Terms Of Causes Research Articles

Evaluation of the Usability and Benefits of Twist Wire GMAW and FCAW Narrow Gap Welding: 1984-1985

This paper is an interim report for the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard on the usability and benefits of twist wire narrow gap welding in the shipbuilding industry covering the period 1984 to 1985. It includes both the gas metal arc (GMAW) and flux cored arc (FCAW) welding processes. Various types of weld defects are discussed in terms of causes and effects. The ability of the twist wire process to produce high quality welds, with desired mechanical properties, over a wide range of gap widths and using a wide range of welding parameters, is also examined. The equipment used in this process is described.

Pediatric resuscitation: making the task easier.

Abstract Emergency nurses often feel unprepared to handle a pediatric resuscitation. In order to be better prepared one should be aware of how the child varies from the adult in terms of causes of arrest, the importance of oxygenation, and the modifications of drug and fluid therapy. Planning in advance how to handle the many different sizes and ages of pediatric victims will ensure that resuscitation will be a time when knowledge is applied, rather than hastily researched. One should not attempt to care for a child according to standards modified from adult care.

Chronic pain from the perspective of health: A view based on systems theory

Envisaging the phenomenon of pain within the concept of systems theory, different, mutually coherent system levels can be noted of interest, namely the existential person level, the psychological behavioural level and the organismal neurophysiological level. Viewed from this angle, and considering pain to be a signal indicating the whole system's integrity being threatened, the experience of pain can be seen as associated with an intrinsic system function: the pain function. This function is initiated in painful conditions with respect to the system as a whole, rather than being a symptomatic phenomenon lodged—in terms of cause and effect—in distinct system levels. The syndrome of chronic pain may therefore be regarded as a specific state resulting from a pathological derangement in the course of that function. In respect of the different ways in which the system, by way of this function, can cope with a painful event, various possible correlations may be pointed out with regard to the conditions of the system levels in concern. As to the specific course of the pain function—the system's ‘answer’ to the threatening condition—the pre-existing state of system's integrity can be proposed to be of major importance; the integrity being in clinical terms consonant with a given state of ‘health’. Thus chronic pain may be considered as a pathological state resulting from the reaction to painful conditions of an already unhealthy individual. In view of this concept on (chronic) pain several implications can be pointed out with regard to the leading notions on chronic pain, as well as to the general therapeutic approach to be considered.

Seizures in relation to head injury

Seizures have a two-fold relationship with head injury: they can cause a head injury, or they can be the result of a head injury. We compare these two groups in terms of cause, severity, likelihood of sequelae, outcome, radiological investigation, and surgical intervention. Of 702 patients admitted with a head injury to Cook County Hospital (CCH), 25 patients (3.6%) had seizures causing a head injury (Group 1). Another 29 patients (4.1%) experienced a head injury which caused a seizure (Group 2). The remaining 648 patients (Group 3) had no seizure involvement in relation to their injury. Group 1 and Group 3 were similar in terms of severity and sequelae. Group 2, in which a statistically significant increase in both was noted, was dramatically different. It thus appears that seizures indicate increased severity and sequelae in a head injury only when they result from that injury, and not when they cause it. The emergency physician must thus be prepared to distinguish these two situations, for patients in Group 2 have an increased need for neuroradiologic procedures and neurosurgical intervention.

An analysis of errors in listening dictation with specific reference to the cause of misperception of English pronunciation

Errors revealed in listening dictation were analyzed in terms of cause and source of errors attributed solely to misperception of English pronunciation. This excluded other causes and sources such as syntactics, morphology, and so forth. Even though “the number of published and unpublished descriptions of errors found in corpuses drawn from different teaching situations is very large”, those concerned with dictation or listening dictation are not many (Corder, 1978). Oller (1975) maintains that dictation activates the learner's internalized grammar of expectancy and it is an indication of an internalized competence on the part of the learner. Angelis (1974) proved it to be useful as an elicitation technique for diagnostic data. In the self-disciplined learning process, dictation is effective to activate the student's own system of correction/improvement, and judgement. It is a useful means of feedback to the learner when errors are carefully taken care of.

Sociobiology, human nature and psychological egoism

It is commonly thought, at least in philosophical circles, that the thesis of psychological egoism—the view that all of human behavior can be understood in terms of causes, motives or reasons which concern the maximization of self-interest—is a conceptually muddled and untenable doctrine. This paper reviews and evaluates some of the arguments that have been made against psychological egoism. Then an attempt is made to formulate a viable version of psychological egoism which may prove to be of significant interest for both humanists and scientists. Recent empirical research on the biological and genetic bases of human social behavior is cited as illustrative of empirical evidence for a thesis of psychological egoism about human social and ethical behavior. The paper concludes with two claims about an empirically grounded version of psychological egoism: (1) that psychological egoism is (a) an intelligible hypothesis for explaining human behavior, (b) a testable hypothesis and (c) probably a false hypothesis, but that (2) a good deal of ethical and philosophical anxiety about this thesis is misplaced since the most viable versions of psychological egoism are compatible with most theories of morals and ethics.

Charles Lyell and the Philosophers of Science

Two of the most influential evaluations of Charles Lyell's geological ideas were those of the philosophers of science, John F. W. Herschel and William Whewell. In this paper I shall argue that the great difference between these evaluations—whereas Herschel was fundamentally sympathetic to Lyell's geologizing, Whewell was fundamentally opposed—is a function of the fact that Herschel was an empiricist and Whewell a rationalist. For convenience, I shall structure the discussion around the three key elements in Lyell's approach to geology. First, he was anactualist: he wanted to explain past geological phenomena in terms of causes of the kind that are operating at present. Second, he was auniformitarian: he wanted to explain only in terms of causes of the degree operating at present; that is, he wanted to avoid ‘catastrophes’. Third, as a geologist he saw the earth as being in asteady-state, in which all periods are essentially similar to one another. Because they will prove important, I draw attention also to two major features of Lyell's programme. First, there is his theory of climate, which suggests, ‘without help from a comet’, that earthly temperature fluctuations are primarily a function of the constantly changing distribution of land and sea. Clearly this theory is actualistic, for it is based on such present phenomena as the Gulf Stream; it is also uniformitarian and supports a steady-state world picture. Second, there is Lyell's denial that the fossil record is progressive, his criticism of Lamarckian evolutionism, ostensibly on the grounds that modern evidence is against it (i.e. it fails actualistically), and his rather veiled claim that the origins of species will nevertheless prove in some way natural, that is, subject to causes falling beneath lawlike regularities in principle discernible by us.

Early Death: An American Tragedy

The only public policy problems worth worrying about are those something can be done about. Nothing can be done about death: Death as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all; all shall die.' Something can be done, however, about when ends a lifetime. This article analyzes how much the United States can and should do, and how. The major finding is that an appropriate package of research, education, care, and regulatory programs could probably avert hundreds of thousands of deaths, largely of relatively young persons, every year. The analysis hinges on a simple but powerful distinction between and death. Age sixty-five is taken as the convenient, if rather arbitrary, dividing point between these two categories.2 Early differs from late in both the nature of the losses and the character of the policy instruments that might be used to reduce these losses. When viewed through the conceptual lens of this distinction, some important features of the death problem come into focus that are blurred when is viewed, as it usually is, in terms of causes of death. Some radical conclusions follow once these features are recognized. Most importantly, the conclusion seems inescapable that to the extent we value lives we should restructure the way we perceive the health crisis and the way we allocate and safety expenditures by putting greater emphasis on that package of programs that could avert early deaths.

Orbital Floor Fractures

To the Editor. —I would like to comment on several disputable points made in the article titled Surgical Treatment of Orbital Floor Fractures by Rankow and Mignogna, which appeared in theArchives(101:19-22, 1975). These include the discussion of orbital rim fractures, associated with orbital floor fractures, along with pure isolated blow-out fractures of the orbital floor; the statement that all fractures with clinical symptoms and demonstrable roentgenographic evidence should be explored; the statement that inferior rectus muscle entrapment is the cause of limitation in ocular motility and diplopia; and the statement that delayed treatment of pure blow-out fractures of the orbital floor renders poor results. It is important not to confuse orbital rim fractures that are associated with orbital floor fractures with pure blow-out fractures of the orbital floor. Rim fractures are a completely different entity in terms of cause, findings, and treatment. Therefore, the combined discussion of these

Neonatology: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant

Neonatology is a vigorous young specialty that is rapidly developing its own body of knowledge. In this book, Dr. Behrman has undertaken to provide in a single volume a detailed description of the diseases that affect infants in the early weeks of life. It is aimed at the needs of physicians, nurses, and special nursery assistants involved in caring for the neonate. The rapid accumulation of knowledge in this field and its great diversity provide a real challenge for a textbook, and the authors of this work have been successful in meeting it. There are 29 contributors to the book. Most chapters are organized by body systems in the traditional medical textbook fashion. They include an introductory section on anatomy and physiology, which is followed by a discussion of the diseases common or uncommon to the neonate. The diseases are described in terms of cause, pathology, symptoms, signs, complications, diagnosis,

Environmental Factors Influencing Ion Transport in a Douglas-Fir Forest Soil in Western Washington

The transport of ions in solution from a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forest floor in western Washington has been studied by the author (McColl 1969, 1972). Using statistical analyses, it was found that the transport process is largely controlled by three environmental factors, namely, the temperature and duration of the dry period before moisture flow, and the total amount of moisture flow during the movement of wetting fronts resulting from natural rainfall. These dynamic relationships have also been described more closely in terms of cause and effect by a mathematical model developed from both field and laboratory data (McColl 1973), and the mechanism of this transport process has been discussed by McColl & Cole (1968). Seasonal relationships between rainfall, temperature and ion characteristics of the forest floor solution have also been reported (McColl 1972). These cited studies go beyond the many previous descriptive accounts of more 'static' characteristics of forest floor types under Douglas-fir (e.g. Cole, Gessel & Dice 1968; Gessel & Balci 1965; Grier & McColl 1971; Youngberg 1966). Many tension-lysimeter studies have been conducted in Douglas-fir forests (Cole & Gessel 1965; Cole, Gessel & Held 1961; Gessel & Cole 1965; Grier & Cole 1971; McColl 1969; Riekerk 1971; Windsor 1969), and in other forest ecosystems also (e.g. McColl 1970; Ponomareva, Roshnova & Sotnikova 1968; Remezov 1958; Shilova 1959; Smirnova & Sukharova 1964), which have contributed to the knowledge of mineral cycling processes. This investigation adds another dimension to these lysimeter studies, by statistically relating the ionic characteristics of soil solutions to the controlling environmental factors measured concurrently in the field, and extends the author's forest floor studies (McColl 1972, 1973) by examining ion transport in the underlying mineral soil as well as in the forest floor alone. The investigation was conducted at the Allen E. Thompson Research Center in western Washington, within the Cedar River Watershed, 35 miles (56 km) south-east of the city of Seattle. This research centre is operated by the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. A number of related studies have been conducted at this site, including examinations of the cycling of mineral elements in the undisturbed forest (Cole et al. 1968), and the movement of mineral elements and water in the ecosystem following several treatments, including clearcutting of the forest stand (Cole 1966; Gessel & Cole

Bereavement and heart disease.

Ever since the Registrar General began to give mortality rates for different marital condition groups, it has been observed that, in every age group and for both sexes, the widowed have higher mortality rates than the married. In his 1959 Annual Statistical Review, the Registrar General made some analysis of this differential in terms of causes of death. The excess mortality as compared with the married appeared to affect the diseases listed in Table 1. The Registrar General's commentary asked ‘Leaving aside the question of possibility of error (in statements of marital condition) is it possible that the effect of death of a spouse is such as to increase the likelihood of death in the surviving member of the partnership? Here the basis of discussion has little factual support but it seems right to suppose that in the period immediately following bereavement the general state of ‘shock’ indeed is such as to increase likelihood of death. In the majority of young and middle-age widowed persons, however, this period passes and adjustment takes place, often followed by remarriage. There will be some selection here similar in many respects to that affecting the decision whether single persons should marry. With the older person, however, adjustment is more difficult to attain, remarriage is less common and the surviving partner, particularly the man, may live under relatively unfavourable conditions.’

Cho'e Che-u's Tonghak Doctrine: It's Sources and Meanings, 1860-1864

CHO'E CHE-U'S TONGHAK DOCTRINE: IT'S SOURCES AND MEANINGS, 1860-1864¦----by Key Ray Chong Texas Tech, University The Tonghak doctrine known as "Eastern Learning" has undergone a series ofchanges in both theory and practice since its inception in I860.1 Historically it began as a strictly religious movement whose purpose was to renew or revitalize the forces of the major existing religions (Confucianism, Buddhism , Taoism and shamanism, or traditionalism) by the infusion of Christian doctrine. Tonghak was originally apolitical and neither defied nor rejected the existing political regime. It did not believe that political reform could result in peace of mind for the individual. It encouraged its followers to rely on personal salvation and self-enlightenment, rather than external authority, for the answers to the questions which troubled them. The sources of Tonghak are numerous. Broadly speaking, Tonghak is the 1. Chong-sik Lee, The Politics of Korean Nationalism (The University of California Press, 1965), pp. 19-33. See also Benjamin B. Weems, Reform, Rebellion and the Heavenly Way (The University of Arizona Press, 1964), p. ix: Lee has treated the Tonghak movement as a beginning of Korean nationalism, whereas Weems has regarded the Tonghak doctrine as "quasi-religious ideology," connected with political movements. 71 72/Chong product of the assimilation of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Christianity into the traditional social structure. Consequently it is a very difficult task to define precisely the influence of each of these religions on Tonghak doctrine since an idea borrowed from one religion was frequently blended with a concept adapted from another. The resulting eclecticism or syncretism represents a unique product which no longer can be neatly related to its original source. For example, the term Heaven {ch'ön) originated in Chinese classics or indigenous Korean myths, but it could also refer to a Christian Heaven. In other words, many Tonghak terms or concepts may contain many different connotations going back to both Chinese and Christian sources. Therefore the Tonghak concept ch'ön cannot be entirely Eastern or Western, but a synthesis of both in its meaning as well as origin. For another example, the term Confucianism may mean the philosophy of any Confucianists (Confucius, Mencius, Hsun Tzu, Tung Chung-shu and Wang Yang-ming), or it may mean a combination of two or three of these Confucianists . Likewise the same can apply to Buddhism, Taoism and the like from which Tonghak derives its main ideas. Added to this kind of frustration are the expositions and quotations of certain Tonghak ideas on and/or taken from either Chinese or Christian sources : they are not only unsystematic but also make it difficult to establish conceptual connections between the idea and its source, or the exact origin of the idea within given conceptual framework. Moreover Ch'oe Che-u, the chiefinterpreter ofTonghak doctrine, does not often give any credit for what other thinkers have done, nor does he try, but treats the borrowed ideas as if they were his own. Last, but not least, the study of Tonghak doctrine may further be complicated by our own misunderstanding or distortion of it, resulting from differences in both time and place. Our first question then is how to study such a complicated doctrine as Tonghak. The answer to this question seems to be two-fold: first, one can study Tonghak doctrine with the assumption that "ideas are functions of the persons who express them and the shape that ideas take is relative to the culture and era in which they develop and are used."2 Secondly, it is also possible to examine Tonghak on the grounds that "there are internal standards of validity in the ideas themselves."3 Nevertheless, in many instances, 2.Karl Manheim, Ideology and Utopia: Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (New York, 1936), p. 50. 3.Max Lerner, Ideas Are Weapons (New York, 1939), p. 8. Tonghak Doctrine/73 these two approaches "seem to overlap and it is difficult to separate one from another. Any idea or doctrine must be considered within the context of the prevailing realities—social, economic, political, cultural or otherwise. But this should not be taken in terms of causes and effects, that is to say...

Possible Ways To Manage Personal Gender-Role Conflicts In Career Development

The paper contributes to efforts to theoretically analyze possible psychological approaches personal gender-role conflict in career development, selected in terms of causes and peculiarities of its manifestation. We suggest considering such approaches at two levels – personal and orga­ni­zational ones. Personal level involves generating achievement motivation and psychological cri­teria for success; developing emotional competence; analyzing career and family values, identifying immediate life goals; analyzing family concepts; family counseling; psychological work with men aimed at maintaining parental identity; developing role competence; time management; psycho­logical analysis of individual gender identity and gender experience; challenging gender stereo­types. Organizational level includes developing family-friendly workplace culture, relying on gen­der-specific approach in staff coaching.

Psychological Determinism and the Problem of Morality

ACCORDING to the traditional view of man, what distinguishes him from animals is his freedom to choose between one course of action and another, his freedom to seek good and avoid evil. The animal has no freedom, but is determined by physical and biological laws; like a machine, the animal responds whenever the appropriate stimulus is present. But because man has free will, we cannot hope to explain his behavior merely in terms of causes. Man cannot be bound by physical or biological laws. While divergent views have gained some recognition, for example, the idea that man is a machine, or the idea that all of nature is purposive, the prevailing view has been one that implies that man somehow transcends the deterministic laws of nature. Two developments of the present century have challenged this traditional view of man and nature: quantum mechanics, which suggests that physics is not deterministic, and psychoanalysis, which suggests that man is not free. In response to these developments there has been a resurgence of interest in the determinismfreedom problem, especially among philosophers and physicists. Psychologists, however, have been strangely quiet about the problem, even though they are deeply implicated in it. I will indicate here the position I believe has been assumed, usually implicitly, by experimental psychologists today regarding determinism and freedom, and I will spell out some of the implications of this position for the problem of morality. In discussions of free will and determinism tlere are often a number of issues in question.' The present discussion will be concerned with just one issue: the predictability of behavior. Some men, who will be called indeterminists, contend that human behavior is not entirely predictable from antecedent conditions, so that by the power of his will a man is free to controvert the determining efficacy of prior experience and conditioning. The indeterminist has the advantage of tradition on his side of the argument, but does he have any evidence to support his position ? Let us see.

Medical Certification of Cause of Death

Medical certification of cause of death [MCCD] scheme is an important tool to obtain scientific and reliable information in terms of causes of mortality. It is basically a part of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and health related problems formulated by WHO. Because of this importance, a provision has been made in Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 for certification by a medical practitioner who has attended the deceased during his last illness. Till now this scheme is not uniformly covered and implemented in India. An overview of this scheme is presented herewith.

The Place of Ultimate Values in Sociological Theory

HE positivistic reaction against philosophy has, in its effect on the social sciences, manifested a strong tendency to obscure the fact that man is essentially an active, creative, evaluating creature. Any attempt to explain his behavior in terms of ends, purposes, ideals, has been under suspicion as a form of teleology which was thought to be incompatible with the methodological requirements of positive science. One must, on the contrary, explain in terms of causes and conditions, not of ends. Of late years, however, there have been many signs of a break in this rigid positivistic view of things. The social sciences in general have been far from immune from these signs, and in sociology in particular they have combined to form a movement of thought of the first importance. One main aspect of this movement has been the tendency to reopen the whole question of the extent to which, and the senses in which, human behavior must or can be understood in terms of the values entertained by men. In the present essay I wish to attempt a formulation of the kind of conception of human action which I take to be implied in some of these recent developments of sociological theory. In particular, what is the status in that conception of the element which may provisionally be called ultimate values? I shall not attempt here to trace the process by which this conception of human action has been built up, but merely to outline the conception itself.'