Political Terms Research Articles

The Formation and Influence of American Hegemony in Cold War

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world has developed into a world situation in which the United States is the only super-Power and there are many powerful States. The United States had begun to successfully develop its hegemony in various areas of the world. However, the hegemony of the United States began to be challenged along with the re-emergence of forces in Asia and Europe. The opportunity of the Cold War was an important point in the formation of American hegemony. Because of this, the study of how American hegemony was formed during the Cold War and its impact on the world situation is crucial to how the United States faces the challenges that are now before it as well as the further development of the world situation. The main objective of this paper is to analyse how American hegemony was formed during the Cold War in terms of politics, economy, science and technology, and the impact of American hegemony on the world. The formation of American hegemony had a great impact on the US-Soviet relations, European integration and the development of the third world countries during the Cold War.

Women Empowerment: Identity of Women in Ancient India and Modern Indian Globalized Society

India's history and culture have earned itself a unique place on the global orb. In the world's top ten, our nation excels in terms of culture, politics, economy, military might, and other areas. Even if there were attempts to ameliorate these circumstances in the nation following independence, these measures have been more intense recently. Given that women comprise 50% of the population, they should be given ample deliberation. Consequently, to empower the human resources of the society, efforts are being initiated to strengthen, empower, and develop their innate qualities. Dr. Ambedkar had once stated that understanding a society's women's status is crucial to understanding its advancement. Just how robust can a civilization get? The idea of women's empowerment has gained traction in recent years and is now a hotly debated subject in today's culture. Women have historically been disadvantaged and mistreated in countries like India, thus empowering them is now essential to societal advancement. Globalization has brought about a paradigm shift in the Indian women's identity, presenting them with new opportunities as well as challenges in the contemporary world. Women in ancient India had a distinct identity that was moulded by cultural customs, religious beliefs, and social conventions. The purpose of this paper is to examine women's identities in Ancient India and Globalised Modern Indian scenario, with emphatic emphasis on their rights, roles, and difficulties. Patriarchal core value is the persistent perception of women as second-class citizens.

The Jeffersonian Republicans and the Democratic Movement

Abstract Against those who argue that the term democracy only became a broadly positive term in the 19th century, this article shows that it already had become a positive political term in the 1790s in the USA. With the Jeffersonian revolution, groups that used democracy positively triumphed over the anti-democratic Federalists. By transforming the connotation of the word democracy, however, Democratic Republicans also transformed the concept/theory associated with it – from radical direct democracy to a representative system.

Politeness when native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners give warnings about prohibited acts: a cross-sectional study

Background Based on signs prohibiting certain actions, people warn others using imperative forms of the verb or give a soft warning using politeness strategies. This study investigates actual situations in which native Japanese speakers and Uzbek learners of Japanese give warnings about prohibitions. Methods This study compared warnings given by native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners regarding prohibited acts. After clarifying the difference between prohibition and warning of prohibitions, we proposed a classification scheme for the latter speech act in terms of politeness. Data were elicited using a discourse completion task. Results The results showed that the Japanese speakers tended to mitigate warnings by implementing two politeness strategies: expression in hedged forms and positioning the warning as a rule. The Japanese speakers used expressions such as “It is prohibited” to indicate that they warned as a rule. Such expressions may cause the hearer to feel that the speaker is an overbearing person who wields authority. To avoid this risk, the Japanese speakers used hedges, such as “Looks like it’s prohibited,” or “It says it’s prohibited,” to make it clear that the right to forbid is not with them but with the public authority. In contrast, the Uzbek learners of Japanese tended to implement their politeness strategy as an apology to compensate for the explicit warning. They tended to apologize in situations where the Japanese speakers would not. Conclusions The present study presented a framework for categorizing warning of prohibitions. This framework can be applied to languages other than Japanese, Uzbek, and Japanese by Uzbek learners.

Portuguese Intelligence under Salazar’s Estado Novo

The Portuguese intelligence apparatus under António de Oliveira Salazar’s Estado Novo (New State) remains understudied. Even if there has been a relevant development of literature in general political terms after 25 April 1974, both in Portuguese and foreign languages, this interest seems to have decreased, even in the Portuguese sphere. This article aims at filling this gap in the literature. It provides an understanding of the historical context that enabled Salazar to develop Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado’s political police role in the historical context of both multipolarity before 1945 and bipolarity after the end of World War II.

The Asymmetries of Displacement: The Spatial Aspects of the Greek-Turkish Population Exchange

Abstract The Greek-Turkish population exchange convention of 1923 had major effects on both countries in terms of politics, economy, society, and space. Some of the negative impacts were minimized over time. However, there are some long-term impacts, for instance on space, that are still observable in the cities we live in, even though a full century has passed since the exchange. This article focuses on both the local and broader spatial consequences of the population exchange from a comparative perspective.

Eleştiri ve Polemiğin Ötesinde: Çevrimiçi ve Dışı Kamusal Tartışmalar Üzerinden Bakım Etiğinin Sınırlarının Sorgulanması

This article investigates the state of public communication on and offline as a test case for the viability of care ethics to deal with the fundamental disagreements that characterize our communicative interactions. The argument proceeds in four steps. First, I adumbrate two styles of argumentation that I link with two influential modern ethical theories, the critical-deontological and the polemical-utilitarian. I claim that restricting ourselves to these four terms imprisons us to oscillations between two apparently incompatible frameworks that picture public communication either in normative terms or in terms of power politics. Second, I claim that care ethics offers promising conceptual and normative resources to overcome these oscillations between critique and polemic. Third, I show how this is the case because of the unique way in which care ethics seeks to overcome the opposition between dependence and independence by reconfiguring the standard picture of the separation between morality and politics. Finally, I claim that the real limitation of care ethics is not to be found in its lack of universalizable norms or precise standards, but rather in its insufficient questioning of the extent to which disagreement as dissensus might characterize contemporary politics.

THE PROBLEM OF WRITING AND TRANSLATING WORDS WITH NATIONAL AND CULTURAL SPECIFICS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Chinese vocabulary with national and cultural specific meanings - words unique to Chinese society, expressing objects, concepts or phenomena with their own characteristics of time, era. Such vocabulary covers all areas of the political, economic, cultural, and social life of Chinese society. In comparison with the vocabulary of other languages, you can see that some words in Chinese have their own cultural connotation. At present, in connection with the development of interethnic relations, the role of translation is increasing. The purpose of the study is to reveal ways of translating vocabulary that has a cultural connotation that is unique to Chinese and not found in other languages. Words with Chinese characteristics reflect the historical, cultural characteristics inherent in the country itself. Their correct translation is one of the urgent problems of the translation process. The idea of the study is to implement and improve intercultural relations. In the process of translation, it is important to be able to approach the problem in a macro-and dynamic way, without clinging to a certain fixed form and combining many translation methods with each other. Various cooperation with China, various exchanges and communications are carried out through language. And the accuracy of the translation of words and political terms with Chinese characteristics directly affects the understanding of their policies, which is the practical significance of the study. In connection with the development of interethnic relations, the role of translation is increasing. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the ways of their correct solution are considered, it is shown how to designate and translate the words of this lexical group. As a result, it was revealed that in the process of translating words only from Chinese into Kazakh, it is necessary to use all its types – transliteration, interpretative translation, literal translation and free translation to correctly express the connotations of Chinese culture.

Politeness when native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners give warnings about prohibited acts: a cross-sectional study

Background Based on singns prohibitiing certain action, people warn othersusing imperative forms of the verb or give a soft warning Based on signs prohibiting certain actions, people warn others using imperative forms of the verb or give a soft warning using politeness strategies. This study investigates actual situations in which native Japanese speakers and Uzbek learners of Japanese give warnings about prohibitions. Methods This study compared warnings given by native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners regarding prohibited acts. After clarifying the difference between prohibition and warning of prohibitions, we proposed a classification scheme for the latter speech act in terms of politeness. Data were elicited using a discourse completion task. Results The results showed that the Japanese speakers tended to mitigate warnings by implementing two politeness strategies: expression in hedged forms and positioning the warning as a rule. The Japanese speakers used expressions such as “It is prohibited” to indicate that they warned as a rule. Such expressions may cause the hearer to feel that the speaker is an overbearing person who wields authority. To avoid this risk, the Japanese speakers used hedges, such as “Looks like it’s prohibited,” or “It says it’s prohibited,” to make it clear that the right to forbid is not with them but with the public authority. In contrast, the Uzbek learners of Japanese tended to implement their politeness strategy as an apology to compensate for the explicit warning. They tended to apologize in situations where the Japanese speakers would not. Conclusions The present study presented a framework for categorizing warning of prohibitions. This framework can be applied to languages other than Japanese, Uzbek, and Japanese by Uzbek learners.

YASALLIK VE MEŞRUİYET İKİLEMİ AÇISINDAN RUSYA’NIN UKRAYNA MÜDAHALESİ

On 24 February 2022, Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, announced to the world that a "military operation" would be carried out against Ukraine upon the call of the Donbas republics, which he had decided to recognise on 21 February officially. The military operation that started afterwards has created great debates not only in terms of international politics but also in terms of international law. In his speech, Putin referred to the legality and legitimacy discourses that Western States, particularly the United States, have been using in various military operations since the end of the Cold War and used them for Russia's operations. In this Article, regarding Putin's statements, Russia's justifications for the military operation are analysed in the context of the relationship between legality and legitimacy, which is one of the ancient issues of legal philosophy. The main argument of the study is that due to the non-objective nature of international law, each sovereign can find the legal arguments that will suit its interests among the sources of international law and legitimise its actions within this legal discourse. The result is that international law will favour political power among equal rights.

The Key Debates of Musical Exoticism and Orientalism in Historical Musicology

Edward W. Said’s book, Orientalism, covers direct and indirect relations between the West and the Orient, the European world and the Asian world, in terms of politics, geography, ethnic traditions, morals, and cultures through past centuries. These vibrant crosscurrents have had a significant influence on the spread of humanism in civilization, and most importantly, have emboldened introspection in almost every academic discipline, encouraging racial equality within the development of modernity. Derived from Said’s theory of Orientalism, this paper reviews the key academic debates of musical exoticism and Orientalism within the last thirty years. Sindhumathi Revuluri’s musical reflection on Orientalism, Ralph P. Locke’s analytical methodology, and a case study of Giacomo Puccini’s opera Madame Butterfly by Ping-hui Liao, Dorinne K.Kondo, and Mari Yoshihara from each of their respective and diverse focuses, all extend the theory of Orientalism into the domain of historical musicology.

Study of Chinese Political Terminology Translation and National Image Shaping

China has entered a new chapter after the Reform and Opening-up Policy initiated in 1978, and all walks of life have shown a steady improvement. In recent years, China’s comprehensive national power has been rising, its international status has been significantly improved, and many political terms have sprung up. These political terms reflect the country’s image and the trend of national policy-making, which affects the shaping of the country’s image. Starting from national image and the process of translating political discourse with Chinese characteristics, this paper selects three representative political terms of “Chinese Dream” “Harmony without Uniformity” and “New Model Major-Country Relations” that have appeared in government work reports, regular press conferences of spokesmen of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic parlance as the research objects. It means to discusses the relationship between Chinese political term translation and national image building and studies the influence of political term translation to build a peaceful, inclusive and win-win national image. Thus, improving China’s national discourse power on the world stage.

Identity politics and ethnic humour in contemporary Jordan

Following political turbulence and instability in the Middle East, Jordan has become a home for a large number of Palestinians, Iraqis, and Syrians, and now includes a significant number of Egyptians in its workforce. This growing diversity in the population has impacted the country not only socially and economically but quite noticeably in terms of identity politics and ethnic humour (how do indigenous people perceive the other(s) and how do others perceive the indigenous people?). This is explained through the rising tensions between Jordanians and Jordanians of Palestinian origin in relation to the formation of ethnic humour that is based on the idea of urban and rural division in Jordanian society. The discussion in this article argues that the people of Transjordanian towns, such as As-Salt, At-Tafilah, and As-Sarih, have ‘unexpectedly’ become the target of many ethnic jokes by the urbanites in Amman and elsewhere, who now make up the majority of Jordanians of Palestinian origin. The people of these Transjordanian small towns and villages have been the target of Jordanian ethnic humour because of their backwardness, lack of discretion, and stupidity, compared to the cleverness, modernity, and high culture of the Jordanian urbanites and their cultural superiority. However, since the 2011 Arab Spring, the people of these Transjordanian towns have developed a counter-superiority tendency to laugh at the powerful in urban centres and make fun of the government and its institutionalised discourse about reform and progress.

The concept of the state in the Yakut language: legal and linguistic analysis

This paper is devoted to the study of the concept of «state» in the Yakut language. The relevance of the work is caused by modern scientific tendencies to study the role of language in jurisprudence, in particular the study of the morphology and semantics of political and legal terms. Especially significant in this context is the study of political and legal terms in the languages of the peoples of multinational Russia. Legal and linguistic analysis is applied to identify the origin, meaning and significance of the concept «state» in the Yakut language. A comparative description of the concept of the state in Russian and various Turkic and Mongolian languages is given. The ancient Turkic concept of «il/ el» is revealed. It is concluded that Yakut language, on the one hand, uses direct borrowing from Russian to denote the concept of «state», on the other hand, revives the ancient Turkic concept of «il» in the meaning of «statehood», «state». This distinguishes the Yakut from other Turkic languages. Further study of this issue from the viewpoint of sociology and psychology and further development of the state language policy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) seems necessary.

Socio-cultural conditions for public political rhetoric in the Italian language of the 19th–21st centuries (lexical aspect)

One of the main structural units of the political discourse of any language is its socio-political vocabulary, which is an integral part of the lexical system of the language reflecting a combination of the political and social characteristics of society. Such a complex of lexical units is designed not only to convey to the audience the views of any politician, but also to affect the society through vibrant and clear speech patterns determined by existing ideological values. The socio-political vocabulary is inevitably transformed following the changes in the domestic and foreign policy of the country. This evolutionary process brings neologisms, some of which are firmly fixed in the language. This article is an attempt to evaluate the influence of the historical context on the evolution of the socio-political vocabulary of the Italian language through the examination of a number of its key features which reflect certain milestones of the country’s development and history. It considers the most vivid and widely used political terms, which are products of the linguistic creativity of statesmen in various periods of Italian history since the emergence of the single state in 1861 to the present day. The paper analyzes the factors that had a direct impact on the formation of these lexical units and the connection between personal characteristics of certain Italian politicians with their choice of terms intended to appeal both to their supporters and opponents. The article describes some aspects of the transformation process of the political language into popular language designed to ensure effective communication with the electorate.

Parents as both problem and resource

This article addresses the question of how the parenting role has become an issue in relation to the contemporary politics of marginalized residential areas in Denmark. Drawing on the empirical and analytic categories of 'good' and 'bad' parenting, we explore how parenting skills and parental responsibility are central to problem solving and finding solutions for the area. We explore this to achieve a more critical approach to understanding how different discourses of integration and marginalized residential areas, create categories of ‘parenting’. The analysis shows how policies have different kinds of impact on parents in the neighbourhood, and how discourses on parenting vary across the empirical material including governmental strategies, social master plans, and interviews. Despite, in political terms, being regarded as part of the problem, the parents themselves shape their child

Secessionism as the Mainstream: Regionalist Parties’ Strategies in the Catalan and Scottish 2021 Regional Elections

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic was a critical event that has challenged regionalist-secessionist parties to maintain their dominance at the regional level, because it has questioned the attractiveness of the idea of independence for the electorate. Nevertheless, the results of the regional elections 2021 in Catalonia and Scotland brought about the success of regionalist parties with secessionist demands. This study analyzes regionalist parties’ strategies in the 2021 regional elections in Catalonia and Scotland, advancing our understanding of their strategic choices to get/remain in office. This study employed the Regional Manifesto project methodological approach to perform a manual content analysis of party positioning and selective emphasis. Additionally, it advances the distinction between blurring and subsuming strategies through a frame analysis of electoral campaigns. The results suggest that regionalist parties mainly use subsuming and two-dimensional strategies to gain electoral success and that the exact strategic choices depend on the structure of the competition. The research confirms the framing of territorial demands primarily in socioeconomic rather than political terms, as proposed by the FraTerr Project. However, regionalist parties have avoided radicalizing their social demands owing to the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Eğitim Felsefesinde Vatandaşlık Düşüncesini Temellendiren Hukuksal Düzlemin İncelenmesi

In this study, it is aimed to examine the legal plane that bases the idea of citizenship in the philosophy of education. In the context of educational philosophy, the issue of Decadence, which appears in opposition to the concept of order within the framework of citizenship thought, is among the most prominent fears as one of the components that are at the heart of Western political philosophy. Political thinkers have resorted to some methods to prevent human life from being dragged into chaos by grappling with the problem of order in a long-term period that has continued from theories related to the social contract in the seventeenth century to today. The rule of law is a constitutional principle that seems to be valued to the extent of sanctity wherever it is in countries governed by the principles of democracy. The main component of this is the principle that the understanding of law should be in the administration; the citizen is included in the understanding of the rule of law, and no person and public personnel can remain outside of it. The understanding of the rule of law has a long-term history in a principled sense, and this understanding stems from libertarian legal theories. In this sense, social scientists have maintained this understanding in the linearity that has come down to our day. In its original sense, the term right refers to the power and power as it is in the divine rights of nobility, clergy and, of course, kings. Together with this, the term is used in modern times in the sense of the right and authority to be subject to reciprocity and to be able to perform acts in an appropriate manner. Although it does not seem possible to state that there is a global acceptance of the idea of rights, many contemporary political thinkers have not found any problem in stating their idea in terms of the concept of rights and authority. In this context, rights, Decencies and social justice have been among the issues that need to be discussed less than other political terms. However, there is less consensus on the basis on which rights are based and who should have what kind of rights. Key Words: Philosophy of Education, Citizenship Thought, Legal Plane, Social Rights

Between sacrifice and duty. The changing image of the Polish Mother-Patriot and evolution of women’s national agenda in the Province of Posen at the turn of the twentieth century

ABSTRACT One of the consequences of depriving the Polish population of its own sovereign state in 1795 was that women were now tasked with fulfilling a ‘patriotic mission’. It was to constitute their contribution to culture and, in the long run, to winning back an independent nation. That was when the figure of the Polish Mother-Patriot became the role model, which throughout the nineteenth century remained as the only socially acceptable archetype of conduct for women. Until recently, the prevailing view proposed in the source literature has been that the Polish Mother-Patriot model held in the Province of Posen was static and subject to no change. However, research findings indicate that both civilisational changes and the periods of intensified Germanisation caused the tasks set for mothers to begin to vary, resulting in the model itself undergoing certain transformations. The purpose of this article is to discuss these modifications in literary, familial, social, and political terms. Owing to modern motherhood being reinterpreted to include national needs, women in the Province of Posen were given the opportunity to participate in public life and join the national community.

CURRENT CONDITIONS FOR THE PROVIDENT OF CIVIL MEASURES CONTRA DROGS CONTRACTING CLASS I PARTIELLE ON THE BASIS OF LEGISLATION No. 35 OF 2009 ON DRUGS (Study of Judgment No. 446/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Gpr)

Narcotics abuse is an act of crime, the problem of narcotics abuse has a very negative and detrimental impact both in terms of law, health, economics, politics, and socio-cultural life. Narcotics abuse has been regulated in Article 127 of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. As for the identification of the problem in this research study regarding the imposition of punishment against the perpetrators of the crime of class I drug abuse for themselves according to Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and what are the considerations of the panel of judges in deciding a case against the perpetrators of the crime of class I drug abuse for themselves himself in decision no 446/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Gpr. In this study the aims were to find out the sentence imposed on the perpetrators of the crime of class 1 narcotics abuse for themselves according to Law No. 35 of 2009 and to find out the considerations of the panel of judges in deciding a case against the perpetrators of the crime of class I narcotics abuse for themselves in the decision number 446/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Gpr. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical research method using secondary data as the main data. The results of this study are based on Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics that perpetrators of class I drug abuse for themselves should receive medical and social rehabilitation, and the Decision of the Kediri District Court Number 446/Pid.Sus/2020PN.Gpr according to researchers there was a mistake and not in accordance with Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics.