Terms Of Phonology Research Articles

ANALISIS SISTEM FONOLOGI BAHASA TOLAKI DIALEK KONAWE RAGAM BIASA

<p><em>This study aims to analyze the phonological system of Tolaki language in Konawi dialect of ordinary variety. The research technique was conducted by collecting data through informant interviews from Konawi, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. The initial data for the interview material were 200 basic Swadesh vocabularies, which later in the interview process developed into 238 vocabularies. The data was collected using note-taking and recording techniques. The results showed that the Tolaki language in the Konawe dialect has 28 letter sounds consisting of 12 vowel phonemes and 16 consonant phonemes. However, the letters are not phonemic. After going through the minimal pairing process, 9 vowel phonemes were found, namely /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /O/, /a:/, /i: /, and /u:/, and 15 consonant phonemes, namely /b/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /w/, /N/, and /Ɂ/. In terms of phonemes, the language lacks allophones and diphthongs (vowel clusters). In addition, the Konawe dialect of Tolaki has relatively more vowel phoneme sequences than consonant phoneme sequences. The syllable patterns formed are V, KV, KVK, KKV, and VK.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords: The phonological system, the Tolaki language, the Konawi dialect.</em></strong></p>

Analyzing ESL students’ performance in teaching linguistics

Since linguistics aids in the explanation of English grammar to students, it is essential in English teaching. Every language has a set of grammatical rules that are taught in terms of syntax, semantics, phonology, and morphology. Nevertheless, the study of psychology, education, cognitive science, anthropology, language acquisition, sociology, bilingualism, and fourth language instruction should all be included in the teaching of English. It's critical for teachers to know their students in order to establish welcoming classroom environments. The instructor should be able to put himself in the shoes of the pupils and show them empathy and patience. The overall goal of teaching English to pupils is to enable them to communicate effectively and responsibly in both written and conversational modes.

Language acquisition of children aged 2 years in "Kimono mom" YouTube channel

This research discusses the language acquisition of 2-year-old children in terms of phonology and syntax. The purpose of this study is to describe the language acquisition in terms of phonology and syntax of 2-year-old children in Kimono Mom YouTube channel episode 1 to 4. The data source of this research is "Kimono Mom" YouTube channel, episode 1 to episode 4 and the data in the study are utterances expressed by a Japanese child named Sutan who lives with his father and mother in Tokyo, Japan. In his daily life Sutan often communicates with his parents, especially with his mother named Moe. This research is descriptive qualitative research with the method of note taking method and library research. The theory used is the theory of language acquisition in terms of phonology and syntax. The results show that in terms of phonology Sutan can pronounce all vowel sounds except the vowel sound [ɯ]. Sutan can pronounce all consonant sounds perfectly except consonant sounds [ŋ], [ʦ] and [ʣ], as well as consonant sound [ʤ] located at the beginning of the word. In addition, Sutan can pronounce all the special phoneme sounds of Japanese except the double vowel sound (chou boin). In terms of syntax, Sutan can pronounce declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamative sentences according to the context even though they are in the form of short sentences and still rarely use particles and the sentence only reaches the verb.

Заимствования и кодовые переключения в башкирском языке (на примере караидельского говора)

Introduction. In contact linguistics, the problem of differentiating between code switches and loanwords is relevant enough, which arises from that there are no unified research approaches thereto, and consequently nor there any precise definitions for the phenomena and classification criteria. The difficulties in distinguishing between the two linguistic processes result from that in intensive language contacts they tend to gain more similarities in terms of phonology, morphology and syntax — rather than differences. Some scholars argue that code-switching is the first stage in the development of a token in a matrix language, i.e. the lexemes had been code switches before they became ‘nuclear’ borrowings. The process of switching codes in speech is associated with the phenomenon of mass bilingualism. Goals. The problem of code-switching is understudied in Bashkir linguistics, and the paper attempts to distinguish the former from borrowings in the context of Bashkir-Russian bilingualism. Materials and methods. The study analyzes transcribed recordings of colloquial Bashkir (from speakers of Karaidel, a dialect of northwestern Bashkir) obtained during the author’s expeditions of 2022 and 2023. When it comes to describe code-switching, the workr employs Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame model. The article deals with intraphrasal switches in the form of inclusions and insular switches within one sentence. Results. The study identifies some difficulties of distinguishing between borrowings and code switches. According to G. Chirsheva, borrowings are divided into cultural and occasional (nuclear) ones. The latter are essentially and functionally close to code switches. K. Myers-Scotton presumes their main differences can be reduced to that code switches are used in individual cases (or no more than three times) and are not included in the mental lexicon of the matrix language. Therefore, barbarisms, such as еще / ищо, уже / ужы, вис, сәпсим, etc., which are often used in the speech of bilingual Bashkirs, must be referred to as occasional / nuclear borrowings (according to G. Chirsheva), while individual foreign-language inclusions be considered code switches.

Menyibak Sistem Fonetik Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Arab serta Implikasinya dalam Pembelajaran BIPA

Realizing Indonesian as an international language can be done by teaching Indonesian to Foreign Speakers (BIPA), but in the BIPA learning process we often face problems, especially in terms of phonology. Arabic speakers often find it difficult to pronounce sounds in Indonesian. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the differences and similarities between the pronunciations of the two languages using a qualitative descriptive approach and a contrastive analysis. In the results of the study, several similarities and differences were found between the pronunciation of Indonesian and Arabic. With similarities, it will make it easier for Arabic learners to learn Indonesian sounds. However, the existence of differences will also cause learning difficulties and require more attention to some aspects. Therefore, the results of this study can assist BIPA teachers in determining teaching materials, learning models, teaching units, and syllabus that are right on target through consideration of contrastive analysis.

The construct of attention in studies in l2 phonology between 2010 and 2021

The acquisition of a second language (L2) is a highly demanding cognitive task that, in terms of phonology, happens through the siege of the first language (L1). The cue-weighting, that is, the attention given to specific cues in the L2 speech and the ability to change the focus of attention to relevant cues is essential for L2 speech processing and tends to be affected by the patterns of the L1. The present study aimed to produce a systematic review of the studies concerning attention and L2 phonological knowledge. Research participants, attention and phonological assessment, and the main results of eighteen studies published between 2010 and 2021 were described and analyzed. The data gathered indicates that the bulk of the research carried out is of cross-sectional studies with attention control and perceptual discrimination tasks with L2 English adult learners. Most studies pointed out that attention has an important role in L2 phonological acquisition. At the beginning of acquisition, attention seems to be more important to L2 speech processing than for proficient L2 speakers when automatization takes place. Focusing, selecting, shifting, dividing, and sustaining attention as well as being flexible and having good inhibitory control have a special role in L2 phonological acquisition. The need for further investigation with controlled variables, other L1/L2 combinations, and multiple assessment instruments is evident.

Phonological Analysis in Delivering Stories through Video Recording

Postulating the language as means of communication playing crucial role in our daily lives is truly indisputable. A lot of problems occurred in the field of phonology by the students in delivering their speaking performance. This research is intended to analyze the phonological error in the second semester students in performing stories in the form of speaking. The kind of this research is classified as qualitative research which focuses on analyzing students’ utterances, particularly in terms of English phonology. In this study, the data were collected in the form of video-recorded speaking performance and written transcription by the subjects of the research. Furthermore, after a careful and detailed analyzing process by the researcher, it is concluded that most students made several phonological errors in pronouncing some English words. The result of the study showed that diversity of language skills and components particularly pronunciation, fluency, and accuracy is dominantly due to the previous educational background, students’ motivation in learning, the intensity of students’ exercise, students’ current efforts in learning English, and having a grit. By having a grit, the students have passion and perseverance to train themselves in learning English and practicing the English skills for long-term.

Morphological effects on Pali gemination: A preliminary study

Around the turn of the 20th century (Childers, 1879; Müller, 1884; Whitney, 1889; Gray, 1899; Duroiselle, 1906), neogrammarians began studying the Pali language and its grammar. One area of particular interest was the phonological process of assimilation. Pali evidences both progressive and regressive assimilation and it is generally the case that a consonant geminate is formed (Krishnaswamy, et al., 2019). Recent studies (Junghare, 1979; Suzuki, 2002a,b; Gupta, 2003; Schmeiser, 2008; Dutta, 2017) have attempted to explain base-medial consonant gemination in phonological terms.
 Though these accounts have furthered our understanding of Pali base-medial consonant gemination, very few studies have considered morphological effects on Pali gemination. The current study, though exploratory in nature, suggests that a problem arises in phonological analyses of Pali geminates in that Pali words evidence different cluster realizations based on morphological factors. In short, the study analyzes the effects of affixes on Pali gemination and suggests that an explanation based solely on syllable structure or sonority is insufficient and calls for further research.

S/Z in the Hispanic Context: Castration and Otherness in the Female Characters of Miguel de Cervantes and María de Zayas

In S/Z (1970), an ambitious semiotic study of Honoré de Balzac’s “Sarrasine,” Roland Barthes analyzes the ideological oppositions behind this graphic differentiation based on observing an unexpected deviation from the norm in the male protagonist’s name. This article reveals that Barthes’s analysis is applicable to Cervantes’s and Zayas’s novellas, abounding as they are in female Moorish characters whose names begin with the letter Z. The presence of this Z is best understood, not in phonological terms, but from the perspective of the cultural fabric of seventeenth-century Spain, where the Z becomes the stamp that unequivocally denounces the otherness and social castration of the female characters.

Effects of Diglossia on the Acquisition of Underlying Reading Processes: Toward Pragmatic Solutions

The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate how diglossia hinders the acquisition of underlying reading processes of Arabic-speaking students and recommend pragmatic solutions that would help Arabic teachers in developing their students’ reading abilities. Results of the included studies showed that Arabic-speaking students lack standard phonemes, phonological and morphological patterns, and letters missing from their local Arabic vernaculars, which in turn, affect their word reading abilities. Nevertheless, it takes six years of systematic exposure to standard Arabic to close the linguistic gap between students’ oral and written language in terms of phonemes, letters, and phonological and morphological patterns. Conversely, the syntactic gap remains wide during the first five years of formal education. Furthermore, results showed that systematic exposure to standard Arabic for 15, 25, or 60 minutes positively impacts Arabic-speaking students’ word reading abilities and reading comprehension at short- and long-terms. Keywords: diglossia, Arabic reading, Arabic-speaking students, pragmatic solutions, Arabic teachers

ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL ERRORS IN FIRST SEMESTER STUDENTS IN PERFORMING SELF INTRODUCTION A CASE STUDY IN INSTITUTE LEVEL

Some problems have emerged related to the phonological errors made by the first semester students in delivering their speaking performance. This research is intended to analyze the phonological error in the first semester students in performing self-introduction. This study used qualitative research method particularly in terms of English phonology that focus on observing and analyzing the observation of English-speaking skill. In this research, the collected data were in the form of transcripts of the video-recorded performance that performed by the subjects of research. It is concluded that most students showed several phonological errors in pronouncing some words. All students of the first semester have successfully performed their self-introduction fluently and accurately based on the basic self-introduction pattern. The result of the study showed that the emergence of various variations in the accuracy of phonology is mainly due to the previous educational background and the students’ current efforts in learning language. However, most students of first semester did phonological errors in pronouncing several words. In order to speak English fluently and accurately, it is expected that the students learn about English phonology well by considering the appropriate place of articulation and manner of articulation.

A Multifaceted Approach to Oral Assessment Based on the Conformer Architecture

Automatic speaking assessment methods are essential for helping non-native learners to learn native pronunciation. The automated speaking assessment method consists of mispronunciation detection and pronunciation quality assessment. In the past, researchers have usually focused their research on only one specific aspect of the speaking assessment task. Research on multifaceted speaking tasks has been rare, and model building has often led to reduced performance due to the omission of local feature details. In this paper, we propose a multi-width band (MB) method and apply it to the Conformer model. This method can effectively increase the ability of the model to obtain local feature information at different scales. At the same time, we used a multi-task learning approach to train a multifaceted speaking assessment model based on GOP features. We conducted experiments on a self-built monosyllabic Mandarin mispronunciation detection dataset (PSC-MonoSyllable) and an English open-source pronunciation quality assessment dataset (SpeechOcean762), respectively. The experimental results show that the method’s mispronunciation detection metrics in terms of phonemes, tones, and words on the PSC-MonoSyllable dataset (F1 scores) reached 70.18%, 80.06%, and 79.82%, respectively. The results of the method on the SpeechOcean 762 dataset for the pronunciation quality assessment task also showed a certain degree of improvement in all aspects of the phoneme- and grapheme-level correlation metrics compared with the baseline model.

A Contribution to the Study of Dutch Surnames on the Example of Surnames Motivated by the Appellative GRAAF

This paper deals with the analysis of surnames motivated by the appellative graaf (i.e. count). Such surnames are derived from nobility titles in the Netherlands and Flanders and are the most common Dutch surnames. The case study is preceded by a brief overview of the historical, sociocultural and orthographic context within the Dutch language area to explain why Dutch surnames motivated by the same appellative are spelled differently in the Netherlands and Flanders. The first part of the article gives a review of the position of onomastics in Dutch Studies, the historical overview of Dutch surnames from the Netherlands and Flanders, with special emphasis on the changes before and after the introduction of the official spelling system of the Dutch language in 1804, and also on motivational classification of Dutch surnames. For the purposes of this case study, we first performed a quantitative analysis. We compiled a list to see how many holders of surnames motivated by the appellative graaf there are. We then divided the list into categories according to variations in the surnames. For the number of surnames in Flanders, we used the statistics from Statbel, the Belgian statistical office, and for the surnames in the Netherlands, the statistics from the database of the onomastic network Netwerk Naamkunde. The next step in the study was to search for the various forms of surnames containing the appellative graaf. The results of the search are shown in the pertaining table. A review of the lists reveals three variants in the forms of surnames (in terms of spelling, morphosyntax and phonology). These are analysed further in the text. Two online databases were used to determine the prevalence of the variants: FamilienamenBank for the Netherlands and Familienaam for Belgium. We then outlined the distribution of the most common variants of the surname graaf on the maps of the Netherlands and Belgium. In the Netherlands, the surname De Graaf has the highest concentration in the historic county of Holland, and in Belgium (Flanders), in the area bordering the Netherlands. Also, the distribution of the surnames Degraeve, De Graeve and Degrave (in Belgium) is shown. The results indicate somewhat limited mobility and decentralization. In the final part of the analysis, we looked at the origin of the surname graaf with respect to the motivational classification of Dutch surnames (see Brower 2000c), which divided the surnames into four categories: those derived from personal names, one’s origins, those motivated by occupation and those derived from nicknames. Almost all of the four categories occur in various spelling variants of surnames with the appellative graaf. The contribution of this paper is that surnames motivated by the appellative graaf are analyzed for the first time. Additionally, this is the first anthroponomastic article in Croatian on surnames from the Dutch language area. It will also enable Croatian anthroponomastics to get acquainted with the Dutch anthroponomasticon in detail.

A Contrastive Analysis of Emotive Interjection (Kandoushi) in Japanese and Indonesian

Kandoushi is a word that expresses an impression, also called “interjection” in Indonesian, and is one type of emotive interjection. This study examines the meaning and use of emotive interjection, and its similarities and differences in Japanese and Indonesian. The method in this study used a descriptive contrastive analysis method with the note-taking technique. The data is taken from the dialogue in the Japanese anime “ReLIFE” and the Indonesian TV series “Tetangga Masa Gitu” and “Bajaj Bajuri”. The results of the study showed that the emotive interjection in Japanese and Indonesian had several similar meanings, particularly expressing feelings of pleasure, admiration, annoyance, confusion, and distress. Then, both of them have the same use, which is used to confirm the speech partner’s expression, is used to conclude something, is used to protest against the speech partner, is used to show approval, and is used to realize something. Interjection comprehension is very important in understanding an utterance intent in a conversation so that communication can take place with native speakers or fellow foreign students. This study only examines the interjections in terms of the emotive feeling/impression of being surprised. Therefore, for future research, it is expected to research form, meaning, and the use of other interjections in terms of phonology.

A Comparative Study of Tagalog and Mandarin Greetings

Greetings play an essential role in everyday conversational routines and are commonly used as a ritual form of politeness. They serve an important function in building and maintaining social relationships. Greetings often consist of brief conventionalized expressions that are not necessarily meant to be interpreted literally, but rather are used as a tool to demonstrate politeness or to enhance the hearer's positive face. This paper aimed to make a brief comparison between Tagalog and Mandarin greetings in terms of phonology, morphology and syntax, meanwhile, greetings as linguistic routines of politeness, similarities and differences of nonverbal greetings in the Philippines and China will be analyzed. It will be helpful for those who want to learn one of these two languages and also be useful for those who want to have a basic knowledge about Filipino and Chinese greeting culture.

PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA ANAK USIA 3-4 TAHUN (STUDI KASUS PADA SISWA PAUD PITARA PONDOK CABE ILIR, TANGERANG SELATAN)

The purpose of this study was to describe language acquisition in children aged 3-4 years. The subjects of this study were 3 boys from PAUD Pitara Pondok Cabe Ilir, Pamulang, South Tangerang aged about 3-4 years. The focus of this research is the acquisition at the level of fontology to syntax. Data was collected by using documentation, interview, listening, and note-taking techniques. This study applies a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that language acquisition in children aged 3-5 years occurred in the fields of phonology, syntax, and semantics. In terms of phonology, subjects E, A, and R have mastered most of the consonant phonemes. However, there are also some phonemes that cannot be pronounced perfectly. In terms of morphology, subjects E, A, and R have mastered the form of words that are obtained or mastered are monomorphemic word forms (one morpheme) and language acquisition in the syntactic aspect, indicating that there is a phenomenon of the production of simple sentences or called minor sentences.

The origin and the development of 焉 yān in Old Chinese

Abstract The Old Chinese function word 焉 yān is frequently interpreted as a fusion of [於 (‘at/on/in’) + 此 (near demonstrative pronoun)] in terms of its meaning. Ever since Kennedy (1940a, b; 1953) argued that 焉 is a fusion of [於 + *an (third-person pronoun)], it has been controversial as to exactly which third-person pronoun/demonstrative pronoun *an corresponds to in Old Chinese. There is no third-person pronoun/demonstrative pronoun that is appropriate for this reconstruction. This paper illustrates how 焉 *Ɂan is a fusion of 於 *Ɂa and *niɁ; *nih or *nɔɁ; *nɔh, which means ‘this’ in Proto-Austroasiatic (PAA). The demonstrative is borrowed into Chinese through language contact in the Early Archaic Chinese period (10th to 6th c. BC). This fusion is plausible in historical and phonological terms, while the grammaticalization path of 焉 also accords with that of [於 + demonstrative]. The grammaticalization path of 焉 is examined by analyzing all occurrences of it in the Bronze Inscriptions (BI), The book of odes (Shījīng 詩經), The book of documents (Shàngshū 尚書), and Zuo’s commentary (Zuǒzhuàn 左傳). Also, the usages of its etymological doublet 爰, which is considered to be a fusion of [于 *wa (‘at/on/in’) + near demonstrative pronoun], are analyzed in order to strengthen the argument.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN BERBAHASA PADA BERITA DI MEDIA ONLINE “FACEBOOK DAN INSTAGRAM”

ABSTRACTThis study aims to describe (1) phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic errors found in the Indonesian discourse on the Humanitarian Crisis and the Death of the Democratic Space under President Joko Widodo's leadership which was published by the Papuan Student Alliance-AMP on March 14, 2022 through the media. Facebook online, (2) phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic errors contained in the discourse "Equity and structuring the Mardika market" published by Aldis Loilatu on June 3, 2021 through Facebook online media, (3) phonological, morphological, syntax, and semantics contained in the discourse "Makassar has the potential for PSBB to return, the decision will be determined in the next two days" which was published by Makassar Info on January 29, 2021 through the online media Instagram, and (4) provided corrections and follow-up to language errors from in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics contained in the Facebook post ok and instagram. The results of the analysis of language errors on Facebook and Instagram online media can be concluded that there are types of language errors in the fields of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. The results of this study are first, the types of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic errors found in the Indonesian discourse on the Humanitarian Crisis and the Death of the Democratic Space under President Joko Widodo's leadership published by the Papuan Student Alliance-AMP on March 14, 2022. , (2) the types of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic errors contained in the discourse of "even distribution and arrangement of the Mardika market" published by Aldis Loilatu on June 3, 2021, and (3) types of phonological, morphological errors , syntax, and semantics on the discourse "Makassar has the potential for PSBB to return, the decision will be determined in the next two days" published by Makassar Info on January 29, 2021. Keywords: language errors, online media, facebook, instagram

Pseudo-Allomorphy of Articles and Articulated Prepositions in Llanito

In this study, I will provide a decompositional analysis of Llanito’s articles, both definite and indefinite, as well as the many fused preposition + article combinations. Prima facie, Llanito seems to show phonologically conditioned allomorph (PCA) selection, including a melodically-conditioned allomorphy triggered exclusively by /w/. However, taking a Strict CV approach, building on work on Standard Italian (Larsen 998; Faust et al. 2018), Galician (Ulfsbjorninn 2020) and southern and central Italo-Romance dialects, including Old Tuscan varieties, (Russo & Ulfsbjorninn 2021), I will show that the whole system of articles in Llanito can be generated without the use of allomorphy at all. Instead, all the surface variants are generated from the combination of a unified set of syntactic exponents fed through the language’s regular phonology. This analysis joins the Llanito phenomena to the research program started by Scheer (2016) where PCA analyses are reanalyzed in purely phonological terms.

EKSİLTİ BAĞLAMINDA AZERBAYCAN TÜRKÇESİNDE ELLİPTİK CÜMLELER

Eksilti, yazılı ve sözlü anlatımda bazı dil birimlerini, yine o dilin kuralları çerçevesinde derin yapıda bırakan bir dil olayıdır. Yazarken veya konuşurken konuşmaya canlılık katmak, akıcılık sağlamak, tekrardan kaçınmak, tasarruf etmek, vurgu yapmak vb. gibi nedenlerden dolayı dilde çeşitli eksiltiler yapılır. Hafz, eksiltim, eksilti, eksiltili anlatım, düşüm, düşürme, kısaltma, sıfır tekrar, elips vb. gibi çeşitli terimlerle adlandırılan eksilti, Türkiye Türkçesinde ses bilgisi, şekil bilgisi, söz dizimi konusunda karşımıza çıkar ve sesten cümleye kadar geniş bir alanda inceleme konusu sağlar. Bu çalışmada Azerbaycan Türkçesinde cümlede eksilti konusu ele alınacaktır. Azerbaycan Türkçesinde elliptik cümle olarak isimlendirilen bu dil olayı, “ellipse benzer, ellips şeklinde, cümlede kolaylıkla anlaşılan kelimenin düşürülmesine bağlı” şeklinde açıklanmaktadır. Bağımsız kullanılabilen yarımcık cümle statülü elliptik cümleler, konuşana az kelime kullanarak birçok düşünceyi açıklama imkânı sağlayan cümle türüdür. Yarımcık, yarım cümlelerin içerisinde incelenen elliptik cümleler, yazılı ve sözlü anlatımda yüklemin düşürülmesidir. Yüklemin düşürülmesi iki şekilde karşımıza çıkar: 1. Metne bağlı düşürülme, 2. Elliptik düşürülme. Metne bağlı düşürülmede yüklemin eksiltilmesi metne bağlıdır ve tekrardan kaçmak için düşürülür. Bu tür cümlelerde düşürülmüş, yani eksiltilmiş yüklemi metnin önceki cümlelerine göre yerine koymak mümkündür. Yüklemi düşürülen yarımcık cümlelerin diğer çeşidi ise elliptik cümlelerdir. Elliptik cümlelerde düşürülen yüklem, metne göre değil cümlenin kendi ögelerine ve anlamına göre belirlenir. Bu bağlamda metne bağlı düşürülmede metnin dışında kullanım söz konusu olmazken elliptik cümleler bağımsız olarak kullanılmaktadır.