Terms Of Leakage Research Articles

Finite-time stability analysis of fractional-order memristive fuzzy cellular neural networks with time delay and leakage term

In this paper, we investigate finite-time stability analysis of fractional-order memristive fuzzy cellular neural networks(MFFCNNs) with time delay and leakage term. MFFCNNs are formulated by virtue of differential inclusion and set-valued map theories. By using generalized Bernoulli inequality and Holder inequality, we derived some new sufficient conditions of finite-time stability for the proposed system. Finally two numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Study and Analysis of Advanced 3D Multi-Gate Junctionless Transistors

As the IC technology is evolving very rapidly, the feature size of the device has been migrating to sub-nanometre regime for achieving the high packing density. To continue with further scaling of ICs, some novel devices such as multiple-gate silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices, Gate-All-Around (GAA) nanowire and Nanotube MOSFETs have been proposed by researchers in recent years. The short channel transistor below 10 nm needs to have ultra-sharp junctions at source and drain ends with the channel region. The creation of such a sharp junction is quite challenging process from fabrication point of view. Therefore, junctionless transistors (JLT) were proposed to eradicate junction’s related issues, exhibit full CMOS functionality. The multigate junctionless transistors have been proposed, designed and fabricated. This paper illustrated basic working mechanism and behaviour of the various single and multi-gate junctionless MOSFETs. Junctionless nanowires transistor with single circular gate and gate material engineered techniques has also been explained. From simulation results, it has been observed that junctionless Nanotube GAA MOSFET has shown superior electrical behaviour over the Nanowire GAA MOSFET. Junctionless GaAs-Nanotube MOSFET has shown tremendous response over Junctionless Si-Nanotube MOSFET in terms of leakage and ON current. Junctionless GaAs-Nanotube MOSFET may be observed as alternate candidate for future CMOS applications.

Apical Leakage Evaluation of Two Different Coated Carrier Systems for Root Canal Obturation Using a Dye Penetration Evaluation Method

The carrier-based obturation is a reliable technique for sealing the endodontic space. The GuttaCore with a pink internal core of cross-linked gutta-percha, named GuttaCore Pink, has been recently introduced into the market. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the quality of the apical seal of two-carrier-based system, Soft Core and the GuttaCore Pink, through the measurement of apical dye leakage. Eighty-six extracted human teeth with single canals were used. Samples were shaped using ProTaper Universal rotary files up to a #30 apical size and randomly divided into four groups. Group SC (n = 40) was obturated with #30 Soft Core Obturators; Group GCP (n = 40) was obturated with #30 GuttaCore Pink obturators; Group CT+ (n = 3) and CT- (n = 3) left nonobturated used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The samples underwent a process of passive/active dye penetration and after a clearing procedure. The extent of the dye was measured under stereomicroscope. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) between Soft Core and GuttaCore Pink in terms of apical dye leakage, both considering the mean and the maximum infiltration value with a greater infiltration rate for Soft Core. In vitro GuttaCore Pink showed less apical dye leakage than Soft Core. The apical leakage of carrier-based obturation materials, observed in both GuttaCore Pink and Soft Core, may be considered material-dependent.

A CT-Based Automated Algorithm for Airway Segmentation Using Freeze-and-Grow Propagation and Deep Learning.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease, and quantitative CT-based bronchial phenotypes are of increasing interest as a means of exploring COPD sub-phenotypes, establishing disease progression, and evaluating intervention outcomes. Reliable, fully automated, and accurate segmentation of pulmonary airway trees is critical to such exploration. We present a novel approach of multi-parametric freeze-and-grow (FG) propagation which starts with a conservative segmentation parameter and captures finer details through iterative parameter relaxation. First, a CT intensity-based FG algorithm is developed and applied for airway tree segmentation. A more efficient version is produced using deep learning methods generating airway lumen likelihood maps from CT images, which are input to the FG algorithm. Both CT intensity- and deep learning-based algorithms are fully automated, and their performance, in terms of repeat scan reproducibility, accuracy, and leakages, is evaluated and compared with results from several state-of-the-art methods including an industry-standard one, where segmentation results were manually reviewed and corrected. Both new algorithms show a reproducibility of 95% or higher for total lung capacity (TLC) repeat CT scans. Experiments on TLC CT scans from different imaging sites at standard and low radiation dosages show that both new algorithms outperform the other methods in terms of leakages and branch-level accuracy. Considering the performance and execution times, the deep learning-based FG algorithm is a fully automated option for large multi-site studies.

Finite-time event-triggered approach for recurrent neural networks with leakage term and its application

This work investigates the finite-time event-triggered approach for recurrent neural networks with leakage term and its application. Here, decentralized event-triggered framework is recommended where event is checked at every sensor node related to local information for available triggering and the updated control is done whenever a centralized event is triggered. By handling the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) method together with novel inequality techniques like Wirtinger single and double integral inequality (WSI,WDI) technique, delay productive term (DPT), and a few adequate conditions are acquired to ensure the finite-time stability (FTS) analysis for the considered system, which is expressed with respect to linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). At last, numerical simulations are provided to indicate the efficiency of the expected results, two of these examples were supported by genuine use of the benchmark issue that correlates with sensible concerns under finite-time execution.

Green synthesis and characterization of zirconium oxide nanoparticles by using a native Enterobacter sp. and its antifungal activity against bayberry twig blight disease pathogen Pestalotiopsis versicolor

Pestalotiopsis versicolor is a most destructive fungal pathogen that causes twig blight disease in bayberry. For the last seven years, it is difficult to control this pathogen due to its latent infestation mode and its control through chemical fungicides is environmentally corrosive in addition to being costly. In this study, we reported the fungicidal potential of biologically synthesized zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrONPs) against P. versicolor for the first time. The strain used for green synthesis of ZrONPs was taxonomically identified as Enterobacter sp. strain RNT10. The production of ZrONPs in reaction mixture was confirmed through UV–vis spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM analysis showed the presence of capping proteins and crystalline nature of spherical shaped ZrONPs with particle size ranging from 33 to 75 nm. EDX spectra revealed an elemental profile of ZrONPs comprising of Zr (54.40%) and oxygen (43.49%). Biogenic ZrONPs showed substantial antifungal inhibition zones (25.18 ± 1.52 mm) at 20 μg mL−1 concentration against P. versicolor strain XJ27. Moreover, the treatment of 20 μg mL−1 ZrONPs significantly inhibited twig blight in detached leaf assay. Furthermore, imaging through SEM and TEM showed the adverse effects of ZrONPs against P. versicolor in terms of extracellular leakage of DNA and proteins. Overall, this study suggested that biogenic ZrONPs could substitute chemically synthesized antifungal agents with the specific application towards control of twig blight disease in bayberry.

In Vitro Evaluation of Facial Pressure and Air Leak with a Newly Designed Cushion for Non-Invasive Ventilation Masks.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a newly designed foam cushion on the air leakage and pressure when applied to the face. Methods: A teaching manikin connected to a bilevel positive airway pressure ventilator attached to four different brands of oronasal masks (Amara, Mirage, Forma, and Wizard) was used. The foam cushions of 5-mm and 10-mm-thickness were attached to the masks, and each mask was tested without a cushion. Six pressure sensors were placed on the manikin’s face, and data were recorded. Inspiratory volume and air leak flow from the ventilator were observed. Results: Air leakage was influenced by both the mask brand and the presence of a cushion. The presence of a cushion did not affect the Wizard mask in terms of leakage (p = 0.317) or inspiratory volume (p = 0.726). The Wizard and Amara masks generated the lowest contact pressure on the frontal forehead (p < 0.001) compared to the other five points. Conclusions: Utilisation of a cushion reduces air leakage and maintains greater inspiratory volume regardless of its thickness. The contact pressure varies depending on the brand of the mask, which would require a difference in the thickness of the cushion for pressure reduction.

Impacts of Unintended Nanomachine in Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication System

The effect of unintended nanomachine (UN) on the performance of a 3-dimensional (3-D) diffusive point-to-point molecular communication system is investigated in this article. To analyze the impacts of the presence of UN, two different scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, UN is considered as an unintended transmitter nanomachine (UTN). The expression for arrival probability of molecules received at the spherical absorbing receiver, considering exponential molecular degradation, is obtained. Moreover, this scenario is analyzed in terms of average probability of error (APoE) and maximum achievable rate (MAR), with and without Genie-aided assumptions. Further, in the second scenario, wherein we consider UN as a unintended receiver nanomachine (URN), the system is analyzed in terms of information leakage and maximum achievable secrecy rate (MASR). In second scenario, we consider two different models to find the arrival probability of molecules at the intended receiver nanomachine (IRN). In the first model, independence of the particle death in URN and IRN is assumed, and in second model, mutual influences of URN and IRN on each other are assumed. Moreover, in both the scenarios, to optimize the system performance, an optimal detector is used. In the end, the derived analytical expressions are verified through particle-based and Monte-Carlo simulations.

Electron Blocking Layer Free Full-Color InGaN/GaN White Light-Emitting Diodes

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) compound semiconductor alloys have been intensively studied and utilized for white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [1, 2]. Compared to conventional planar structures, III-nitride nanowires can exhibit significant advantages including greatly reduced dislocation densities and polarization fields, due to the effective lateral stress relaxation. Additionally, the nanowire LEDs with the incorporation of quantum dots/disks in the active region may lead to superior carrier confinement, promising for high efficiency LEDs with tunable emission [2]. However, nanowire LEDs still contain several challenges to further improve the quantum efficiency and light output power, which includes inefficient carrier confinement in the active region, nonuniform carrier distribution, and electron overflow. The integration of an electron blocking layer (EBL) in the LED mitigates electron leakage problem to an extent but it also lowers the hole injection into the active region if not designed properly causing poor hole transport problem. Hence, the LED without EBL, with efficient carrier confinement capability, negligible carrier leakage from active region is the optimal choice [3].In this work, we have demonstrated EBL free high-performance phosphor-free InGaN/GaN nanowire white LEDs. The proposed structure is grown on Si (111) substrate by RF plasma-assisted MBE (Veeco Gen II MBE) under nitrogen-rich condition, then fabricated devices for characterization. The proposed LED structure (LED3) consists of a 200 nm thick n-GaN nanowire template, 10 multiple quantum wells (MQWs) of 3 nm GaN quantum barrier (QB)/ 3 nm InGaN quantum well (QW) in the active region and a 100 nm thick p-GaN. In addition, we have incorporated 30 nm n-In0.2Ga0.8N QW between the n-GaN and the active region to control electron overflow. Moreover, to utilize the electrons escaped from the active region, a second 10 nm p-In0.2Ga0.9N QW is introduced between the active region and p-GaN. This second QW reduces electron loss to the p-GaN and contributes blue light emission to relatively control the white light emission from the LED device. The schematic diagram of the proposed structure is shown in Fig. 1(a). A comparison has been made with the conventional LED structure (LED1: 200 nm n-GaN, 10 MQWs (3 nm)/MQBs (3 nm), 100 nm p-GaN) and EBL based structure (LED2: 200 nm n-GaN, 10 MQWs (3 nm)/MQBs (3 nm),10 nm p-Al0.1Ga0.9N EBL, 100 nm p-GaN) to understand the enhanced performance of the proposed LED structure. As a result, we observed that proposed LED has better performance in terms of less electron leakage, high hole injection, improved internal quantum efficiency (IQE), external quantum efficiency (EQE) and output optical power as compared to other conventional and EBL based InGaN/GaN LEDs. The resulting device exhibits high IQE of 58.5% with highly stable emission characteristics. The relative EQE and output optical power of the LEDs are shown in Figs. 1(b) and 1(c). Such unique EBL free nanowire LED structure is a promising approach to achieve high-power phosphor-free LEDs for general illumination and display applications.

Side-Channel Analysis and Countermeasure Design on ARM-Based Quantum-Resistant SIKE

The implementations of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms have been newly explored, whereas, the protection against side-channel attacks shall be considered upfront, since it can have a non-negligible impact on security and performance. In this article, the security of supersingular isogeny key encapsulation (SIKE), a second-round candidate of NIST's on-going post-quantum standardization process, is thoroughly evaluated under side-channel analysis. First, the vulnerabilities of reference and optimized implementations of SIKE are thoroughly analyzed in terms of both horizontal and vertical side-channel leakage. After the optimized SIKE, which is based on Three-point Montgomery Differential Ladder algorithm, is proved to be constant-time and there is no horizontal leakage, a vertical vulnerability is analyzed based on the source code at the algorithmic level, and a theoretical differential power analysis (DPA) attack is proposed. In order to exploit this vulnerability, the differential electromagnetic attack (DEMA) is put into practice to extract the private key of SIKE based on a 32-bit ARM platform. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical side-channel attack at SIKE implemented on real ARM-based devices. Our experiments show that the DEMA needs only hundreds of electromagnetic traces to carry out the attack. More importantly, an efficient window-based countermeasure is proposed to eliminate the vertical leakage and prevent side-channel attacks with only a little overhead. The security of our countermeasure is carefully evaluated against most of well-known power analysis attacks. Through careful evaluation and comparison with other countermeasures, this method can lead to higher security at a very small cost in terms of time and memory.

Comprehensive analysis of the thermal properties of capric-myristic, lauric-myristic and palmitic-stearic acids and their shape-stabilization in an inorganic support

Complete thermal characterization was performed to the binary eutectics capric-myristic (CA:MA), lauric-myristic (LA:MA) and palmitic-stearic (PA:SA). The obtained thermophysical properties included theoretical calculus along with experimental measurements as phase change temperatures, latent heats, specific heat capacities and degradation temperatures, through modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Likewise, vacuum-assisted method was successfully employed to produce novel shape-stabilized phase change materials (SS-PCMs), with a porous clay mineral as a support, using different impregnation percentages (25%, 35% and 40%) of CA:MA, LA:MA and PA:SA. Thermal properties were obtained in the same manner as for the binary eutectic mixtures, besides, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the SS-PCMs morphologies and leakage test performed. From the MDSC measurements, empirical equations of specific heat capacity as a function of temperature were proposed for the binary eutectics and SS-PCMs. The results of this work revealed that the optimal percentage of CA:MA, LA:MA and PA:SA was 35%, in terms of low leakage (<2%), latent heats around 45 kJ kg−1 and average heat capacities of 1.4 J g−1°C−1. As the new composites presented a wide range of phase change temperatures then SS-CAMA (23°C), SS-LAMA (36°C) and SS-PASA (55°C) can be used for diverse applications as in construction, food industry and domestic hot water tanks.

Outcome of Pcnl in Proximal Ureteric Stone: A Comparative Study With Laparoscopic Retrieval

A hundred-percent stone clearance was achieved in a hospital based prospective clinical trial in which 60 cases of upper ureteric stone were selected by purposive sampling for percutaneous nephroureterolithotomy &amp; Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy between December 2012 and June 2014 in BSMMU. The mean age of the patients was 40.53±11.71 (19-61) and 41.23±10.76 (20-59) years old in PCNUL and LUL groups, respectively. The mean stone size in PCNUL group was 1.88±0.39 (1.06-2.45) cm and in LUL group was 1.97±0.42 (1.20-2.60) cm. The duration of the operations were 94.13 ± 17.34 (75-140) minutes, and 121.43 ± 19.91 (90-167) minutes (P =0.001); and the average hospital stay days were 3.73 ± 1.20 (3-8) and 4.80 ± 1.71 (3-9) days (P = 0.017) in groups PCNUL and LUL, accordingly. The mean Hb decrease in PCNUL group was 1.16±0.35 mg/dL and in LUL group was 0.77±0.31 mg/dL (P = &lt;0.001). No statistically significant differences in terms of fever and post operative prolonged urinary leakage were detected in both groups. Therefore the compared outcome is better in percutaneous nephroureterolithotomy group although stone clearance rate was same in percutaneous nephroureterolithotomy &amp; laparoscopic ureterolithotromy patients. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.25-30

Adaptive control for fully-actuated autonomous surface vehicle with uncertain model and unknown ocean currents

This paper proposes a robust adaptive controller for the trajectory tracking of an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) in the presence of model uncertainties, ocean currents, and time-varying environmental disturbances. First, a novel adaptive virtual velocity command is designed to estimate and compensate the unknown ocean currents acting on the ASV. Then, an improved torque controller is derived by applying filter operations and a set of auxiliary variables to avoid measuring the acceleration signals. To address the unknown dynamics parameters, a modified adaptive law with an alternative leakage term containing the parameter estimation error is developed. With this adaptive law, the convergence of both the estimated parameters and the tracking error can be achieved simultaneously. The whole closed-loop system's stability under environmental disturbances and parameter uncertainties is proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. Comparative simulations are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid Injections Less Than 6 Months Before Total Hip Arthroplasty: Is It Safe? A Retrospective Cohort Study in 565 Patients

BackgroundIntra-articular hyaluronic acid (IAHA) can be injected into an osteoarthritic hip joint to reduce pain and to improve functionality. Several studies report IAHA to be safe, with minor adverse effects that normally disappear spontaneously within a week. However, intra-articular corticosteroids prior to total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been associated with increased infection rates. This association has never been investigated for IAHA and THA. We aimed to assess the influence of IAHA on the outcome of THA, with an emphasis on periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). MethodsAt a mean follow-up of 52 months (±18), we compared complication rates, including superficial and deep PJIs, of THA in patients who received an IAHA injection ≤6 months prior to surgery (injection group) with that of patients undergoing THA without any previous injection in the ipsilateral hip (control group). One hundred thirteen patients (118 hips) could be retrospectively included in the injection group, and 452 patients (495 hips) in the control group. ResultsNo differences in baseline characteristics nor risk factors for PJI between the 2 groups were found. The clinical outcomes in terms of VAS pain scores (1.4 vs 1.7 points, P = .11), modified Harris Hip Scores (77 vs 75 points, P = .09), and Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (79 vs 76 points, P = .24) did not differ between the injection group and the control group. Also, complications in terms of persistent wound leakage (0% vs 1.2%, P = .60), thromboembolic events (0% vs 0.6%, P = 1.00), periprosthetic fractures (1.7% vs 1.2%, P = .65), and dislocations (0% vs 0.4%, P = 1.00) did not differ. However, in the injection group there was a higher rate of PJIs (4% vs 0%, P < .001) and postoperative wound infections (9% vs 3%, P = .01), compared to the control group. ConclusionOur findings suggest that IAHA performed 6 months or less prior to THA may pose a risk for increased rates of PJI. We recommend refraining from performing THA within 6 months after IAHA administration.

Repair Bond Strength and Leakage of Non-Aged and Aged Bulk-fill Composite.

This study evaluated repair protocols of a non-aged and aged bulk-fill composite in terms of bond strength and leakage. Ninety-six bulk-fill resin specimens were constructed; half were submitted to thermocycling. Specimens were divided into six groups (n = 16) according to the repair treatments: CG: no repair (control group); Ad: adhesive; DbAd: abrasion with diamond bur + adhesive; SbAd: sandblasting + adhesive; DbSiAd: abrasion with diamond bur + silane + adhesive; and SbSiAd: sandblasting + silane + adhesive. Resin blocks were bonded to the treated surfaces to simulate repair, and the specimens were submitted to microtensile bond strength testing. The failure area was evaluated under a stereomicroscope (40X magnification), and leakage after specimen immersion in silver nitrate solution for 24 h was evaluated under a microscope (200X magnification). Three-way ANOVA (surface treatment, chemical agent, aging) and Tukey's test were performed. Ad and DbAd groups showed the lowest bond strengths, while Ad was the only group negatively influenced by aging. The other groups were statistically similar to the CG in both conditions. All groups exhibited leakage, but groups without silane presented a greater percentage of leakage, mainly when diamond burs were used. Thermocycling did not influence leakage, nor did surface treatment in groups with silane. For composite repair, the use of silane is recommended, mainly when diamond burs are used as a mechanical surface treatment.

Comparison of extended right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy and segmental colectomy for splenic flexure colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this work was to compare the outcomes of extended right hemicolectomy (ERH), left hemicolectomy (LH) and segmental colectomy (SC) for the surgical management of splenic flexure tumours. In compliance with PRISMA statement standards, a systematic review was performed to identify all studies comparing outcomes of ERH, LH and SC for the surgical management of splenic flexure tumours. Primary outcomes included anastomotic leakage and all postoperative complications. The secondary outcomes included operative time, R0 resection, number of harvested lymph nodes, >12 harvested lymph nodes, severe complications, postoperative mortality, paralytic ileus, wound infection, pancreatic fistula, intra-abdominal abscess, need for reoperation, length of hospital stay, 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival. The ROBINS-I tool and GRADE system were used to assess the risk of bias and certainty of evidence, respectively. Analysis of 956 patients from seven observational studies showed that ERH was associated with more paralytic ileus than LH (OR 2.74, P=0.002) and SC (OR 6.67, P<0.0001) and the operative time was shorter in SC than in ERH (mean difference 25.48, P<0.0001) and LH (mean difference -17.94, P=0.0002). There were no differences between ERH, LH and SC in terms of anastomotic leakage, postoperative complications, R0 resection, severe complications, postoperative mortality, wound infection, pancreatic fistula, intra-abdominal abscess, need for reoperation, length of hospital stay, >12 harvested lymph nodes, 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival. The available evidence, limited to observational studies, suggests that there is no difference between ERH, LH and SC in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality, lymph node yield and cancer survival. Randomized controlled trials are required for definite conclusions.

Periodic solutions for stochastic Cohen–Grossberg neural networks with time-varying delays

Abstract This paper is concerned with the periodic solutions for a class of stochastic Cohen–Grossberg neural networks with time-varying delays. Since there is a non-linearity in the leakage terms of stochastic Cohen–Grossberg neural networks, some techniques are needed to overcome the difficulty in dealing with the nonlinearity. By applying fixed points principle and Gronwall–Bellman inequality, some sufficient conditions on the existence and exponential stability of periodic solution for the stochastic neural networks are established. Moreover, a numerical example is presented to validate the theoretical results. Our results are also applicable to the existence and exponential stability of periodic solution for the corresponding deterministic systems.

Formula omitted]-pseudo almost periodic solutions of Clifford-valued high-order HNNs with multiple discrete delays

In this paper, we consider a class of Clifford-valued higher order Hopfield neural networks (HNNs) with multiple discrete delays whose coefficients of the leakage terms are also Clifford numbers. By a direct approach, based on the fixed point theorem and differential inequality techniques, we gain the existence and global exponential stability of (μ,ν)-pseudo almost periodic solutions of the proposed networks. Finally, we use an example to illustrate the feasibility of our results. Our results are new even when the considered HNNs degenerate into real-valued, complex-valued and quaternion-valued ones.

Robust model reference adaptive control for transient performance enhancement

SUMMARYTo circumvent the potentially poor transient response induced by nonlinear uncertain dynamics in the adaptive control system, this article proposes a new model reference adaptive control design scheme to improve its transient control response. We first construct a compensator to online extract the undesired dynamics in the online learning, which is incorporated into the reference model and control simultaneously. Then, an error feedback term is incorporated into the reference model to speed up the convergence of both the compensator and tracking error. Moreover, a new leakage term containing the estimation error is constructed and then added in the adaptive law to guarantee the convergence of both the estimation error and tracking error. To further reveal the mechanisms behind these proposed methods, a new methodology to analyze the transient error bounds based on L2‐norm and Cauchy‐Schwartz inequality is also developed. Based on the analysis results, we find that the proposed methods can effectively reduce the bound of the tracking error and thus achieve an improved transient control performance without violating the system stability even with high‐gain adaptation. In addition, the frequency‐domain analysis is resorted to show the comparative responses of different adaptive laws, which indicate that the proposed adaptive law can maintain the stability margin even with a high‐gain learning rate. A numerical example is given to demonstrate improved control responses of these proposed schemes.

The impact of calcification patterns in transcatheter aortic valve performance: a fluid-structure interaction analysis

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) strongly depends on the calcification patterns, which may lead to a malapposition of the stented valve and complication onsets in terms of structure kinematics and paravalvular leakage (PVL). From one anatomical-resembling model of the aortic root, six configurations with different calcific deposits were built. TAVR fluid-structure interaction simulations predicted different outcomes for the different calcifications patterns in terms of the final valve configuration in the implantation site and the PVL estimations. In particular models with deposits along the cups coaptation resulted in mild PVL, while those with deposits along the attachment line in moderate PVL.