Terms Of Pfaffians Research Articles

Hermite–Padé approximations with Pfaffian structures: Novikov peakon equation and integrable lattices

Motivated by the Novikov equation and its peakon problem, we propose a new mixed type Hermite–Padé approximation whose unique solution is a sequence of polynomials constructed with the help of Pfaffians. These polynomials belong to the family of recently proposed partial-skew-orthogonal polynomials. The relevance of partial-skew-orthogonal polynomials is especially visible in the approximation problem germane to the Novikov peakon problem so that we obtain explicit inverse formulae in terms of Pfaffians by reformulating the inverse spectral problem for the Novikov multipeakons. Furthermore, we investigate two Hermite–Padé approximations for the related spectral problem of the discrete dual cubic string, and show that these approximation problems can also be solved in terms of partial-skew-orthogonal polynomials and nonsymmetric Cauchy biorthogonal polynomials. This formulation results in a new correspondence among several integrable lattices.

Minors of a skew symmetric matrix: a combinatorial approach

Knuth's combinatorial approach to Pfaffians is used to reprove and clarify a century-old formula, due to Brill. It expresses arbitrary minors of a skew symmetric matrix in terms of Pfaffians.

Partial-Skew-Orthogonal Polynomials and Related Integrable Lattices with Pfaffian Tau-Functions

Skew-orthogonal polynomials (SOPs) arise in the study of the n-point distribution function for orthogonal and symplectic random matrix ensembles. Motivated by the average of characteristic polynomials of the Bures random matrix ensemble studied in [22], we propose the concept of partial-skew-orthogonal polynomials (PSOPs) as a modification of the SOPs, and then the PSOPs with a variety of special skew-symmetric kernels and weight functions are addressed. By considering appropriate deformations of the weight functions, we derive nine integrable lattices in different dimensions. As a consequence, the tau-functions for these systems are shown to be expressed in terms of Pfaffians and the wave vectors PSOPs. In fact, the tau-functions also admit the representations of multiple integrals. Among these integrable lattices, some of them are known, while the others are novel to the best of our knowledge. In particular, one integrable lattice is related to the partition function of the Bures random matrix ensemble. Besides, we derive a discrete integrable lattice, which can be used to compute certain vector Pad\'e approximants. This yields the first example regarding the connection between integrable lattices and vector Pad\'e approximants, for which Hietarinta, Joshi and Nijhoff pointed out that "This field remains largely to be explored." in the recent monograph [27, Section 4.4] .

An application of Pfaffians to multipeakons of the Novikov equation and the finite Toda lattice of BKP type

The Novikov equation is an integrable analogue of the Camassa–Holm equation with a cubic (rather than quadratic) nonlinear term. Both these equations support a special family of weak solutions called multipeakon solutions. In this paper, an approach involving Pfaffians is applied to study multipeakons of the Novikov equation. First, we show that the Novikov peakon ODEs describe an isospectral flow on the manifold cut out by certain Pfaffian identities. Then, a link between the Novikov peakons and the finite Toda lattice of BKP type (B-Toda lattice) is established based on the use of Pfaffians. Finally, certain generalizations of the Novikov equation and the finite B-Toda lattice are proposed together with special solutions. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the peakon problem is interpreted in terms of Pfaffians.

A new integrable convergence acceleration algorithm for computing Brezinski–Durbin–Redivo-Zaglia’s sequence transformation via pfaffians

In the literature, most known sequence transformations can be written as a ratio of two determinants. But, it is not always this case. One exception is that the sequence transformation proposed by Brezinski, Durbin, and Redivo-Zaglia cannot be expressed as a ratio of two determinants. Motivated by this, we will introduce a new algebraic tool—pfaffians, instead of determinants in the paper. It turns out that Brezinski–Durbin–Redivo-Zaglia’s transformation can be expressed as a ratio of two pfaffians. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to introduce pfaffians in the expressions of sequence transformations. Furthermore, an extended transformation of high order is presented in terms of pfaffians and a new convergence acceleration algorithm for implementing the transformation is constructed. Then, the Lax pair of the recursive algorithm is obtained which implies that the algorithm is integrable. Numerical examples with applications of the algorithm are also presented.

Phaseless quantum Monte-Carlo approach to strongly correlated superconductors with stochastic Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov wavefunctions

The so-called phaseless quantum Monte-Carlo method currently offers one of the best performing theoretical framework to investigate interacting Fermi systems. It allows to extract an approximate ground-state wavefunction by averaging independent-particle states undergoing a Brownian motion in imaginary-time. Here, we extend the approach to a random walk in the space of Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) vacua that are better suited for superconducting or superfluid systems. Well-controlled statistical errors are ensured by constraining stochastic paths with the help of a trial wavefunction. It also guides the dynamics and takes the form of a linear combination of HFB ansätze. Estimates for the observables are reconstructed through an extension of Wick’s theorem to matrix elements between HFB product states. The usual combinatory complexity associated to the application of this theorem for four- and more- body operators is bypassed with a compact expression in terms of Pfaffians. The limiting case of a stochastic motion within Slater determinants but guided with HFB trial wavefunctions is also considered. Finally, exploratory results for the spin-polarized Hubbard model in the attractive regime are presented.

A two-component generalization of the reduced Ostrovsky equation and its integrable semi-discrete analogue

In the present paper, we propose a two-component generalization of the reduced Ostrovsky (Vakhnenko) equation, whose differential form can be viewed as the short-wave limit of a two-component Degasperis–Procesi (DP) equation. They are integrable due to the existence of Lax pairs. Moreover, we have shown that the two-component reduced Ostrovsky equation can be reduced from an extended BKP hierarchy with negative flow through a pseudo 3-reduction and a hodograph (reciprocal) transform. As a by-product, its bilinear form and N-soliton solution in terms of pfaffians are presented. One- and two-soliton solutions are provided and analyzed. In the second part of the paper, we start with a modified BKP hierarchy, which is a Bäcklund transformation of the above extended BKP hierarchy, an integrable semi-discrete analogue of the two-component reduced Ostrovsky equation is constructed by defining an appropriate discrete hodograph transform and dependent variable transformations. In particular, the backward difference form of above semi-discrete two-component reduced Ostrovsky equation gives rise to the integrable semi-discretization of the short wave limit of a two-component DP equation. Their N-soliton solutions in terms of pffafians are also provided.

Bright and dark soliton solutions to the AB system and its multi-component generalization

The determinant structures to the AB system are derived by using Hirota method and reduction technique from Sato theory. N-bright soliton solutions to the focusing and N−dark soliton solutions to the defocusing AB system are provided respectively. A multi-component AB system is proposed and shown to be integrable with Lax pairs. Solutions to the multi-component system are presented in terms of Pfaffians.

Matrix integral solutions to the discrete KP hierarchy and its Pfaffianized version

Matrix integrals used in random matrix theory for the study of eigenvalues of Hermitian ensembles have been shown to provide τ-functions for several hierarchies of integrable equations. In this article, we extend this relation by showing that such integrals can also provide τ-functions for the discrete KP hierarchy and a coupled version of the same hierarchy obtained through the process of Pfaffianization. To do so, we consider the first equation of the discrete KP hierarchy, the Hirota–Miwa equation. We write the Wronskian determinant solutions to the Hirota–Miwa equation and consider a particular form of matrix integrals, which we show is an example of those Wronskian solutions. The argument is then generalized to the whole hierarchy. A similar strategy is used for the Pfaffianized version of the hierarchy except that in that case, the solutions are written in terms of Pfaffians rather than determinants.

An integrable semi-discretization of the coupled Yajima–Oikawa system

An integrable semi-discrete analogue of the one-dimensional coupled Yajima–Oikawa system, which is comprised of multicomponent short waves and one component long wave, is proposed by using a bilinear technique. Based on the reductions of the Bäcklund transformations of the semi-discrete BKP hierarchy, both the bright and dark soliton solutions in terms of pfaffians are constructed.

Complex and coupled complex negative order AKNS equation

In this paper, we propose a complex negative order AKNS equation and a coupled complex negative order AKNS equation. They are integrable due to the existence of Lax pairs. Furthermore, we find their multi-soliton solutions in terms of Pfaffians by virtue of Hirota’s bilinear method. One- and two-soliton solutions are investigated in detail exhibiting favorable evolution properties. Especially, the same as the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation, inelastic interactions and energy re-distribution happen between two solitons, that has potential applications and deserve further study.

Integrable semi-discretization of a multi-component short pulse equation

In the present paper, we mainly study the integrable semi-discretization of a multi-component short pulse equation. First, we briefly review the bilinear equations for a multi-component short pulse equation proposed by Matsuno [J. Math. Phys. 52, 123702 (2011)] and reaffirm its N-soliton solution in terms of pfaffians. Then by using a Bäcklund transformation of the bilinear equations and defining a discrete hodograph (reciprocal) transformation, an integrable semi-discrete multi-component short pulse equation is constructed. Meanwhile, its N-soliton solution in terms of pfaffians is also proved.

Complex short pulse and coupled complex short pulse equations

In the present paper, we propose a complex short pulse equation and a coupled complex short equation to describe ultra-short pulse propagation in optical fibers. They are integrable due to the existence of Lax pairs and infinite number of conservation laws. Furthermore, we find their multi-soliton solutions in terms of pfaffians by virtue of Hirota’s bilinear method. One- and two-soliton solutions are investigated in details, showing favorable properties in modeling ultra-short pulses with a few optical cycles. Especially, same as the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation, there is an interesting phenomenon of energy redistribution in soliton interactions. It is expected that, for the ultra-short pulses, the complex and coupled complex short pulses equation will play the same roles as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

Explicit 5-descent on elliptic curves

We compute equations for genus one curves representing non-trivial elements of order 5 in the Tate-Shafarevich group of an elliptic curve. We explain how to write the equations in terms of Pfaffians and give examples for elliptic curves over the rationals both with and without a rational 5-isogeny.

A novel multi-component generalization of the short pulse equation and its multisoliton solutions

We propose a novel multi-component system of nonlinear equations that generalizes the short pulse (SP) equation describing the propagation of ultra-short pulses in optical fibers. By means of the bilinear formalism combined with a hodograph transformation, we obtain its multisoliton solutions in the form of a parametric representation. Notably, unlike the determinantal solutions of the SP equation, the proposed system is found to exhibit solutions expressed in terms of pfaffians. The proof of the solutions is performed within the framework of an elementary theory of determinants. The reduced 2-component system deserves a special consideration. In particular, we show by establishing a Lax pair that the system is completely integrable. The properties of solutions such as loop solitons and breathers are investigated in detail, confirming their solitonic behavior. A variant of the 2-component system is also discussed with its multisoliton solutions.

Solution of soliton equations in terms of neutral fermion particles

In this paper we exploit the algebraic structure of the soliton equations and find solutions in terms of neutral free fermion particles. We show how pfaffians arise naturally in the fermionic approach to soliton equations. We write the τ-function for neutral free fermions in terms of pfaffians. Examples of how to get soliton, rational and dromion solutions from τ-functions for the various soliton equations are given.

Exit problems associated with affine reflection groups

We obtain a formula for the distribution of the first exit time of Brownian motion from the alcove of an affine Weyl group. In most cases the formula is expressed compactly, in terms of Pfaffians. Expected exit times are derived in the type \~A case. The results extend to other Markov processes. We also give formulas for the real eigenfunctions of the Dirichlet and Neumann Laplacians on alcoves, observing that the `Hot Spots' conjecture of J. Rauch is true for alcoves.

On an integrable modified [formula omitted]-dimensional Lotka–Volterra equation

In this paper, an integrable ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional modified Lotka–Volterra equation is considered. This is a semi-discrete system, having discrete space and continuous time which has a known ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional self-dual network equation as a reduction. Its bilinear Bäcklund transformation and Lax pair are also presented and explicit solutions including soliton solutions expressed in terms of pfaffians are obtained. Finally, the reduction of these solutions to ( 1 + 1 ) dimensions is considered.

Massive chiral random matrix ensembles atβ=1and 4: QCD Dirac operator spectra

The zero momentum sectors in effective theories of quantum chromodynamics coupled to pseudoreal (two colors) and real (adjoint) quarks have alternative descriptions in terms of chiral orthogonal and symplectic ensembles of random matrices. Using this correspondence, we compute correlation functions of Dirac operator eigenvalues within a sector with an arbitrary topological charge in the presence of finite quark masses of the order of the smallest Dirac eigenvalue. These novel correlation functions, expressed in terms of Pfaffians, interpolate between known results for the chiral and quenched limits as quark masses vary.

Orthogonal and Symplectic Matrix Integrals and Coupled KP Hierarchy

Orthogonal and symplectic matrix integrals are investigated. It is shown that the matrix integrals can be considered as a $\tau$-function of the coupled KP hierarchy, whose solution can be expressed in terms of pfaffians.