Subjects In Terms Research Articles

Disparities in Documentation: Evidence of Race-Based Biases in the Electronic Medical Record.

Personal implicit biases may contribute to inequitable health outcomes, but the mechanisms of these effects are unclear at a system level. This study aimed to determine whether stigmatizing subjective terms in electronic medical records (EMR) reflect larger societal racial biases. A cross-sectional study was conducted using natural language processing software of all documentation where one or more predefined stigmatizing words were used between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2021. EMR from emergency care and inpatient encounters in a metropolitan healthcare system were analyzed, focused on the presence or absence of race-based differences in word usage, either by specific terms or by groupings of negative or positive terms based on the common perceptions of the words. The persistence ("stickiness") of negative and/or positive characterizations in subsequent encounters for an individual was also evaluated. Final analyses included 12,238 encounters for 9135 patients, ranging from newborn to 104years old. White (68%) vs Black/African American (17%) were the analyzed groups. Several negative terms (e.g., noncompliant, disrespectful, and curse words) were significantly more frequent in encounters with Black/African American patients. In contrast, positive terms (e.g., compliant, polite) were statistically more likely to be in White patients' documentation. Independent of race, negative characterizations were twice as likely to persist compared with positive ones in subsequent encounters. The use of stigmatizing language in documentation mirrors the same race-based inequities seen in medical outcomes and larger sociodemographic trends. This may contribute to observed healthcare outcome differences by disseminating one's implicit biases to unknown future healthcare providers.

Yellowness in skin complexion: Analysis of self-perception of women in China evaluated against clinical parameters of yellowness.

Skin "yellowness" is an abstract and subjective term, without a definitive measurement protocol. Objectives were to analyze Chinese women's self-perception of skin yellowness and associated parameters and identify objective clinical measurements that correlate with these perceptions. Following focus group discussions, criteria for skin yellowness were defined, and validated by volunteer rankings of facial images. A typology study of 185 women was performed. Participants were grouped into yellow (Color Uniformity, Brightness and Transparency (CUBT) yellow scale grade>3, chromameter b* value>16) and non-yellow (CUBT yellow scale grade<2, b* value<14) groups. Participants self-evaluated their skin on yellowness, transparency, skin uniformity, dullness, radiance, oiliness, and texture. Expert assessments were performed to grade sebaceous pores, ocular area pigmentation, pigmentary spots and CUBT scores. Instrumental analysis of the skin was employed using corneometer, sebumeter, mexameter chromameter, and AGE reader. Women in the yellow group self-evaluated their skin as significantly duller, less uniform, and less radiant than women in the non-yellow group (P≤0.05). Higher levels of ocular area pigmentation and lower facial skin uniformity and brightness (P<0.001) were observed in women with yellow skin. CUBT expert grading showed lower pink skin color, but significantly higher beige, yellow, and olive pigmentation (P≤0.05) in women in the yellow skin group. Melanin and b* values were significantly higher in women with yellow skin while L value was significantly lower. Self-perceived skin yellowness in Chinese women correlates to chromameter and mexameter measurements, as well as expert evaluation of ocular pigmentation and CUBT parameters.

Misrecognition and labor market inclusion of refugee mothers

AbstractOne lakh eighty five thousand refugees from Ukraine have started working in Poland since the Russian war began. Drawing on Bourdieusian concepts of capitals, misrecognition, habitus, and the field, the paper theorizes the subjective and objective terms of inclusion across intersectional interplay of motherhood, ethnicity, and refugee status. In particular, we explore how intersectional marginalized identities of individuals shape their negotiation power over terms of their labor market inclusion. Using qualitative interview data from 10 Ukrainian working mothers in Poland who became refugees following the Russian war in Ukraine in 2022, we demonstrate that misrecognition leads to uneven relations of power curtailing working refugee mothers' agency to negotiate the terms of their inclusion.

Mothers' Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children's Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact.

The development of children's social function is influenced by the social environment, and children also play an active role in shaping and nurturing this environment. The present study investigated the potential reciprocal dynamic impact of mothers' mental state talk (MST) and the development of theory of mind (ToM) in children. Using a cross-sectional design, we explored the development of ToM in 3- to 5-year-old children using an unexpected location task, an unexpected content task, an appearance-reality task, and mothers' MST during mother-child reading. The results showed the following: (1) the mothers' MST exhibited a shift from a predilection for subjective terms (such as desires) to a preference for objective terms (such as cognitions) as their children matured; (2) the development of the children's ToM was closely related to their mothers' MST. The overall MST scores, as well as the different categories and referents used in MST, were closely associated with the children's ToM development. Notably, at the age of four, a critical period emerged where the correlation between maternal MST and ToM became significantly pronounced. These findings highlight the reciprocal nature of mother-child interactions as a two-way adaptive process.

Impact of the Local Dynamics on Exit Choice Behaviour in Evacuation Model

This study investigated the interplay between exit selection models and local pedestrian movement patterns within floor field frameworks. Specifically, this investigation analysed the performance of a multinomial logit exit choice model, incorporating both expected utility theory and cumulative prospect theory frameworks when coupled with three distinct local-level pedestrian movement models (FF-Von Neumann, FF-Moore, and NSFF). The expected utility theory framework considers the deterministic component as a linear relationship, while the cumulative prospect theory framework further considers the decision-maker’s risky attitudes by transforming objective terms into subjective terms using a power value function. The core objective was to comprehend how local movement dynamics, as represented by the floor field models, influence decision-making during exit selection. Comparative analyses revealed intriguing variations between the three local models, despite their shared expected utility theory-based exit choice framework. These discrepancies stemmed from the diverse pedestrian trajectory behaviours generated by each model. Consequently, these local dynamics impacted the decision-maker’s assessment of critical factors, such as the number of evacuees close to the decision-maker (NCDM) and the number of evacuees close to an exit (NCE), which the exit choice model incorporates. These assessments, in turn, significantly affected higher-level decision-making. The integration of the three models with the multinomial logit exit choice model, using either cumulative prospect theory and expected utility theory frameworks, further strengthened the observed bilateral relationship. While the specific nature of this relationship varied depending on the chosen framework and its implementation details, these consistent findings demonstrate the robustness of the results. This reinforced the influence of local-level pedestrian dynamics on higher-level exit selection, highlighting the importance of accurate crowd dynamics modelling, especially when advanced exit choice models consider local movement factors.

텍스트 분석을 활용한 영어과 교육과정 자료의 문화 차이 연구

This study identified how many cultural attributes are presented through the latest English language curriculum and revealed that cultural attributes should be included in future textbook development. As an analysis material, the 2022 Revised English Curriculum draft (final draft) was selected and an overall text analysis was conducted. Meaningful results were derived. First, the most frequent words are terms that refer to learners or learning. Functional terms for foreign language learning are also generally highly used. However, terms referring to culture are not used. Second, the terms of English subjects and foreign language learning ability are used frequently. Lastly, the cultural terms are used though it does not relatively high. And the terms referring to science and technology or the information field are also included in the top ranks. In conclusion, as a further study, the textbook analysis on English is required by using this method.

How healthy is your workplace? Testing the effectiveness of occupational health programs: insights from Germany

PurposeCompanies are increasingly struggling with the costs of absenteeism due to their employees’ physical and increasing psychological illnesses. At the same time, employers should recognize the value of healthy employees in terms of greater productivity and the development of positive organizational attitudes. Many organizations have implemented workplace health promotion (WHP) programs; however, we still have limited knowledge about the effectiveness of various measures. The present study is an examination of 18 WHP activities and their effect on employees’ perceived health support and actual absence rates.Design/methodology/approachI organized 112 German companies into four groups based on their subjective (employee perception of health promotion) and objective (absence rate) performance. Applying multinomial regression analysis, I assessed a company’s likelihood of falling into one of the four clusters if a specific measure was not implemented in it.FindingsI identified five measures that significantly differ between company clusters: healthy food offerings, sports offerings, having fitness rooms, systematically evaluating WHP programs and smoking cessation courses. Investing in occupational health management can be a strategic asset for organizations. The study results give companies recommendations on how to address WHP and how to implement these concrete measures.Originality/valueThe study’s originality lies in the incorporation of 18 concrete WHP measures and the comparison of their effects in objective and subjective terms. It shows that employers can enhance employee well-being by using simple WHP activities.

Gambling in a U.S. Census Matched Sample: Examining Interactions between Means and Motives in Predicting Problematic Outcomes

The influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on risk of Problem Gambling (PG) is complex, particularly given recent evidence that SES should be understood in both objective and subjective terms. Likewise, financial gambling motives have been found to be predictive of PG; however, financial motives are less understood in comparison to other gambling motives. Preliminary findings on SES and gambling points towards a pattern of social inequality in which those with the least financial resources (e.g., income) or that feel financially deprived relative to others (e.g., perceived deprivation) experience greater harm and problems. In a weighted, census matched sample of adults in the U.S. (N = 1,348), the present study examined the interaction between financial gambling motives and income and financial gambling motives and perceived deprivation in predicting PG. Findings provided support for both financial gambling motives and perceived deprivation as robust predictors of PG. Further, results provided unique insights into the role subjective economic standing may play in the relationship between financial motives for gambling and risk of PG.

Neuroimaging research progress of acupuncture treatment for patients with functional dyspepsia.

Neuroimaging technology provides objective and visualized research tool to study the mechanisms of acupuncture effects. Building on a systematic review of previous clinical studies on acupuncture treatment for functional dyspepsia using neuroimaging technology, this paper summarizes and synthesizes past researches from 4 aspects： acupoint-specific effects, factors influencing the effects, different physiological responses, and predictive factors for acupuncture efficacy. It suggests that acupuncture treatment for FD involves central integration with disease-targeted (acupuncture treatment can target and regulate abnormal brain functional activity patterns in patients with FD), meridian-specific (stimulation of specific acupuncture points along the stomach meridian can significantly regulate abnormal brain functional activity patterns in FD patients), and dynamic conditional features(the effects of acupuncture treatment for FD are influenced by multiple factors). Lastly, considering the current research status, this paper outlines prospects in terms of research subjects, influencing factors, and result validation, aiming to provide references for future in-depth research.

Историософские аспекты отечественного народовластия: раннее и развитое государство: статья 2

The article presents the second part of the work on the historiosophical vision of Russian democracy. Based on the concept of stages of state genesis by L. Grinin, the authors analyze domestic manifestations of democracy at the stages of an early and developed state. Despite the fact that in the conditions of the early state the high-est authority had very superficial control over social processes, already in the Kievan period there was a clear tendency for the leading political subjectivity to transition to princely power. In subjective terms, the popular consciousness preferred the figure of a charismatic and militarily successful prince. Expressions of the peo-ple’s will often had an ochlocratic meaning, taking the form of a mass emotional outburst with ambiguous final results. At the stage of a developed state, internal political centralization adjusted the tasks of the highest au-thorities, giving them a mobilization meaning. At the same time, the general trend is that expanding state struc-tures are conducting a successful attack on the autonomy of stable institutions of democracy, at first widely us-ing tactics of maneuvering and compromise, and then preferring harsh suppression. At the same time, a num-ber of phenomena of democracy turned out to be a reaction either to the complete vacuum of the central gov-ernment (the Time of Troubles), or, conversely, to the growing pressure of the latter. At the same time, grass-roots expression of will could occur spontaneously, acquiring an ochlocratic meaning (urban riots); and acquire more organized forms of socio-political movements.

The Problem of Application of the “Monetary Limits” in Terms of Subject and Time in Administrative Jurisdiction

İdari yargı sistemimizde, “konusu paraya ilişkin olan” idari davalar ile&#x0D; “konusu paraya ilişkin olmayan” idari davalar, bazı açılardan farklı usul&#x0D; kurallarına tabi kılınmıştır. Bu bağlamda, “konusu paraya ilişkin olan” idari&#x0D; davalarda; idare ve vergi mahkemelerinde açılan davanın “tek hâkim”le mi&#x0D; yoksa “kurul/heyet” hâlinde mi çözümleneceğinin belirlenmesi, ilk derece&#x0D; aşamasında “duruşma” yapılması zorunluluğu doğup doğmayacağının tespit&#x0D; edilmesi ile verilen nihai karara karşı “olağan kanun yolları”na başvuru&#x0D; hakkı tanınıp tanınmayacağının saptanması bakımından belirli “parasal&#x0D; sınırlar”a dayanan ayrıksı bir rejim öngörülmüştür.&#x0D; &#x0D; Ancak “parasal sınırlar”ın hangi idari davalar bakımından, nasıl&#x0D; uygulanacağı hususunda müphemlik vardır. Keza, “parasal sınırlar”ın&#x0D; enflasyon karşısında değerini koruyabilmesi amacıyla her yıl “yeniden&#x0D; değerleme” oranında artırılarak güncellenmesinin, derdest idari davaları&#x0D; etkileyip etkilemeyeceği hususunda da tereddüt yaşanmaktadır. Açıkçası,&#x0D; “parasal sınırlar”ın “konu” ve “zaman” bakımından uygulanmasında; başta&#x0D; “hukuki belirlilik” ve “öngörülebilirlik”, hatta, ayrıca “eşitlik” ilkeleri ile&#x0D; “mahkemeye erişim” ve “hükmün denetlenmesini talep etme” / “iki dereceli&#x0D; yargılanma” hakları bağlamında ortaya çıkan sorunlar, bu makalenin hareket&#x0D; noktasını oluşturmaktadır. &#x0D; &#x0D; Bu minvalde, idari yargılama usulü sistemimizde öngörülen “parasal&#x0D; sınırlar”a ilişkin yasal düzenlemelerin sorgulanmaya muhtaç olduğuna&#x0D; dikkat çekilen çalışmanın amacı; anılan hukuki sorunun/sorunların, temelleri&#x0D; ortaya konularak, yargı kararları ekseninde etraflıca irdelenmesi ve&#x0D; meselenin hâlli için “hukuk devleti” ilkesine en uygun çözüm önerilerinin&#x0D; geliştirilmesidir.

The Dilemma and Response of Ideological Education in Colleges and Universities

As the front line of youth ideology and public opinion, the actual effectiveness of ideological education in colleges and universities is directly related to the answer to the important question of “what kind of people to cultivate, how to cultivate people, and for whom to cultivate people”. There is an urgent need to closely combine the universality of ideological functions with the special requirements of ideological construction in colleges and universities. Ideological education in colleges and universities is faced with realistic dilemmas in terms of environment, subject and object, carrier and discourse, etc. The extreme importance of ideological work determines that strengthening ideological education in colleges and universities is imperative. Therefore, it needs to be guided and regulated by means of era orientation, value orientation, carrier extension and discourse transformation.

Understanding Significance of Education: Essential in Promoting Enhancement of Living Conditions

The individuals, belonging to all communities, categories and socio-economic backgrounds have recognized the meaning and significance of education. The have reinforced the viewpoint that education is the instrument, which not only imparts information in terms of academic subjects and lesson plans, but also in terms of ways that are necessary in emerging into moral and ethical human beings and productive citizens of the country. Furthermore, individuals are able to bring about transformations in their overall personality traits and standards of living. Within educational institutions of all levels, the educators are having the primary goal of promoting student learning and leading to their effective growth and development. Furthermore, educators are required to make sure, they are required to lead to up-gradation of motivation and concentration levels towards putting into operation various types of job duties related to learning. Furthermore, the students augment information in terms of various types of skills and abilities in educational institutions of all levels. In addition, the individuals need to work diligently in order to overcome all types of setbacks. Furthermore, these need to be prevented from giving rise to impediments within the course of putting into operation different types of tasks and activities. Therefore, through acquisition of education, individuals are rendering an important contribution in promoting enhancement of their overall standards of living. One of the important advantages is, individuals will contribute efficiently in promoting well-being and goodwill of other individuals, including family and community members. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, understanding the meaning and significance of education, factors enabling individuals to acknowledge the significance of education and advantages of acquiring education.

Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia (OIH): Case Study of a Woman with Metastatic Colon Cancer

Pain is an unpleasant experience and a subjective term that is associated with tissue damage. Cancer patients experience pain for a myriad of reasons, from disease related to treatment causes and unrelated to both of these categories.&#x0D; Opioids are the mainstay in the treatment of moderate to severe cancer pain. Progressive opioid dose increases can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH).&#x0D; OIH has no definite management, here we present a 47-year-old cancer patient with OIH and her management

Development Trends in Soil Erosion Fields Based on the Quantitative Evaluation of Innovation Subjects and Innovation Content from 1991 to 2020

This paper mainly quantitatively analyzes papers in the field of soil erosion from an objective evaluation perspective. The purpose is to provide researchers in the field of soil and water conservation with a comprehensive understanding of the field. The bibliometric method was used to evaluate the technological innovation and evolution characteristics of soil erosion research. In terms of research scale, China and the United States have an absolute lead in this field. China started late, but the growth rate is faster. The evolution process of soil erosion research is classified into three stages (1991–2000, 2001–2010, and 2011–2020). In terms of innovation subjects (countries and institutions) in soil erosion fields, dominant countries exhibit more concentrated results, with an increase from 57% to 80% with respect to the ratio of the number of output papers in these countries to the total number of output papers in the research field of soil erosion. In contrast, research institutions are increasingly divergent, with a decrease from 36% to 26% with respect to the ratio of the number of output papers in the dominant institutions to the total number of output papers in the research field. The comparison results of the comprehensive innovation strength of major countries indicate that soil erosion research has experienced processes such as domination by the United States, and other countries have caught up via concerted efforts, with China and the USA finally leading comprehensively. The overall leading ability of China and the United States in soil erosion research continues to converge and improve. Belgium and other European countries have small research scale characteristics but greater influence capacities. The study of erosion mechanisms and erosion modelling has always been the main research direction in this field, while the quantitative study of soil erosion on large scales and its effects on element cycling comprises the current main research stream and development trend. The results of the present study could provide scientific support for a better understanding of the evolution of innovation characteristics in the field of soil erosion.

An Intelligent Medical Q&amp;A System Based on Natural Language Processing

Aim: To improve the accuracy of Chinese word splitting. Background: With the development of Internet technology, people want to get some effective medical information from the Internet, but there are still technical difficulties for non-specialists. At the same time, the level of medical construction can not keep up with the demand of patients for medical treatment, the phenomenon of doctor-patient conflicts has not been fundamentally solved, and the problem of difficult consultation prevails. With the arrival of the era of big data and artificial intelligence, medical Q&amp;A has been applied. Objective: In order to meet the user's need to get the correct answer as soon as possible, medical Q&amp;A needs to have high execution efficiency. The accuracy of Chinese participle directly affects the execution efficiency of Q&amp;A. Improving the accuracy of Chinese participle can fundamentally improve the accuracy of medical Q&amp;A and shorten the answering time. Methods: Improvement of the Chinese Segmentation Algorithm based on BI-LSTM-CRF using natural language processing technology. Based on the same medical Q&amp;A dataset, the medical Q&amp;A is trained and tested under three commonly used segmentation algorithms and the segmentation algorithm designed in this paper. Results: The experiments show that the Chinese Segmentation Algorithm studied in this paper improves the accuracy of medical Q&amp;A and can improve the execution efficiency of medical Q&amp;A. Conclusion: Based on the calculation and matching process of the same similar answers, different word-splitting methods directly affect the effect of medical Q&amp;A in the later stage. The better the effect of segmentation, the higher the accuracy of the correct answers in medical Q&amp;A. The improved LSTM-CRF split word accuracy designed in this paper achieves a good split word effect in the training process. Compared with the HMM segmentation algorithm, which has the best segmentation performance among the other three algorithms, the segmentation accuracy is improved, and the accuracy of the Q&amp;A that delivers the correct answers is relatively high. Despite the improved accuracy in segmenting the medical dataset, the time complexity did not decrease much. The LSTMCRF combined network segmentation algorithm designed in this paper performs better in medical Q&amp;A compared to other commonly used segmentation algorithms in terms of subject operating characteristics and larger regions surrounded by coordinate axes.

Pulsed Vibro-Acoustic Analysis Technique for Monitoring Bone Health in Preterm Infants: A Pilot Study.

Despite advances in neonatal care, metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) remains a common problem in preterm infants. The development of non-invasive and affordable diagnostic approaches can be highly beneficial in the diagnosis and management of preterm infants at risk of MBDP. In this study, we present an ultrasound method called pulsed vibro-acoustic analysis to investigate the progression of bone mineralization in infants over time versus weight and postmenstrual age. The proposed pulsed vibro-acoustic analysis method is used to evaluate the vibrational characteristics of the bone. This method uses the acoustic radiation force of ultrasound to vibrate the bone. The generated acoustic waves are detected using a hydrophone placed on the skin over the tibia. The frequency of vibration and the speeds of received acoustic waves have information regarding the material property of the bone. We examined the feasibility of this method through an in vivo study consisting of 25 preterm and 10 full term infants. The pulsed vibro-acoustic data were acquired longitudinally in preterm infants with multiple visits and at a single visit in full term infants. Speed of sound and mean peak frequency of slow and fast sound waves recorded by hydrophone were used to analyze bone mineralization progress. Linear mixed model was used for statistical analysis in characterizing the mineralization progress in preterm infants compared to data from full term subjects. Significance changes in wave parameters (speed of sound and mean peak frequency) with respect to the postmenstrual age and weight in preterm infants were observed with p-values less than 0.05. Statistical significances in speed of sound measurement for both fast and slow waves were observed between preterm and full term infants, with p-values of <0.01 and 0.02, respectively. The results of this pilot study indicate the potential use of vibro-acoustic analysis for monitoring the progression of bone mineralization in preterm infants.

Article 299 of the Polish Code of Commercial Companies in Termsof Subject, Object and Time

Article 299 of the Commercial Companies Code is a regulation securing the interests of the creditor in the event of non-payment of an obligation by a limited liability company. In the case of a valid statement of ineffectiveness of enforcement proceedings by a Court Bailiff, the creditor has the right to bring an action against the members of the management board of the debtor company whose term of office fell during the period when the claim arose or was due. The described regulation refers primarily to public and private law monetary benefits derived from various titles such as laws, contracts, etc. This article is based on a dogmatic-legal research method.

초등 STEAM 연구동향 분석

This study analyzes the research trends in master’s and doctoral dissertations on elementary STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) published between 2012, when STEAM gained prominence, and 2022. To that end, four research contents were identified. A total of 190 theses were selected for final analysis after searching the “elementary STEAM” keyword in the Korea Education &amp; Research Information Service database. The analysis criteria included thesis characteristics (publishing year, publishing university, and intended degree), research purposes and subjects, and research objects and methods. Research methods involved frequency analysis and cross-tabulation analysis by reviewing the relevant literature and utilizing Excel. The specific conclusions drawn from this study are as follows.&#x0D; First, regarding publishing years, 29 theses were published in 2013, 28 in 2017, and 26 each in 2014 and 2015. Regarding publishing universities, the Gyeongin National University of Education took the lead with 47 theses, followed by the Seoul National University of Education (27) and the Busan National University of Education (18). In terms of degrees intended for publication, master’s degrees comprised the majority of publications with 177 theses, while only 13 were doctoral degrees. Second, regarding research purposes, 86 theses were published on influence and effect, 35 on development, 34 on development and application, and 18 on analysis. Concerning subjects, 79 theses focused on science, followed by 38 on STEAM, 29 on arts and sports, 15 on practical studies, and 12 on mathematics. Third, regarding research objects, 145 theses focused on students, 26 on works of literature, and 19 on teachers. In terms of methods, 139 theses employed quantitative research, 32 were literature reviews, and 12 were qualitative research. Based on these findings, future studies should consider subdividing the analysis criteria in terms of research purposes, subjects, and methods.

Legendary tales about saints in Tatar folklore

The relevance of the research topic is the cultural and social need to comprehend one of the Tatar history and culture key phenomena in terms of holiness and subjects, reflecting the image of “the saint”, the tasks of restoring the people’s spiritual values, the most important ones for the moral education of modern society, as well as the need to replenish knowledge about the specific features of folk spirituality and folk beliefs. The object of the study is Tatar legendary tales about saints. The subject of the study is the image of a saint and motifs about saints in Tatar legendary tales. The purpose of the work is to identify the features, reflecting the image of the saint in Tatar tales, and the prerequisites, forming the basis of the holiness phenomenon. The research task of the article is to review legendary tales about saints, determine their genre features and identify the specific features of reflecting religious trends in modern folk thinking based on the transformation of the image of a saint and ideas of holiness in the oral folk art of the Tatars living in different regions of Russia.The article concludes that the characters of the tales are endowed with holiness due to their sincere faith in God, a feeling of sincere love for him, they do not pursue the goal of demonstrating their abilities.