Terms Of Reliability Research Articles

Polygenic risk for schizophrenia, social dispositions, and pace of epigenetic aging: Results from the Young Finns Study.

Schizophrenia is often regarded as a disorder of premature aging. We investigated (a) whether polygenic risk for schizophrenia (PRSsch ) relates to pace of epigenetic aging and (b) whether personal dispositions toward active and emotionally close relationships protect against accelerated epigenetic aging in individuals with high PRSsch . The sample came from the population-based Young Finns Study (n = 1348). Epigenetic aging was measured with DNA methylation aging algorithms such as AgeAccelHannum , EEAAHannum , IEAAHannum , IEAAHorvath , AgeAccelHorvath , AgeAccelPheno , AgeAccelGrim , and DunedinPACE. A PRSsch was calculated using summary statistics from the most comprehensive genome-wide association study of schizophrenia to date. Social dispositions were assessed in terms of extraversion, sociability, reward dependence, cooperativeness, and attachment security. We found that PRSsch did not have a statistically significant effect on any studied indicator of epigenetic aging. Instead, PRSsch had a significant interaction with reward dependence (p = 0.001-0.004), cooperation (p = 0.009-0.020), extraversion (p = 0.019-0.041), sociability (p = 0.003-0.016), and attachment security (p = 0.007-0.014) in predicting AgeAccelHannum , EEAAHannum , or IEAAHannum . Specifically, participants with high PRSsch appeared to display accelerated epigenetic aging at higher (vs. lower) levels of extraversion, sociability, attachment security, reward dependence, and cooperativeness. A rather opposite pattern was evident for those with low PRSsch . No such interactions were evident when predicting the other indicators of epigenetic aging. In conclusion, against our hypothesis, frequent social interactions may relate to accelerated epigenetic aging in individuals at risk for psychosis. We speculate that this may be explained by social-cognitive impairments (perceiving social situations as overwhelming or excessively arousing) or ending up in less supportive or deviant social groups.

3D Printed Design‐Assisted Multilayered Graphene Oxide‐Modified Polymer Glucose Sensor

This work investigates the capabilities of a platform for nonenzymatic glucose sensing employing a novel 3D printed three‐electrode mask‐embedded design. A reservoir‐on‐mask has been fabricated for smart sample insertion to avoid spillage. Working and counter silver electrodes are modified with three different material combinations such as graphene oxide (GO), poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and GO + PEDOT:PSS, and their performance comparison is demonstrated. It is observed that the GO + PEDOT:PSS modification shows 94.57 and 71.01% higher sensitivity than GO and PEDOT:PSS, respectively, including a higher linearity compared to its counterparts. Glucose concentrations ranging from 50 to 300 mg dL−1 are detected by employing cyclic voltammetry and electrical impedance spectroscopic technique. Herein, a significantly high sensitivity of 18.8 μAmM−1 cm−2 and low limit of detection ≈ 0.4 mM has been achieved for the proposed sensor. The 3D printed mask structure provides 75% higher sample retention ability, greater reliability in terms of sample placement in the sensor and improved test performances. The proposed sensor can provide a stable and large‐scale deployable solution to future biosensing platforms.

BARGAINING POWER, ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE, DECISION MAKING: CASE STUDY OF WOMEN INFORMAL WORKERS THROUGH PHILOSOPHER JOHN STUART MILL

The scope of this research is at the level of experience of women informal workers in Pasar Besar Palangka Raya. This experience speaks of bargaining power, empowerment in terms of decision-making, economic independence, body and future authorsity and freedom of expression. Nevertheless, the authors found the imprisonment of double burden in the lives of 3 research subjects. The purpose of this study is to show the extent to which the narrative leads them to live the values of equality through informal work. The research method used is qualitative research with interviews., then the authors recorded, transcribed, made a factual solid and then classified into themes that are close to this research. The results of the research through the experiences of women informal workers in Pasar Besar show that women are found to be empowered over assets, time and in decision-making. On the other hand, both empowerment and imprisonment of women's double burden make John Stuart Mill's philosophical lens dialogue in it when talking about marriage as friendship and not as property or slavery. Mill's intersubjective space becomes a buffer in the narrative of women's experiences of informal workers. In addition, the authors finds that gossiping as a negative stigma by society becomes erroneous when confronted with the daily life practices of women informal workers. Gossip/ngerumpi is able to make women's space a place of self-development, self-protection and self-promotion when women are hit by a flood of fatigue, boredom in terms of waiting for the arrival of buyers.

The Contribution of Digital Image Correlation for the Knowledge, Control and Emergency Monitoring of Earth Flows

Earth flows are complex geological processes that, when interacting with linear infrastructures, have the potential to cause significant damage. Consequently, conducting comprehensive investigations and continuous monitoring are becoming paramount in designing effective mitigation measures and ensuring sustainable risk management practices. The use of digital image correlation (DIC) algorithms for the displacement monitoring of earth flows is a relatively new and growing field with a limited number of dedicated works in the literature. Within this framework, the present paper contributes by evaluating DIC techniques at several earth flow sites. These assessments were founded upon data obtained from both low-cost and multi-platform sensors, used to assess the displacement field, pinpointing the most active sectors, and gauging their rates of movement during different kinematic phases. In this regard, the highest localized movement velocities reached in the Pietrafitta (0.01 m/day) and Grillo (0.63 m/day) earth flows experience different ongoing kinematic processes. The versatility of these techniques is notable, manifesting in the ease of installation, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to various platforms. The proven reliability in terms of maximum accuracy (1 pixel) and sensitivity (0.05 m) lays the foundation for the extensive use of the presented techniques. The amalgamation of these attributes positions DIC techniques as competitive, adaptable, and readily deployable tools in earth flow studies.

Testing new kinetic models and calibration methods for Rock Surface Luminescence Exposure dating using controlled experiments

Rock surface luminescence exposure dating (RSLED) is an evolving tool in dating prehistoric rock surfaces. In this study, we explore and compare current and new models and calibration methods using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) depth profiles from quartz grains and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL; IR50, pIRIR225, and MET290) from feldspar grains found in granite and sandstone samples.This study shows that, although correct model assumptions improve the quality of exposure age estimates, significant discrepancies between observed and expected fitting parameter values remain, and these discrepancies leads to inaccurate age estimation. This is particularly the case when post-IR signals from feldspar are used. Here, the spectral dependency of luminescence signals is examined to better understand these problems. The demonstrated depth dependency of fitting parameters, previously assumed to be constant with depth, also gives rise to discrepancies in parameter values. The surprising observation that, in rocks, the IR50 signal is apparently more easily bleached than the quartz fast-component OSL signal is explained in terms of the wavelength dependence of light attenuation increasing the effective path length for shorter wavelengths, and so changing the shape of the light spectrum with penetration depth. This complicates parameter estimates in exposure dating even more.Alternative approaches (rather than parameter estimation) for estimating how long a rock surface has been exposed to light are considered, based on modelling the shape and position of the measured luminescence-depth profile. It is concluded that the most accurate exposure age is derived by interpolating the depth of an unknown profile onto a curve of profile depths from known age profiles (the Exposure Response Curve, or ERC, approach).

The effect of playing playdough and collage on improving fine motor skills in early childhood in terms of independence

Early childhood needs to get stimulation of fine motor skills, but most play models train gross motor skills. This study aims to find out: (1) the difference in the effect of playdough and collage play models on improving fine motor skills in early childhood. (2) the difference in the effect between high and low independence on improving fine motor skills in early childhood. (3) The interaction between playdough and collage playing models is viewed from the aspect of independence to improve early childhood fine motor skills. This type of research is an experiment using a 2 x 2 factorial design. The population in this study was 38 Yogyakarta National Kindergarten children. The sample in this study amounted to 20 children taken using purposive sampling criteria (1) specific children aged 5-6 years, (2) children who are actively attending school, (3) children who are not sick, (4) willing to follow the learning process (5) Able to follow all learning model programs that have been prepared, then ordinal pairing is carried out to divide each group. The instruments used to measure fine motor use are (1) pattern thickening test, (2) coloring test, (3) Patterning test (4) scissors test, (5) bead crocheting test with string thread. The data analysis technique used is ANOVA two-way. Among early childhood, playdough play models outperform collage play models with a high level of independence. Conversely, collage play models are better than playdough play models in improving fine motor skills in early childhood with low levels of independence. Children who have high independence are higher (good) than children who have low independence, with an average posttest difference of 2.1. There is an interaction between the playdough playing model and collage playing in terms of independence (high and low) to improve fine motor skills in early childhood, with an F value of 93.633 and a significance value of p 0.000 (< 0.05). With the results of this study can consider in determining the type of play model for early childhood. However, future research may be suggested to reconfirm these findings. Key Words: playdough, collage, independence, fine motor

Dimensional accuracy, mechanical property, and optical stability of zirconia orthodontic bracket according to yttria proportions

This in vitro study evaluated comprehensively the performances of zirconia brackets with varying yttria proportions in manufacturing advanced orthodontic brackets. Three experimental groups of zirconia brackets were fabricated using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) materials with different yttria proportions—3 mol% yttria (3Y-YSZ), 4 mol% yttria (4Y-YSZ), and 5 mol% yttria (5Y-YSZ) (Tosoh Ceramic, Japan). A polycrystalline alumina ceramic bracket (3M™ Clarity™ Advanced, MBT 0.022-in. slot) was employed as the control group. Morphological properties, including slot surface structure and dimensions, were examined using scanning electron microscopy and surface profiler analysis. Manufacturing accuracy was assessed with root mean square calculations of trueness and precision. Mechanical properties were tested, encompassing static and kinetic frictional resistance (FR) and fracture strength. Optical stability was evaluated through 20,000 cycles of thermocycling and a 7-day immersion in various coloring agents. Within the limitations of this study, zirconia brackets containing 3 to 5 mol% YSZ presented enhanced reliability in terms of dimensional accuracy and demonstrated favorable optical stability. Notably, owing to its advantageous mechanical properties, the 3Y-YSZ variant showed remarkable potential as an advanced material for fabricating orthodontic brackets.

High speed and high reliability phase transition via constrained crystallization in ultrathin a-C/Sb2Te multilayer nanostructures

Operation speed, data retention, thickness variation, and resistance drift are main shortages for conventional Ge2Sb2Te5 based phase change memory (PCM). In this Letter, we propose a type of ultrathin amorphous carbon (a-C)/Sb2Te multilayer nanostructures with semiconductor process compatibility, which has high speed and excellent reliability in terms of data retention (131 °C for 10-year), thickness variation (1.52%), and resistance drift (0.0095). The PCM devices based on [a-C (1 nm)/Sb2Te (7 nm)]5 multilayer nanostructures exhibit a fast operation speed of 5 ns. The SET/RESET resistance ratio remains constant over 105 cycles by more than two orders of magnitude. The excellent performance of a-C/Sb2Te multilayer nanostructures makes it a promising storage medium to expand the applications of PCM, such as automotive electronics.

Modeling and analysis of spectral polarization BRDF based on Microfacet theory

The polarization bidirectional reflectance distribution function (p-BRDF) model derived from the microfacet theory is utilized for ascertaining wavelength dependent terms in the model. The spectral p-BRDF model of a given object surface is established according to the spectral models of the complex refractive index and the width parameter. Each parameter in the spectral p-BRDF model has a clear physical meaning, making it more physical than Cook-Torrance BRDF model. The particle swarm optimization algorithm combined with in-plane BRDF experimental data is used for analyzing the spectral p-BRDF of a brass surface in the visible light band. The results show that the BRDF calculated by the model is in good agreement with the experimental data, which is validated by the adjusted R2, the optimal value is 0.9872. The peak value of BRDF is found to increase with increase in wavelength for different polarization states. There exists a certain incident angle at which the BRDF initially increases and then decreases as the reflection angle is increased. The BRDF peak appears in the direction of specular reflection, and all the BRDF peaks increase with the increase in the incident angle. The polarization state, wavelength, surface roughness, and permittivity are found to be the important factors affecting the distribution of BRDF on the object surface. A combination of the spectral p-BRDF model and limited experimental data related to the object surface under different testing conditions can be used to predict the spatial reflection characteristics of the surface of a given object.

Does increased intellectual property rights protection foster innovation in developing countries? A literature review of innovation and catch‐up

AbstractThis paper contributes to the debate on the role of innovation and intellectual property rights (IPRs) in catch‐up policies in developing countries (DCs). We survey the literature on four key points. First, we review the neoclassical and evolutionary theoretical foundations of innovation and catch‐up. Second, we examine why some countries lag behind, in particular in terms of path dependency and multiplicity of convergence dynamics. From this follows the question of how to foster innovation in DCs. We examine the issues of IPRs protection in a third point and industrial policies in a fourth point. Strengthening IPRs protection is often recommended by international institutions. However, the related literature shows that their impact is strongly non‐linear, as the optimal level for DCs is initially low, then increases as the countries develop. This result is robust to a wide range of models and methods. Finally, the literature reveals that industrial policies can be crucial in fostering innovation in DCs, even though their implementation faces serious challenges, in particular the appropriate targeting of industrial policies, and rent‐seeking behaviours in a deteriorated institutional environment.

Analysis of voltage and frequency stability of electric power system network with photovoltaic-based generation penetration

The operation of Distributed Generation (DG) with renewable energy sources integrated with distribution networks through microgrids poses challenges in terms of operation and control. If this is left unchecked, it can have a negative impact on system security and reliability in terms of voltage and frequency stability that will be disrupted because of frequent variations in power production and loading levels. This study investigates voltage and frequency stability in microgrids because of the penetration of DG with photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy sources in the power system using the Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control technique. The VSG is a control alteration that enhances the capabilities of the power system so that voltage and frequency stability can be preserved and improved. The VSG control method with additional damping controllers that increase inertia with additional virtual inertia is used to simulate the speed of restoration of voltage and frequency stability of the power system due to the penetration of PV-based power plants. The simulation results show that at the time of penetration of PV-based power plants in the power system, there is a momentary instability in voltage and frequency, but it is immediately dampened by VSG control and can be quickly restored so that the stability of voltage and frequency is maintained.

Socioeconomic effects of establishing a new stroke center in Central Switzerland

Background Establishment of dedicated Stroke Centers has shown to be effective on the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke, as well as mechanical thrombectomy (MTE) in acute large vessel occlusion. The cost-effectiveness of this treatment has also been proven in several countries, but so far not in Switzerland. Methods We compare the pathways and economic impact of patients with acute large vessel occlusions causing acute ischemic stroke before the establishment of the stroke center and MTE in 2016 with the time afterwards in the years 2016–2020. Local data from the Swiss Stroke Registry and hospital accounting as well as economic data from a healthcare insurance company was used for evaluation in an economic model. Both payer and societal perspectives were considered, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was undertaken to explore uncertainty. Results Establishment of a new Stroke Center in Central Switzerland increased the absolute number of thrombectomies from 0 in 2015 to 55 in 2016 to 83 in 2020, as well as the percentage of MTE in large vessel occlusions (LVO) from 50.9% in 2016 to 58.2% in 2020. Over a 15-year horizon, predicted average additional costs of CHF 7,978 were associated with the establishment of a new stroke center, as well as 0.60 quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) per patient and an additional survival of 0.59 years per patient. The calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was therefore CHF 13,297 per QALY gained. When societal costs were included, the new stroke care model was predicted to dominate the old care model. Robustness of model results was confirmed via probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Limitations The results rely on data from a single stroke center and, therefore, cannot be generalized. Conclusions Establishment of a new Stroke Center can be cost-effective and provide better outcomes in terms of functional independence as well as quality-adjusted life-years.

Integrated machine learning identifies epithelial cell marker genes for improving outcomes and immunotherapy in prostate cancer

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa), a globally prevalent malignancy, displays intricate heterogeneity within its epithelial cells, closely linked with disease progression and immune modulation. However, the clinical significance of genes and biomarkers associated with these cells remains inadequately explored. To address this gap, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate the roles and clinical value of epithelial cell-related genes in PCa.MethodsLeveraging single-cell sequencing data from GSE176031, we conducted an extensive analysis to identify epithelial cell marker genes (ECMGs). Employing consensus clustering analysis, we evaluated the correlations between ECMGs, prognosis, and immune responses in PCa. Subsequently, we developed and validated an optimal prognostic signature, termed the epithelial cell marker gene prognostic signature (ECMGPS), through synergistic analysis from 101 models employing 10 machine learning algorithms across five independent cohorts. Additionally, we collected clinical features and previously published signatures from the literature for comparative analysis. Furthermore, we explored the clinical utility of ECMGPS in immunotherapy and drug selection using multi-omics analysis and the IMvigor cohort. Finally, we investigated the biological functions of the hub gene, transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 3 (TMED3), in PCa using public databases and experiments.ResultsWe identified a comprehensive set of 543 ECMGs and established a strong correlation between ECMGs and both the prognostic evaluation and immune classification in PCa. Notably, ECMGPS exhibited robust predictive capability, surpassing traditional clinical features and 80 published signatures in terms of both independence and accuracy across five cohorts. Significantly, ECMGPS demonstrated significant promise in identifying potential PCa patients who might benefit from immunotherapy and personalized medicine, thereby moving us nearer to tailored therapeutic approaches for individuals. Moreover, the role of TMED3 in promoting malignant proliferation of PCa cells was validated.ConclusionsOur findings highlight ECMGPS as a powerful tool for improving PCa patient outcomes and supply a robust conceptual framework for in-depth examination of PCa complexities. Simultaneously, our study has the potential to develop a novel alternative for PCa diagnosis and prognostication.

Quantitative assessment of the universal thermopower in the Hubbard model

As primarily an electronic observable, the room-temperature thermopower S in cuprates provides possibilities for a quantitative assessment of the Hubbard model. Using determinant quantum Monte Carlo, we demonstrate agreement between Hubbard model calculations and experimentally measured room-temperature S across multiple cuprate families, both qualitatively in terms of the doping dependence and quantitatively in terms of magnitude. We observe an upturn in S with decreasing temperatures, which possesses a slope comparable to that observed experimentally in cuprates. From our calculations, the doping at which S changes sign occurs in close proximity to a vanishing temperature dependence of the chemical potential at fixed density. Our results emphasize the importance of interaction effects in the systematic assessment of the thermopower S in cuprates.

Business Incubator Management toward Economic Independence at the Boarding School (Study at Pondok Pesantren Nurul Islam, Mojokerto)

Pondok Pesantren Nurul Islam Pungging Mojokerto (NURIS) equips its santri with structured formal education. Problems are experienced when this boarding school has been productive in the field of education but is still passive in terms of economic independence. The potential to make boarding schools economically independent is very high. One is the creative economy, which is increasingly showing its intelligence in Industry 5.0. To catch up with this, it is necessary to empower santri to be able to become a santripreneur who has soft skills. One way is to empower students in the business incubator industry. The purpose of implementing santri empowerment activities is so that Nurul Islam Pungging Mojokerto boarding school can meet its own needs and become an economically independent modern boarding school. In addition to improving the pesantren's economy, this business incubator program is also expected to be a provision for students when they graduate to be able to live independently. This research uses a qualitative method by collecting data from in-depth interviews with several students, teachers, and the head of the boarding school foundation. After collecting the data, a Forum Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted, and determined the mechanism of this business incubator activity. Training and mentoring activities were conducted for Nurul Islam Pungging Mojokerto boarding school students for approximately 3 months. The design layout of the business incubator is the output of this research. As a business incubator, it is still not optimal. It needs to be improved regarding Shared, namely not providing office facilities that can be used together, and Synergy, namely not creating cooperation with parties outside the boarding school.

Recent Patent for Walking Device of Corn Harvester

Background: Corn harvesting is an important part of the entire corn production process. Corn harvester power, turning radius and dehulling device will directly affect harvest efficiency and the quality of harvested corn. Obtaining better performance peeling device with strong power and minimum turning radius is the research direction in this field. Objective: This paper summarizes the patents of the walking system of corn harvesters at home and abroad in recent years, and introduces the characteristics and development of knapsack harvesters, trailed harvesters and self-propelled harvesters, such as power, turning radius and artificial intelligence. summarize its development trend, and provide reference for the development of various aspects of crop harvester. Methods: This paper reviewed the research status of the corn harvester walking system in recent years, and discussed the structure types and applications of various harvester walking systems. Results: By summarizing the patents of the walking system of the corn harvester, this paper obtains the current patent application status, analyzes the main problems in its development, and discusses the problems existing in the walking system of the harvester and the future research direction. Conclusion: The running device of the existing harvester needs to be further improved in terms of reliability, power system, turning radius, etc. The patent of the walking device of the harvester is yet to be developed. With the application of GPS, sensing and detection, information processing, automatic control and other technologies in the field of harvesting, the mechanized corn harvesting is gradually developing towards intelligence and automation.

Does a generational gap exist in online shopping attitudes? A comparison of Chinese consumer generations from the media system dependency perspective

Based on the latest data from the Chinese General Social Survey (N = 2252), this study examines the association between media dependency, online shopping attitudes, and generational cohorts in China. We found that young generations are more dependent on new media than elder generations in terms of intensity and referent dependency. Gen Y consumers have a more favorable attitude toward online shopping than the elder groups. Unexpectedly, Gen Z, Gen X, and the elders do not significantly differ in preference for online shopping. Referent dependency on new media is significantly and positively associated with online shopping attitudes. This research addresses the question concerning studying Chinese online consumers from the theoretical perspective of media system dependency. Practical implications and future direction of Chinese online shopping behaviors research are discussed.

The process of becoming independent juveniles from correctional facilities

This article is devoted to the process of becoming independent wards of reformatories. Theintroduction describes the concept of independence and presents the process of becoming independentwards of reformatories in the light of the law. The study using the diagnostic surveymethod included forty-five men staying in six reformatories in Poland. The research results revealedthat most wards believe that their stay in the facility has prepared them for independentlife, and they perceive self-dependence in terms of financial and material independence, takingup paid work, meeting their own life needs and independence from others. More than half ofwards of reformatories declare that they have created an independence plan with the help ofa caregiver. The people indicated by the wards as playing a key role in their process of becomingindependent included mainly employees of the reformatory (educator, pedagogue, director).

Penguatan 5 Pilar dalam Upaya Penurunan Stunting di Kelurahan Simokerto Kota Surabaya

The purpose of this study is to find out the five pillars in efforts to reduce stunting in Simokerto Village, Surabaya City. Research data collection using Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The targets of the EMAS Stunting Village Thematic KKN are brides-to-be, pregnant women, postpartum mothers and Baduta and toddlers. The results showed that there were 5 pillars of cultivation carried out by each "Golden Village" group in each village. Pillar 1 in the form of increasing village government commitment and leadership has activities in the form of collecting village commitments related to accelerating stunting reduction through the FGD forum. Pillar 2 related to strengthening and developing systems, data, information, and research has activities to collect and analyze demographic data related to stunting, assistance in stunting surveillance and growth and development, assistance in Rumah DataKu, and assistance in auditing stunting cases. Pillar 3 discusses communication of behavior change and community empowerment in terms of nutrition, healthy behavior, mutual assistance, and independence which has activities including training and education based on nutrition and health behavior change, development of nutrition and health education media. Pillar 4 is on the convergence of specific and sensitive interventions through a quality family village approach with programs implemented in the form of situation analysis related to hygiene and sanitation as well as the availability of clean water, development and development of healthy environments, and clean water surveys. Pillar 5 discusses food security at the individual, family, and community levels through optimizing the use of local food ingredients with activities in the form of local food potential map analysis, food consumption surveys, and market surveys. The implementation of the five pillars is carried out in Simokerto Village well and is adjusted to the needs of the relevant village.

Dependency of errors for four global reanalysis and satellite precipitation estimates on four crucial factors

Errors in the reanalysis and satellite precipitation products are closely related to four impacting factors, i.e., seasonality, topography, rainfall intensity, and climate type. Therefore, revealing the dependency of the errors of precipitation products on seasonality, topography, rainfall intensity, and climate type is important for data users and developers to improve the quality of precipitation products and enhance their applications in hydrometeorology. In this study, the links between errors and four impacting factors were used to investigate the dependency of errors in the ERA5 reanalysis and three satellite-only precipitation products (i.e., IMERG-Late, GSMaP-MVK, and PERSIANN-CCS) on the four impacting factors. Results from mainland China show that the errors of the four products depend on the four factors, whereas the dependency of different error indicators on the four factors differs significantly. In all seasons, ERA5 outperformed the three satellite-only precipitation products in most cases. In terms of topographic dependency, the probability of detection (POD) of ERA5 increases with topographic complexity but the opposite is true for the satellite-only precipitation products. Compared with purely infrared (IR) data, the fusion of passive microwave and IR data enhances the quality of precipitation estimates and reduces the topographical dependency of the errors. Regarding intensity-based performance, the performance of the four products in terms of the POD and normalized root-mean-squared error improves as the rain rate increases, whereas that of the three bias metrics (i.e., total bias, hit bias, and miss bias) deteriorates. In terms of the climatic dependency of the errors, the errors of the four products increase as the aridity increases in most cases. False bias contributes primarily to the total bias for the four products. More importantly, we found that the relationship between the false alarm ratio (FAR) and climate type cannot accurately characterize the dependency of false alarms based on climate type because of the interference of hit precipitation events. Based on this finding, the mean number of false alarms is recommended to replace the FAR to objectively investigate the false precipitation of various precipitation products.