P25 are: 370.4 J/g, 312.5 J/g, 323.6 J/g, 333.3 J/g, 322.6 J/g, and 238.1 J/g, respectively. The effects of pozzolanic reaction and pore structure refinement of PS are more pronounced than that of FA, resulting in the Qmax of PS being relatively higher compared to FA. The number of gel capillaries (d < 10 nm) in L75P25 is 12% higher compared to L75F25 at 90 days. The pozzolanic reaction in FA is mainly occurred within 3 days to 28 days. However, in PS the corresponding period is from 28 days to 90 days. Furthermore, the synergistic impact between FA and PS in LHPC ternary blends is further decreased the drying shrinkage and cumulative heat, increases the H/LHPC content, and refines the pore structure. L75P25 has the lowest strength-normalized cost, which is 0.069 $/t/MPa ∼ 0.100 $/t/MPa less compared to L75F25. LHPC-FA-PS ternary blends has pronounced advantages on the strength-normalized energy consumption and carbon footprint. The strength-normalized carbon footprint and energy consumption of L50F25P25 are 1.89 kg/t/MPa and 5.57 MJ/t/MPa lower compared to L75F25, respectively.

Interpretable machine learning model for autogenous shrinkage prediction of low-carbon cementitious materials

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are key components of low-carbon cementitious materials. However, their effects, especially for the emerging high cement replacement ratio formulations, are sometimes very challenging to predict, leading to restrictions in most standards. Through advanced Machine Learning techniques, this study provides novel insights into the autogenous shrinkage properties of concrete containing various kinds of supplementary cementitious materials such as slag, fly ash, silica fume, calcined clay, and filler. Four machine learning models are optimized and their predictions are compared on a dedicated database, including ternary and quaternary cement blends. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model exhibited the highest accuracy among these models. Interpretative tools such as SHAP analysis are then used to obtain novel information about the relative influence of the SCM on the autogenous shrinkage depending on their dosage. The model is finally compared to the recently modified versions of the B4 and the CEB analytical models to predict the autogenous shrinkage of unknown concrete formulations. The model showed significantly better predictions than the analytical models, and a web application is proposed, paving the way for precise and interpretable autogenous shrinkage predictions of cementitious materials incorporating SCM.

Exploring the potential of ternary fuel blends for enhanced engine efficiency and reduced emissions: application of multi-objective optimization

ABSTRACT A diesel engine powered with Mesua ferrea Linn oil (20% MLO) and diesel (80%) blend fuel (MLO20) is fortified with diethyl ether (DEE) for possible enhancement of the engine’s performance, combustion, and tailpipe emissions. DEE is added to the MLO20 to create three different kinds of ternary blends. This study investigates the combined effects of biodiesel, ether, fuel injection pressure, and engine load on engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics. By considering several parameters at the same time, this investigation offers a fresh perspective that extends beyond the individual parameter analysis used in earlier studies. The first contains 5% DEE and 95% MLO20 by volume (MLO20DEE05), whereas the second has 10% DEE and 90% MLO20 by volume (MLO20DEE10) and the third has 15% DEE denoted as MLO20DEE15. The inclusion of DEE in the MLO-diesel mix improves engine thermal efficiency by 1% to 2.47% while reducing both CO emissions by 7.2% to 12.8% and NOx emissions by 3.7% to 11.9%. This generated a multi-input and multi-output predicament in which it was critical to determine the appropriate fuel blend to achieve the most efficiency while emitting the fewest exhaust emissions. In the current study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the control components to attain the optimal engine response variables. The analysis of variance was employed for model development while desirability was used for optimization. The 75.36% engine load, 238 bar injection pressure, and 14.2% DEE addition provided the best engine output as 24.95% BTE, 59.16 bar peak pressure, 0.39 kg/kWh, 298.4 ppm NOx, 42.48 ppm UHC, and 0.051% CO emission.