Terms Of Plant Height Research Articles

Influence of various organic manures on growth, yield and economics of sprouting broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) cultivar Green Head

A field experiment was designed and conducted during Rabi season of 2020-21 at Horticulture Research Block, Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture Sciences, SGRRU, Dehradun, Uttarakhand to investigate the “Influence of various organic manures on growth, yield and economics of sprouting broccoli [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. italica] cultivar Green Head”. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and nine treatments. The treatments comprised following levels of different organic manures with different concentrations viz. T1 (control), T2 (FYM@ 10t/ha), T3 (Vermicompost @ 5t/ha), T4 (cow urine @50%), T5 (FYM @5 t/ha + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha) T6 (FYM @5 t/ha + cow urine @25%), T7 (Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + Cow urine @ 25 %), T8 (FYM@ 10 t/ha + Vermicompost @ 5t/ha + Cow urine @50 %) and T9 (FYM@ 5 t/ha + Vermivompost @ 2.5 t/ha + Cow urine @ 25%). The sowing of sprouting broccoli cultivar “Green Head” was done on 11/01/2021 and final harvest done at 14/04/2021. Observations on various growths, yield attributes and economics were recorded. The results revealed that treatment T9 (FYM@ 5 t/ha + VC@ 2.5 t/ha + Cow urine@ 25%) was found to be most effective in terms of plant height (42.15cm), number of leaves (19.20cm), stalk girth (16.60cm), stalk length (13.73cm), days taken to head initiation (79.87days), total head weight (391.35g) and net return (Rs. 93,9194) whereas maximum B: C ratio (1:23.80) was recorded in T7 (Vermicompost@ 2.5 t/ha + Cow urine @ 25 %).

Influence of sowing dates and backgrounds of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of sorghum in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region

Relevance. The forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region is most susceptible to the influence of summer droughts. Forage crops in the study area due to lack of moisture in the second half of the growing season often form insufficient yields. Sorghum crops, in particular sugar sorghum, due to their heat and drought resistance, deserve to take a place in the field fodder crop rotations.Methods. To conduct research in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region at different sowing dates and norms of mineral nutrition, two-factor experiments were laid. Factor A — sowing dates: I — May 10; II — May 20; III — May 30. Factor B — mineral fertilizers: without fertilizers (control); N60P60К60; N80P80K80.Results. It was revealed that the timing of sowing and the background of mineral nutrition had an impact on the formation of the leaf surface, plant height, the dynamics of their density, and on the formation of the crop. The leaf surface was from 32.4 to 38.3 thousand m2/ha on an unfertilized background in the booting phase, on an average background — 34–37.0 in the flowering phase, on a high background — 51.9–55.0 thousand m2/ha before harvesting. A similar situation was observed in terms of plant height and tillering of plants. When using N60P60К60 the duration of the growing season averaged 113 days over three years, which is 9 days more than in the control. The variant of the mineral background N80P80K80 increased the vegetation period by 15 days compared to the non-fertilized variant of the experiment. The creation of a background of mineral nutrition N60P60К60 in the second term of sowing sorghum made it possible to obtain an increase in the yield of fodder mass from 6.6 to 8.0 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N80P80K80 provided an increase in yield from 10.8 to 15.4 t/ha.

Performance of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) under Multipurpose Forest and Fruit Tree Species in Mid Elevation Areas of Conner, Apayao

This study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of ginger integrated as cash crop in Guina-ang, Conner, Apayao. Specifically, to determine the performance of ginger in the partially shaded areas in terms of plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves/ tiller, length of leaves, length of rhizomes, width of rhizomes, weight of rhizome and total weight of harvested rhizomes. Two cropping combinations were used in the study. Results of the study showed that the ginger plants cultivated under Forest Trees + Coffee + Banana + Mangosteen + Ginger + Tannia crop combination had significantly higher plant height (68.80 cm), number of tillers (11.90), number of leaves/tiller (15.10), length of leaves 22.80 cm), length of rhizomes (24.20 cm), weight of rhizome (78.53g) and total weight of harvested rhizomes (40.50 kg) compared with ginger cultivated under Forest Trees + Lanzones + Cacao + Black Pepper + Ginger cropping combination. However, no significant difference was recorded in the width of rhizomes between the two cropping combinations. The ginger plants cultivated in of the CAFE Project site can be cultivated under forest and fruit tree species in mid elevation areas of Conner, Apayao.

Farklı Nohut Çeşitlerinin Kışlık Yetiştiriciliğinin Araştırılması

Yield performances differ according to the environment in which the plants are grown. In order to determine the chickpea cultivars suitable for Kahramanmaraş province, 17 different chickpea cultivars were tried during the growing seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Among the characteristics examined in the study, flowering times, pod bind times, first branch height to years, varieties and years variety interactions were significant as statistical. There were statistically significant differences in terms of plant height, years and year × variety interaction. The number of pods, pod length, pod width created statistically significant differences in terms of years and cultivars. The differences among the cultivars in terms of grain yield were found as statistically significant. It was determined that the effects of years, cultivars and year-variety interactions on the first pod height, number of branches, and pod diameter did not have a statistically significant. At the end of the two-year study, it was concluded that Seckin, Arda, Hasanbey, Çagatay, Azkan, Ubet, Damla 89 and Aslanbey chickpea cultivars can be recommended due to the over grain yield of 300 (345-301) kg from per decare in Kahramanmaras conditions.

A BREEDING STUDY TO DEVELOP EARLY MATURING SOYBEAN CROSSES SUITABLE FOR DOUBLE CROPPING

The present research was undertaken to evaluate of soybean hybrids environmental interaction and adaptability on Mediterranean region conditions. Seven advanced (F7) soybean lines selected from the Kunitz x SS-201 and Kunitz x Bert cross populations based on earliness and yield characteristics in the preliminary trials and three soybean varieties (Bravo, Nova and Arisoy) were tested in the trial in four replications in 2017 and 2018 in accordance with the RCBD. The analysis of variance revealed significant variations for all characters. According to results, the yield of lines and varieties 2017 and 2018 varied from 2.87-4,47 t ha-1 and 2.61-3.90 t ha-1 respectively and KS-39 advanced soybean line had the highest grain yield in terms of two years average. The number of flowering days varied between 32.50 days and 36.75 days according to the two-year averages, and the KS-12 genotype was the earliest flowering genotype. The lines KS-10 (103.38) and KS-12 (103.50) came to the fore as the genotypes with the earliest maturation days. With this study, it has been concluded that promising genotypes can be obtained in regions dominated by the Mediterranean climate zone (especially the Aegean coastline), and soybean cultivation can be done in double crop agriculture within the cropping system.

Impact of polyethylene microplastics and copper nanoparticles: Responses of soil microbiological properties and strawberry growth

Microplastics (MPs) can act as vectors of contaminants such as fungicides and trace metals. Their presence in water or soil might affect fruits and vegetables, while interactions between MPs and copper (Cu) nanoparticles might pose greater risks to soil properties, plant development and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of MPs and Cu nanoparticles on plant growth and yield of strawberry, as well as on soil microbiological properties. The experiment was carried out in pots in a greenhouse; the soil was contaminated with polyethylene MPs and Cu nanoparticles. The design was completely randomized with four treatments (control, MPs, Cu, and Cu + MPs). Six months after planting, significant changes were observed in terms of plant height, stem diameter and root surface area. When compared to the control treatment, the MPs treatment resulted in a 27 % decrease in plant height, lower stem diameter values in all the contaminant treatments, and decreases in root surface area by 20 %, 21 % and 17 % in the MPs, Cu, and Cu + MPs treatments, respectively. Regarding number of inflorescences, total number of fruits, fruit weight and total aerial biomass, the MPs, Cu, and Cu + MPs treatments were statistically lower than the control (p < 0.05). The soil dehydrogenase activity decreased by 30 % due to the combined application of MPs and Cu nanoparticles, but this was not observed when MPs or Cu nanoparticles were applied alone, evidencing possible effects on the biological activity of the soil. Significant differences were found in acid phosphatase and urease activities in the Cu treatments with respect to the control and MPs treatments except for soil respiration. It can be concluded that the presence of Cu nanoparticles combined with polyethylene MPs favored a greater Cu availability in the soil and root Cu accumulation of strawberry plants.

IMPACT OF MACRONUTRIENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF CLEAN AND HEALTHY MANGO NURSERY PLANTS IN POLYBAGS UNDER NURSERY TUNNEL

Mango nursery production under polybags is highly depend on application of various fertilizers for developing healthy and vigorous nursery plants. Mango nursery was grown in polybags placed undera nursery tunnel. The fertilizer (N:P:K 20:20:20) were applied as control or no application, 5g, 10g, 15g and 20g into the polybags after 30 days of seedling transplanting into poly pots followed by irrigation of 500ml water into the pots. The data was recorded after 30, 60 and 90 days intervals in terms of plant height, root length, number of leaves per plant, and number of vegetative flushes per plant after applying nutrition to the plants. The results revealed that the maximum plant height of 67.21cm was observed when pots were fertilized @ 10g per pot followed by irrigation of 500ml water. In comparison,the root length was 22cm, number of leaves per plant was 31.33, and the number of vegetative flushes 8 per plantwasobserved when mango nursery pots were fertilized with 10g per pot.

Improving Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Yield and Quality by Increasing Soil Nutrients with Organic Fertilizer

Background: Evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers and amino acid foliar fertilizers in combination with different chemical fertilizers levels on the change of soil nutrients and bush bean yield (Phaseolus vulgaris). Methods: With six treatments and three duplicates, the experiment was designed using full randomization, each corresponding to 3 pots. The treatments in the experiment included- (1) 100% NPK (200 kg N/ha + 150 kg P2O5/ha + 100 kg K2O/ha, (2) 70% NPK + 2 tons of organic fertilizer (O.F)/ha, (3) 50% NPK + 4 tons of O.F, (4) 100% NPK + amino acid (4 ml/liter), (5) 70% NPK + 2 tons of O.F + amino acid (4 ml/liter) and (6) 50% NPK + 4 tons of O.F + amino acid (4 ml/liter). The experiment was carried out over two successive seasons. Result: The results show that applying 4 tons/ha of organic fertilizer combined with 4 ml/liter of amino acid foliar fertilizer reduces NPK by 50% (100 kg N/ha+75 kg P2O5/ha+50 kg K2O/ha+4 tons/ha of organic fertilizer+4 ml/liter amino acids) helps to improve pH and N, P available in the soil and at the same time helps to increase significantly and statistically (p less than 0.05) in terms of plant height, trunk diameter compared to fertilizer application of 100% NPK. In addition, the amount of nitrate in the bean decreased significantly. The increase in brix level was statistically different from the control when applying a 50-70% reduction of NPK, using 2-4 tons of organic fertilizer and spraying with amino acids.

Groove Planting System (GPS) Analysis of The Growth of Teak (Tectona grandis) in Ex-Lime Stone mining land

The groove planting system (GPS) is one of the modifications in the plant planting system on ex-limestone mining land. The method used in the implementation of the GPS is to create a basin in the form of an elongated groove on the ex-limestone mining land that has not been reclaimed. Tectona grandis can be grown on less fertile land. This is even recommended by the government, where forest areas were set for planting with teak limited to places that are less fertile and steep. The growth of a plant can be influenced by environmental factors and genetic factors. The interaction between these two factors will determine the growth of a plant. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the Groove planting system (GPS) on the growth of teak (Tectona grandis) in limestone ex-mining areas. The method in this research was an experimental method that was carried out in the former limestone quarry of PT Semen Indonesia in 2020. The results showed that the growth of teak seen from the parameters of plant height, bar chart, leaf number, and leaf color increased. For example, leaf color with a conventional system has a scale of 3 with a GPS scale of 5. Conclusion The GPS method is very effective for the growth of teak (Tectona grandis) because there is an increase in growth and color scale in terms of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and leaf color parameters.

Biomass and Dry Matter Yield Potential of Some Early Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var. saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr.) Genotypes

Sweet sorghum plant is a warm season annual crop. It can be used for animal feeding in the one-cut agricultural system. Sweet sorghum is grown for the purpose of fresh and dry grass and for silage production. Biomass of sweet sorghum is nutritive due to sweet sorghum stalk contains 15-20% sugar. The study aimed to determine biomass, dry matter yield and some agricultural characteristics of some early sweet sorghum genotypes. Research was carried out during the second crop-growing season of 2016 at the Eyyubiye campus of experimental area of the Harran University in Sanliurfa, Turkiye. The experiment was designed as complete randomized blocks design with four replicates. This study utilized 12 early sweet sorghum genotypes as crop material. The experiment investigated some yield characteristics such as cluster formation period, plant height, stalk diameter, stalk ratio, leaf ratio, cluster ratio, dry matter yield and biomass yield. Results showed significant differences between the genotypes for tested characteristics (P≤0.01). Cluster formation period values ranged from 54.25 to 69.00 day, plant height from 252.25 to 340.75 cm, stalk diameter from 19.15 to 25.60 mm, stalk ratio from 75.72% to 86.75%. Leaf ratio values varied between 8.83% and 15.98%, cluster ratio between 4.40% and 10.31%. Dry matter yield values were between 2918.12 and 8456.25 kg da-1, biomass yield values between 9283.5 and 18400.0 kg da-1. Findings revealed that UNLY-hybrid-4, Rox Orange, Blue Ribben, and Colman sweet sorghum cultivars gave higher values than others in terms of plant height, dry matter yield and biomass yield.

Effect of Enterobacter sp. EG16 on Selenium biofortification and speciation in pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis)

Using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to boost Se uptake and accumulation in crops is a promising recent approach to biofortification. Most studies, however, have focused on a certain dose of PGPR or Se, while the synergistic effects of simultaneously changing the concentration of both exogenous Se and PGPR on plant growth and Se bioaccumulation are rarely explored. In this study, the combined treatments of 0-2 mg L−1 Se and (3.83-11.3) ×107 CFU mL−1 PGPR strain Enterobacter sp. EG16 were used for the hydroponic experiments of pak choi (Brassica rapa) to investigate the mutual effects on plant growth and Se absorption. The growth of pak choi, in terms of plant height, number of leaves and root tips, was promoted by combining 7.65×107 CFU mL−1 EG16 and no more than 1 mg L−1 of Se. Growth was significantly inhibited when the concentration of EG16 was raised to 11.3×107 CFU mL−1. Chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities were also boosted under the same combination of Se and EG16 concentrations. In addition, the Se content of aboveground part and intact plants significantly increased with rising concentrations of EG16 and Se. Selenomethionine (SeMet), methylselenocysteine (SeMeCys) and selenocystine (SeCys2) were the main organo-Se compounds detected in pak choi, accounting for almost 90% when supplied with selenite. Among these compounds, SeMet accounted for a high proportion and SeCys2 for a relatively low percentage in most treatments. The two forms were inversely related, probably because the transformation was driven by EG16. On the other hand, the proportion of SeMeCys was significantly affected by different concentrations of exogenous Se and EG16. Selenate was also detected, indicative of selenite oxidation. In terms of both plant biomass and nutritional quality, the combined formulation of 1 mg L−1 Se and 7.65×107 CFU mL−1 of EG16 is a promising means of producing Se-enriched vegetables.

The use of chicken manure, lowland peat and highland peat briquettes on the growth of Macadamia integrifolia in an arid area of Pematang Tambun Village, Simalungun Regency

The catchment area of Lake Toba continues to experience a decline in quality due to frequent fires in this area. Various recovery measures in the form of reforestation are continuously being carried out but often fail due to the difficult terrain due to the steep slope and the rapid loss of water due to gravity. The water immediately dissipates to a lower elevation leading to the lake. As a result, this condition leaves an expanse of barren area that is only overgrown with weeds. This study aimed to see whether lowland and highland peat soil can be used as a water retaining material that has the same quality as manure and to obtain the right dose of this water retaining material to support the growth of Macadamia integrifolia plants. The study was designed using 3 types of water retaining material briquettes, namely: chicken manure, lowland peat and highland peat, each of which was divided into several treatments, namely: 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 kg/plant. The difficulty of the steep terrain makes it difficult for planting actions. Therefore, the technology of making briquettes is considered to be a solution. In addition, the conversion into briquettes gives a positive value to peat where acidic peat water can be removed so that the toxic effects of peat can be reduced. The results showed that the three types of briquettes significantly increased plant growth in terms of plant height, leaf area and crown area of M. integrifolia. Although the best plant growth performance was shown by the briquette dose of 1.5 kg/plant, the dose of 0.75 kg/plant seemed to have given no significant growth when compared to a dose of 1.0-1.5 kg/plant.

Effect of Different Organic Manures on Establishment of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) cv. Coorg Purple and Coorg Yellow under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions

The experiment entitled “Effect of different organic manures on establishment of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) cv. Coorg Purple and Coorg Yellow under Prayagraj Agro-climatic conditions” was carried out at Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj during the year 2020-2021.The experiment were laid out in Randomized Block Design comprising of 8 treatments viz., T1 Control, T2 Poultry manure (100%), T3 FYM (100%), T4 Vermicompost (100%), T5 Control, T6 Poultry manure (100%), T7 FYM (100%) and T8 Vermicompost (100%), with three replications. The use of appropriate organic manure can help in its early growth, development &amp; establishment and also there will be an efficient use of some of the animal wastes. The growing media here to be used are also cheap, efficient &amp; easily available, suitable for the farmer’s use. Result showed that treatment T4 performed best in terms of plant height (86.77cm), number of branches plant (3.99) , number of leaves plant (40.33), stem girth (4.69mm), leaf area (124 sq/cm) and Chlorophyll Content (92.39 µmol per m2) .

Pepper yield according to different types of organic fertilization

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most economically important vegetables in the world market, being very demanding in terms of soil fertility and, as the soils in Mozambique have, in general, low fertility, organic fertilization is used. To make them compatible with the demands of the culture. The objective of this work was to evaluate and compare the efficiency of fertilization with bovine and swine manure in terms of plant height, plant architecture, number of fruits per plant and fruit production. They were evaluated in an experiment, in the “dry” crop of 2016, at the agricultural research center of the Zambeze University in Tete-Mozambique province. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications and plots of three rows of four meters. From each plot, fifteen plants were measured regarding plant height, number of fruits per plant and fruit production. The data were submitted to statistical processing using Sisvar software, through which normal distribution of data was confirmed, in each variable analysis of variance was performed in the Turkey multiple category test at 5% significance in consideration of the phonological indicators of the culture. The analysis of variance of all parameters evaluated, in the comparison of the averages, there were no significant differences in plant height, number of fruits per plant, and fruit production in both fertilizations, there was a significant difference in the architecture of the plant showing a higher average size when swine manure was applied. From the results shown above, we can infer that fertilization (swine manure) can be one of the alternatives when it is intended to obtain plants with erect architecture, although fruit production for both fertilization is not significant.

Performance of different sources of nitrogen under different establishment methods of rice (Oryza sativa

Currently, conventional fertilizers are used in large quantities to deliver nutrients to crops in India. It may result in soil health decline and fertilizer waste. Different techniques, such as nano fertilizers, are required to address this issue. Therefore, a field experiment was laid out in a farmer's field in the Chidambaram block during the kuruvai season of 2021-22 to determine the "Performance of different sources of nitrogen under different establishment methods of rice." The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design, which included three methods of crop establishment viz., mechanical transplanting, the system of rice intensification (SRI) and conventional transplanting in the main plot, and five nitrogen management methods viz., 100% RDN through urea, 100% RDN through vermicompost, 50% RDN through urea+50% RDN through nano urea, 50% RDN through vermicompost + 50% RDN through nano urea, and 100% RDN through nano urea in sub-plot replicated thrice. The experiment findings demonstrated that among the establishment techniques and nitrogen management practices tested, the system of rice intensification and application of 50% inorganic nitrogen in combination with 50% nano nitrogen was the most productive in terms of plant height (90.29 ,105.39 cm), number of tillers/m2 (337.39, 403.15), dry matter production (10135, 12331 kg/ha) and crop growth rate (10.35, 12.41 g/m2/day) resulting in higher grain (4794, 5972 kg/ha) and straw yield (7216, 8692 kg/ha). Nano fertilizer application promoted the growth and development activity in rice and demonstrated the potential to improve crop production and plant nutrition.

Evaluation of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Genotypes for Vegetable Pod Yield and Guar Gum Production

Cluster bean is a multipurpose legume crop grown in arid and semiarid regions for feed, fodder, and vegetable purpose. In the present study, seven genotypes of cluster bean were evaluated to estimate vegetable pod yield and guar gum properties under Coimbatore conditions. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with five replications. Observation on 14 characters viz., plant height (cm), days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, number of flower cluster per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), fresh pod weight (g), dry pod weight (g), fresh pod yield per plant (g), dry pod yield per plant (g), seed yield per plant (g), guar gum in seed (%) and protein content in seed (%) were recorded. The results of present investigation showed that CT CBE 002 outperformed all other genotypes studied in terms of plant height (156.34 cm), total number of clusters (16.44.), number of pods per cluster (6.78), number of pods per plant (99.64), seed yield per plant (29.61 g), guar gum percent (30.56 %), and seed protein content (22.13%). Pod weight was found to be the highest in MDU 1(6.62 g). CT CBE 001 was found to have the maximum pod yield per plant (343.12 g) and pod length (15.16 cm) and had the earliest days to first flowering (27.00 days) and days to 50% flowering (39.80 days).

On-Station and On-Farm Evaluation of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Sylhet

Two experiments were conducted with sweet pepper during the winter season of 2015-2016. One experiment was on-station evaluation of sweet pepper variety ‘California Wonder’ under two different protective structures (Net and Net + polythene), two different miticides application (Intrepid and Vertimec) and Open field (Control) at the Horticulture Research Field of Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Another experiment was on-farm evaluation of sweet pepper variety ‘BARI Mistimoric-1’ under Net + polythene protective structure in the farmer’s field of Moulvibazar and Sunamganj district. In case of on-station study, Net and Net + polythene protection had significant influence on growth and yield of sweet pepper. The highest and almost similar performance were recorded from Net and Net + polythene in terms of plant height at first harvest (72.67 and 72.83 cm), harvest duration (34.33 and 34.33 days), individual fruit weight (76.45 and 75.95 g), fruit length (8.40 and 8.51 cm) and fruit diameter (7.33 and 7.07 cm). Next to Net and Net + polythene protective structures, individual fruit weight (46.80 g) of Intrepid treated plants was statistically higher than Vertimec and Open field treated plants. The number of fruits per plant (11.57), fruit yield per plant (893.90 g) and fruit yield per decimal (178.78 kg) were significantly higher for Net + polythene protected structure followed by Net protected structure. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of Net (5.4) and Net + polythene (5.6) protected structures were measured more than half of the Open field condition (2.5) indicating bright scope of sweet pepper cultivation under protective structures in the Sylhet region. Although BCR of Intrepid treated plants (4.0) was little less than the protective structures, but considering the economic condition of the farmer sweet pepper cultivation in the open field with Intrepid as a miticide can be suggested. In case of on-farm study, the fruit yield per decimal of Moulvibazar district (163.13 kg) was little higher than the Sunamganj district (155.93 kg), therefore, BCR of Moulvibazar district (4.1) was obtained little higher than the Sunamganj district (3.9). The on-farm adaptive trial also revealed that sweet pepper cultivation can be spread to the farmer’s field of the Sylhet region.

Effect of 7DS-7DL-7Ae#1L AND 2AL-2AS-2MV#1 combinations of translocations on productivity and grain quality of spring bread wheat

The Lr19/Sr25 genes in 7DS-7DL-7Ae#1L translocation (from Thinopyrum ponticum Podp) and Lr37/Sr38/Yr17/Cre5/Rkn3 (from Aegilops ventricosa Tausch) attract the attention of bread wheat breeders by their resistance to leaf and stem rust pathogens, as well as a positive effect on agronomical important traits. However, the combination of these translocations is poorly understood. In the presented study, agronomic performance these translocations were studied on a spring bread wheat line L42= Dobrynya/Trident*3//Dobrynya during 2017-2021. The presence of a combination of Lr19/Sr25 and Lr37/Sr38 genes in 7DS-7DL-7Ae#1L and 2AL-2AS-2mV#1 translocations was found in the L42 line with the help of DNA markers - Gb and VENTRIUP-LN2. This combination of translocations determines the resistance to the saratov population of leaf and stem rust pathogens, and also has a differentiated reaction to the pathotypes of these pathogens from other regions of Russia. It was revealed that in the L42 line, the germination - heading period, on average over the years of study, was significantly shorter than that of the standard cultivar Favorit, but did not significantly differ in this trait from the cultivar-recipient Dobrynya. The L42 line did not significantly differ from the Favorit and Dobrynya cultivars in terms of plant height and lodging resistance. By weight of 1000 grains, the L42 line significantly exceeded the Favorite cultivar, but was inferior to the Dobrynya cultivar. In terms of grain productivity on average for 2017-2022, the L42 line was inferior to the Favorit and Dobrynya cultivars, but significantly only to the latter. The study of the L42 line in terms of the quality of flour and bread showed that it was significantly inferior in terms of the gluten content than Dobrynya cultivar, but not significantly superior to the Favorite cultivar. According to SDS indicators, the gluten strength according to the units of the IDK-3 device, the elasticity of the dough (P), the L42 line significantly differed only from the Favorit cultivar, and did not differ from the Dobrynya cultivar. There were no differences between the cultivar and L42 for the ratio of the elasticity of the dough to the extensibility (P/L). In terms of the strength of flour (W) and the volume of bread, the L42 line was significantly superior to the standard Favorite cultivar, but significantly inferior to the cultivar-recipient Dobrynya. There were no significant differences between the L42 line and the Favorite and Dobrynya cultivar, according to the porosity of bread.

Growth and Total Flavonoid of Three Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Varieties in Shaded Environments in The Tropical Lowland

Celery is an introduced species of family Apiaceae from the subtropical areas. Celery leaves and stalks contain vitamins, phenolic compounds, essential oils, and other nutrients that have been used in the foods, cosmetics, and herbal industries. Shading can create a better environment for varieties adapted to the highlands to succeed to grown in the lowlands. However, the changes in the growing environment including light and temperatures might affect the flavonoid production. This study aimed to determine the growth and production of flavonoids of the highland celery varieties in the lowlands when treated with various level of shades, i.e. without shade/control, 50% shade, and 70% shade. The study used “Aroma”, a celery variety adapted to the highland, and “Summer Green”, a variety adapted to the lowland. Increases in the shade levels decrease air temperature, increases air humidity, and significantly improved the growth and production of the three celery varieties in terms of plant height, leaflets number except for the “Aroma” variety; increased leaf area, stem diameter, tiller number, crown diameter, total wet weight, total dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, anthocyanins, plant N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphor), K (Potassium), and total flavonoids. “Amigo” exposed to 50% shade had significantly higher flavonoids than “Aroma”. Providing shades to “Summer Green” resulted in the lower levels of flavonoids compared to without shading.

The effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of Manado strain yellow maize (Zea mays L.)

Introduction: The invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a freshwater weed, has been an unsolved problem in many lakes around the world, including in Tondano lake, Indonesia. Since the 2000s, many efforts to eliminate it have turned unsuccessful and uneconomical. Here, we aim to provide a solution and perform a systematic study to utilize water hyacinth as an organic fertilizer for application to local crops, the Manado strain yellow maize. Methods: Water hyacinth was manually harvested and fermented using an effective microbial fermentation for one month. The resulting compost was analyzed chemically and applied to bedding groups of maize at increasing doses: 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 grams per plant. All beddings were made in triplicate, consisting of 8-10 plants per repeat. At 2 and 12 weeks post plantation, a series of measurements of plant height, leaf length, and leaf width was performed. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way ANOVA. Results: The application of water hyacinth organic fertilizer had readily shown beneficial effects on vegetative growth at 2 weeks of age in terms of plant height, leaves length and leaves width at the dose of 200 and 250 grams of fertilizer per plant. This effect persisted up to 12 weeks of age in terms of plant height, but not in leaves length or width. Conclusion: The application of water hyacinth organic fertilizer is able to increase the vegetative growth of the local Manado strain of yellow maize at the dose of 200 grams per plant.