Literary Terms Research Articles

Impact of Technological Anxiety and Alien Invasion in H.G. Wells's The War of the Worlds.

The term science fiction is applied to those narratives in which unlike in pure fantasy an explicit attempt is made to render plausible the fictional world by reference to known, or imagined scientific principles, or to a projected advance in technology, or to a drastic change in the organization of society A Glossary of Literary Terms, Pg. 355. The science fiction has always a very important thematic topic about Alien invasion and their repercussions. Alien has always plundered or made humans slave while invading Earth in most of the books and movies. The book The War of the World’s speculates on this particular theme of Alien invasion on Earth by H. G. Wells. In the book The War of the Worlds a meteor lands on Earth in Horsell Common near to narrator’s house which later turns out to be an artificial cylinder launched towards Earth having Aliens in them. They invade earth to plunder the resources and to reign on Earth. The research paper will work on the title The Impact of Technological Anxiety and Alien Invasion in H.G. Wells's The War of the Worlds while looking for sub themes like, Technological Anxiety in the 19th Century, alien technologies, Comparative Analysis of Technological and Extraterrestrial Threats, and human adaptation. At the end the research paper we will see how Wells’s narrative ultimately reflects the broader anxieties of his time, revealing how technological progress and the unknown can together reshape our life.

FOOD AND COOKING AS COMIC RELIEF IN IRIS MURDOCH’S THE SEA, THE SEA

As a literary term, comic relief is the appearance of humorous and funny episodes or scenes in otherwise serious literary works. The aim of comic relief is to reduce the anxiety or distress that the audience feels as a result of the depiction of the painful and pitiful events or incidents. The joy and laughter that comic relief provides balance the intensity of the misery and sadness which are inherent in the narrative. Although comic relief is mostly associated with dramatic works, the scenes of food and cooking in Iris Murdoch’s 1978 Booker Prize winner novel The Sea, the Sea illustrate some proper examples of the term. Murdoch’s protagonist, the retired playwright and director Charles Arrowby, cheerfully cooks and eats whenever the mental anxiety rises to a critical level. Charles displays his enjoyment of preparing and having food so intensely that his happiness and thrill easily neutralise the uneasiness of the reader. This paper aims to illustrate how a protagonist’s delight at food and cooking serves as comic relief which reduces the intensity of the unease caused by a sad story.

Alexander and Mstislav Tolstoy: attempt at biographies

Abstract: The article attempts to reconstruct the biographies of two prominent historical figures of the first decades of the XX century – Counts Alexander and Mstislav Tolstoy, older brothers of the writer A.N. Tolstoy. Having begun their career path in Samara and in the Samara province, where both alternately headed the Samara district nobility, they made excellent careers (one of the brothers met the 1917 revolution as governor of Vilna, and the other as vice-governor of St. Petersburg), many and productive worked for the benefit of their hometown of Samara and the country as a whole, but after the revolution they were forgotten and erased from Russian history, a slow return to which began about three decades ago, but has not yet fully taken place. This article is an attempt at such a personal return, where, on the basis of rare and unique documents from the family collections of the descendants of Count Tolstoy, memoirs, newspaper publications, etc., their biographies are restored, including both official, public, and personal, family moments. The attempted biographical reconstruction is interesting and significant both in historical and local history terms, and in historical and literary terms – as a context for the historical trilogy of the younger brother of the heroes of this article by A.N. Tolstoy – the trilogy «The Road to Calvary».

The problem of the correlation of individual and regional styles in the Tatar poetry of Bashkortostan

The proposed article is devoted to identifying the main qualities of the regional style of Tatar poetry of Bashkortostan, through studying the features of the individual style of modern Tatar poets of the republic. The work provides a historical and literary analysis of the development of Tatar poetry in Bashkortostan in the twentieth century; the reasons for the emergence of such a literary phenomenon as “bilingual Tatar literature” are revealed, due, first of all, to changes in the socio-political and cultural life of the republic, the displacement of the Tatar language from the literary press and book publishing in the 1930s-1980s; the influence of these events on the individual style of poets is studied. Based on a© Фазлутдинов И. К., 2024qualitative scientific and theoretical basis, the author reveals the meaning and content of such literary terms as “style”, “individual style”, “regional style”; reveals the peculiarities of aesthetic perception and personification of the world in the works of the Tatar poets of Bashkortostan; emphasizes the importance of the artistic picture of the world as the main component of their individual style. Focusing on the diversity of opinions on the problem of the correlation of individual and regional styles in literary criticism, the author reviews scientific and literary discussions on the problems of form, content, creative method and the main motives of regional Tatar poetry. He comes to the conclusion that the Tatar poetry of Bashkortostan is inextricably linked with the traditions of the thousand-year-old Tatar literature and is currently its successor. Thus, the author enters into a polemic with scholars who consider the Tatar poetry of Bashkortostan as an independent literary phenomenon.

The Role of Arabic in Enriching the Indonesian Language Repertoire

The arrival of Islam in Indonesia had a big influence on Indonesian society. This research tries to reveal the influence of Arabic on Indonesian which has long been consumed by Indonesian people in everyday language. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a loan word approach which results in many linguistic absorption phenomena occurring in the Indonesian language caused by Arabic, such as Arabic vocabulary whose spelling is relatively the same as the original having to experience vowel shortening, Arabic vocabulary undergoing changes. in pronunciation, Arabic vocabulary whose meaning is the same as the meaning intended in Arabic, and Arabic vocabulary whose meaning has changed from its original meaning. Arabic also influences loan words in Indonesia. This is because Arabic is a language that also contains Islamic religious and cultural concepts. Examples of influence can be seen from naming, use of expressions, use of literary terms and terms in state administration. There are similarities in Arabic vocabulary which is almost the same as Indonesian. Meanwhile, Arabic and Indonesian have a relationship with the majority of the Indonesian population, the majority of whom are Muslim, so that Arabic and Indonesian are the languages of preaching and the language of science.

4차산업혁명이 낳은 융합예술 디카시의 메타포에 관한 연구

As the origin theory of Dicash, I place it in the theory of the yin and yang of the East. Therefore, while the philosophical ideas expressed in Dicash are based on the idea of Cheonji, the idea of Cheonji was verified by limiting it to the collection of Dicapoem published within three years. “Dicapoem a combination of the digital camera Digital pixel, picture element and Poem, is an independent genre of competitive fusion art that overtakes Photo Poem and walks the cutting edge of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It has been listed as a new literary term in the Korean language spring of the National Institute of the Korean Language.” In the digital age, poetry is accepted in various ways from writing art to video language, but it can be said that decasi is unique and representative in writing poetry using digital cameras as a tool. Photographic poetry has a history of about 200 years. Dicapoem an independent genre of convergent art, has a history of over 20 years. The founder of decasi was Professor Lee Sang-ok. In addition, since the publication of the first digital poetry collection Lee Sang-ok's 『Goseonggado (Hall of Literature, 2004』 in 2004, discussions on decasi have spread not only in Korea, but also in Asia and around the world. Conventional photographic poetry is an analog method that combines photography and poetry. On the other hand, decasi is a digital method that combines digital cameras and poetry. The text was a collection of digital poems by three people, Lee Gyeong-soon, Son Gye-guk, and Kim Sun-mi. Each of their decasi collections was made in connection with the Cheon In-ji ideology. I described with an emphasis on the scalability of Dicapoem. As digital literature, Dicapoem can be said to be a gift of God born by the digital revolution, and it can be confirmed that Dicapoem expresses the metaphor of 'the sky', 'people' and 'the land'.

Yu Yan or Fable: The Earliest Introductions to The Canterbury Tales in China

ABSTRACT Yu yan is a way of argumentation and writing style, and has a history of over two thousand years in China. In the twentieth century, yu yan has developed into a literary genre similar to fable. This article argues that the two sets of Chinese translations of The Canterbury Tales by Sun Yuxiu and Lin Shu provide an important point to examine the shifting understanding of yu yan, and they reflect the Chinese cultural conflicts during the socially transitional period in the early twentieth century. These translations possess important features of a transformed fable and developed yu yan. They are creations as well as translations, to which the translators add their political and social expectations while moralizing. By exploring briefly the definitions of yu yan and fable, and studying the translations of the tales, their source texts, and the translators’ biographies, this article attempts to illustrate that the translators do not regard yu yan and fable as equivalent literary terms, and they put emphasis on the native Chinese literary traditions and cultural values in the process of Chinese literary modernization.

Intersemiotic translation of Yixiang (Image): A case study of Tang Poetry in paintings

This paper focuses on intersemiotic translation of Yixiang, or image in western literary term, from poetry to painting by taking Tang Poetry in Paintings as a case to exemplify the translation strategies of Yixiang from verbal sign system to visual sign system. Furthermore, the meditative role of the visualized images in the target context will also be touched upon. A qualitative approach is applied in the study. Typical examples will be chosen for case analysis. It is found that the strategies of equivalence, focalization, integration, montage, addition, contrast and omission are employed by the painters. The effects of those visualized images varied in different cases. Overall, cooperating with the interlingual translations, visual languages such as color, shadow, body language of figures, picture structure are employed to help English readers better receive the poems.

Qur’anic” in the Poetry of Mushtaq Ma’an Abbas

Qur’anic” is a literary mechanism used by creators to construct their creative texts in terms of both thought and structure. It draws from the noble Qur’anic text, either directly or in meaning, explicitly or implicitly, depending on the Qur’anic context. The term “Qur’anic” is a critical concept introduced by Dr. Mushtaq Ma’an Abbas to replace the older critical term (“inclusion”) and the modern critical term (“intertextuality”). “Qur’anic” is more fitting for the grandeur and significance of the Qur’anic text, as it relies on the Qur’anic text for meaning, stories, events, and characters, employing them to build new poetic meanings.
 The poet Mushtaq Ma’an Abbas exemplified this inspiration through his texts. “Qur’anic” elements dominated many of his poems in the poetic collection he published in 2010. As for the contemporary Iraqi poet Mushtaq Ma’an Abbas, he is known for his ability to draw from various artistic phenomena in Arabic poetry, as well as from the Qur’anic text. He has been credited with pioneering the adaptation of certain literary terms to align with the artistic and intellectual value of both poetic and Qur’anic texts. One of the most notable phenomena that has found a place in his literary thought is the concept of “Qur’anic,” which has replaced the well-known intertextuality phenomenon in modern Arabic criticism. This shift was a deliberate departure from the literary theft phenomenon that earlier critics paid significant attention to.

Bruno Schulz, the Man

The paper is an attempt to shed light on Bruno Schulz as a man seen in a specific social and historical context. It is a kind of reconstruction of his (un)manliness. A starting point was an intuitive supposition that for Schulz being a (“real”) man might have been a genuine ordeal and that few people actually perceived him as one. The reconstruction is based on testimonies, letters, and individual observations of the writer’s colleagues and friends. They questioned those elements of Schulz’s male identity which did not fit the accepted social model. The picture that has been revealed by a number of memories, distorting or exaggerating his actual features and attitudes under the influence of the stereotypes of the times, consists of at least six elements: (1) Schulz was an ugly weakling; (2) a sickly mamma’s boy always in depression; (3) a sexual impotent, maniac, and pervert; (4) a sluggard and a schlemiel; (5) a parasite depending on his clever, socially prominent, and wealthy elder brother; and (6) a burden to the family that he should have supported. The author opposes that stereotype which, even though impressive in literary terms and well rooted in Schulz’s biographical myth, significantly simplifies his picture and biography by reducing him to a caricature of a great but socially castrated artist. Paradoxically, what made Schulz an artist: his talent, sensitivity or perhaps even hypersensitivity, gentleness, shyness, a unique (maybe pretended?) sense of separation from reality, as well as deep insight in it somehow deprived him of manliness as defined by society and made him unmanly. On the other hand though, all those traits contributed to an explanation, a shield, and an alibi of the stereotypical unmanliness. Thus, sometimes some people were able to forgive him his weakness since after all he was an artist. But what if had been a shoemaker or, for that matter, a dealer in textile fabrics?

Muṣṭalaḥāt Tanāṣiyyah baina al-Aṣālah wa al-Ĥadāśah

The term intertextuality is a modern term for an ancient phenomenon represented in rhetorical phenomena, such as: quotation, theft, embedding, and others. It is a phenomenon that represents an important aspect of modern criticism, and therefore the researcher tried to provide a model of its definitions and the contrast that occurs between it and rhetorical terms. This research aims to show the relationship that exists between the term intertextuality and rhetorical terms, and the extent of agreement and difference between them, by tracking it through study and analysis, to make it easier for the recipient to savor it, clarify its values, and highlight the artistic creativity inherent in it. The importance of this research is evident in monitoring how the reader benefits from new terms, in addition to the literary terms he knew before. It also reveals the extent of poets’ ingenuity in using the literary heritage to deepen the structural and semantic connotations of their poetry.

The very short story term-the critical problematics

The intervention seeks to discuss the issues related to the identity of the very short story, through a critical dialogue that exposes the most important positions and perceptions regarding the term of conflicting opinions, or by identifying the most important issues of the concept through the historical progression of the story, after the researcher has observed more than thirty terms of art for the very short story, which the intervention seeks to address and show its limits, which may help to reach a stage indicating the stability of that narrative genre, whose signs and early signs indicate a pioneer in future narrative literary writing. The intervention will first summarize the presentation of the term " story "and the term" short "according to what serves its subject, which paves the way to identifying the concept of a very short story, and then it is presented more broadly to the benefits of the single" Very " from the addition and qualitative and artistic identification, so that the reader can identify the identity of the literary term very short story and its concept.

The Quest for Revolutionary Love: John P. Clark Interviews Javier Sethness about Queer Tolstoy

ABSTRACT In this interview about the newly released Queer Tolstoy: A Psychobiography (Routledge Mental Health, 2023), John P. Clark and Javier Sethness explore the life and times of Count Leo Tolstoy from a queer-anarchist perspective. In this dialogue, Clark and Sethness delve into the rationale for, and the creative process of, Queer Tolstoy. They do so by comparing and contrasting the volume's highlighting of the intersection of Tolstoy's anarchism and underappreciated queerness, in biographical and literary terms, with other recent works that have explored the relationship between social revolution and sexual love. Furthermore, the interlocutors discuss the politics of androgyny and queerness, apply Freudian and Marcusean concepts of bisexuality and Eros to Tolstoy's life, analyze Tolstoyan classics from a queer-friendly lens, and place Tolstoy in conversation with contemporary and future revolutionaries, from Joseph Déjacque to Andrea Dworkin and bell hooks. This wide-ranging conversation covers gender and sexuality, LGBTQ+ experience, Russian history, the phenomenon of holy fools, radicalism, mortality, and ecology, among other important topics.

Folk Motives in Modern Russian Literature

The article discusses folklore motifs in modern Russian literature, the use of folklore elements in their various genres, as well as issues of enriching literature with folklore elements. The main goal of the study is to show not only folklorists but also professional readers the trends of modern literature. As Academician D.S. Likhachev noted, works that do not have an author are called folklore works. In folklore, there may be a performer and a storyteller, but there is no author or writer as a unique element of the artistic structure. Folklore, like literature, is the art of words. This gives rise to the use of literary terms: epic, lyricism, dramaturgy. They are usually called birth. Each type covers a group of works of a certain type. Genre is a type of artistic form (fairy tale, song, proverb, etc.).

THE OLD IRISH POET: MAGICIAN, SEER OR STORYTELLER

The purpose of the study is to consider the structure of Old Irish poetry by the example of several principles of its division: by time, the function of the poet and the addressee of the poetic message.
 The main research materials used are Old Irish sagas, which contain poetic elements, as well as foreign and Russian research in the field of Celtology, affecting the development of Old Irish poetry.
 The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the relationship of druids, filids and bards in Old Irish poetry is not clearly established and is the subject of scientific discussion and many interpretations.
 The methodology of the research consists in using the method of comparative analysis of Old Irish poetry, during which the change of influence of poetic groups (druids, filids and bards) is considered. Understanding this shift is also impossible without analyzing the historical and cultural context (the Christianization of Ireland, Viking raids, the weakening of the monastic way of life and other social and cultural aspects).
 As a result of the conducted research, it was found that along with the change in influence, the recipient of the poetic text also changes: from appeals to the higher powers of the druids – to the visionary rituals of the filids – and further to a wider audience of bards.
 The results of the research allow us to take a broader look at the problem of the formation of Old Irish poetry not only in literary terms, but also from the point of view of cultural development.

TÜBİTAK Çocuk Hakları Serisi Kitaplarının Konu, Tema, İleti, Yazınsal ve Eğitsel İlkeler Açısından İncelenmesi

Alan araştırmaları arasında çocuk hakları ile bilgi veren resimli çocuk kitaplarına ilişkin araştırmaların önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle yapılan araştırmada çocuk haklarıyla ile ilgili bilgi veren resimli çocuk kitaplarının konu ve kurgu, tema, ileti, yazınsal ve eğitsel ilkeler çerçevesinde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan doküman analizi ile ‘TÜBİTAK Yayınları Çocuk Hakları Serisi’nde yer alan 10 resimli öykü kitabı incelenmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak Sever (2014) tarafından hazırlanan ‘Çocuk ve Gençlik Edebiyatı Yapıtlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği’ kullanılmıştır. Ölçek, toplamda 94 madde ve 5’li Likert tipi sekiz alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, ölçekte bulunan sekiz alt boyuttan ‘Konu ve Kurgu, İzlek (Tema), İleti, Yazınsal ve Eğitsel İlkeler’ boyutları kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında incelenen çocuk haklarını ele alan resimli çocuk kitaplarının incelenen boyutlar açısından kısmen yeterli ve çok iyi oldukları görülmüştür. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar; incelenen resimli çocuk kitaplarının içerik olarak yeterli ve iyi olduğunu, çocuklara erken yaşlardan itibaren haklarını öğretmek için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

姜夔《续书谱》中的儒家书艺观

The Song Dynasty created another peak different from the previous dynasties in terms of ideology such as literature, art, and philosophy. In this era of cultural prosperity and development, artistic activities such as poetry, calligraphy, and painting have shown outstanding achievements in both artistic creation and theory. Jiang Kui is one of the representative figures. He not only left rich literary and artistic achievements for future generations in literature and calligraphy creation, but also left precious ideological wealth for future generations in terms of literary and artistic theory, especially calligraphy theory. As an artist with profound attainments and unique insights into calligraphy, Jiang Kui pondered and summarized his many years of writing experience and artistic experience, and conducted a series of basic questions on calligraphy aesthetics, basic techniques, and cultural meanings. “Xushupu” can be said to be one of the works with remarkable achievements and great influence in the Southern Song Dynasty calligraphy theory, and it has been valued by calligraphers of all dynasties. This article intends to focus on “Xu Shu Pu”, by interpreting Jiang Kui's calligraphy theory, and examining his Confucianism-inspired calligraphy concept. Jiang Kui established “Fengshen” as the highest aesthetic standard of calligraphy art in “Continued Books”, and launched his theoretical interpretation with “Fengshen” as the core. Influenced by Zhu Xi's thoughts and Neo-Confucianism, he also showed an obvious tendency to respect “yili” and “gufa” in his calligraphy theory.

T. A. Kalganova. Studying Gogol with Yury Mann: A teacher’s handbook

The review deals with the first book in the new series The School Library of Gogol’s Memorial House. A teacher’s handbook, it offers relevant instructional material to help structure Gogol-themed lessons as well as ideas for extracurricular activities. The handbook summarises the factual background of individual works and supplies them with a historical and cultural commentary, sample questions and assignments accompanied with an essential literary critical glossary, and a quiz. Excerpts from Mann’s articles and monographs are supplemented with instructive and creative assignments for students, designed to improve language skills, encourage research initiatives, and develop creative potential. Mann’s works teach the skill of analysing text as a unity of form and content. The handbook also contains dictionaries: one explains obsolete words used in Gogol’s works, another comprises the definitions of literary terms, and yet another is concerned with names. Included in this edition is an article on the theoretical and practical significance of Mann’s scholarly output. The handbook will be of use with a basic as well as specialised curriculum.

Ecofeminism and Plight of Women in the works of Virginia Woolf and Anita Desai

The abstract is the humble attempt to present the role of women and their plight with respect to the modern novels in general but in the novels of Virginia Woolf and Anita Desai in particular. As we know that Feminism is a rapidly developing ideology and a women's liberation movement that aims to liberate women from their oppression by a male-dominated society for a long time. In its true sense, feminism is a call for greater recognition of women's accomplishments and rights. Feminist literature in English, such as Pride and Prejudice, is certainly not a recent awareness of women's rights. Although it certainly has come into its own in recent times. The assessment and examination of the depiction of women characters without help from anyone else or in relationship with their male partners, and the enthusiasm for female creators. The fact that these are now widely accepted critical practice from a feminist perspective is noteworthy. Both the writers Virginia Woolf and Anita Desai have tried to portray their characters in the way that discusses about the freedom struggle's legacy of gender equality, women's constitutional rights, the emphasis on women's education, and the new awareness among women brought about by electronic media are among the indigenous contributing factors. The Indian woman caught between tradition and modernity, burdened by the past and the present to abandon her aspirations, is the core of aspirations, and feminism in Indian literature is centered on her. In literary terms, it begins a search for one's identity and the self-definition of a woman.

Beyond Translation: Retelling and Literary History

“Translation” as a literary term, originated in a specific European context. However, the term has been generalised to such an extent that it is often used to read texts across languages and cultures. While this process can help in identifying and establishing links between languages and cultures, acknowledging the theoretical tools provided within the concerned literary tradition could provide better insights into the literary history of the tradition, and reception of a text. To the latter end, this paper proposes to go beyond the concept of translation, and focus on the Sanskrit concept of anuvada or “retelling” (and its later equivalent, “rewriting”), to show how this concept of “retelling” can contribute to a better understanding of literary history, especially in a country like India, where several linguistic traditions are organically connected. I shall primarily rely on The Mahabharata to substantiate my argument.