Latin Term Research Articles

Anatomical Terms in Jurgis Žilinskas’ Short Textbook of Osteology and Syndesmology

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages. When Romans conquered Greece, the knowledge and language of both cultures merged, resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment and containment. Medical records were chronicled by hand, creating medical terms and books. Although medical terms have been drawn from many languages, a large majority originate from Greek and Latin. Terms of Greek origin occur mainly in clinical terminology, while Latin terms make up the majority of anatomical terminology. Another reason for a large number of Greek medical terms is that the Greek language is quite suitable for building compound words. The article discusses the current state of anatomical terminology in Lithuania. The history of the Lithuanian nomenclature of anatomy dates back several centuries, during which the most frequently used Lithuanian anatomical terms were gradually developed. Every time, writing and publishing textbooks, methodological aids, and other anatomy books in the Lithuanian language, the authors interpreted various Latin anatomy terms in their own way and introduced new equivalents in the Lithuanian language. However, they often did not agree on the translation of various Latin terms into Lithuanian and their application to define various structures. The development and perfection of medical terminology is a long process. The most significant contribution in regulating Lithuanian anatomical terminology was made by Jurgis Žilinskas. The terms that we currently use can be found in his textbooks “Osteologija ir syndesmologija” (“Osteology and syndesmology”) (1932) and “Splanchnologija” (“Splanchnology”) (1934) (Litevkiene, Korosteliova 2012, 208). He initiated term regulation in his first textbook, “Lectures of Neurology” (1923), containing only Latin terms, well-formed according to Baseler’s nomenclature. The nomenclature of anatomy compiled by him was applied in other anatomy textbooks and the Dictionary of Medical Terms.

Peculiarities of Phonetic and Orthographic Adaptation of Latin Terms in English Clinical Terminology: On the Issue of Latin Terminological Competence Formation of Foreign Medical Students

Summary The article deals with the phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English clinical terminology in the context of Latin terminological competence formation of foreign medical students with English as the language of instruction. About 8,000 of the most common clinical terms selected from various lexicographic English sources have been studied on the basis of etymological and comparative approaches to demonstrate the grade of inconsistency in the reflection of Latin terms in modern English medical terminology. The quantitative analysis allowed us to determine and classify the main tendencies in the process of phonetic and orthographic development of Latin terms: (1) imitation of classical Latin spelling; (2) ‘simplification’ of classical Latin spelling; (3) syncretism of the first and second tendencies (parallel use of classical Latin and ‘simplified’ variants as synonyms). The analysis has also identified in some cases the phenomenon of ‘hypercorrectness’. The lack of a unified norm is reflected in all the analyzed reference sources, complicating the lexicographic description of medical terms as well as the process of teaching / learning the medical terminology. The proposed solution is to develop and implement some unified criteria for phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English. The possible ways to solve the problem are either to adhere to the etymological principle, returning ad fontes of medical terminology, and to use only non-monophthongized and non-simplified forms or to use monophthongized and phonetically and graphically simplified forms following the norms of modern English. Consistent adherence to one system of rules for the development of Latin terms is a needed requirement for the proper formation of terminological competence in medical students and correct use of terminology in their further professional activity.

λέπρα의 우리말 번역에 대한 제언- ‘예수께서 λεπρός를 깨끗하게 하시다’(막 1:40-44; 마 8:1-4; 눅 5:12-14)를 중심으로 -

In order to propose a new proper Korean translation of the Greek term λέπρα, this paper historically reviews the social meanings of its translations in the established Korean versions; critically examines the original root-meanings and changing connotations of both the Hebrew term צדעה and the Greek term λέπρα; and finally, exegetically analyzes ‘Jesus cleanses λεπρός’ (Mk 1:40-45, Mt 8:1-4, Lk 5:12-14).<BR> This paper discusses the fact that the specific disease known today as Hansen’s disease did not exist in the region of Palestine prior to Alexander’s conquest of India in 324 BC, which is supported by archaeological research and Greek literature in the biblical period. Moreover, the biblical descriptions of צדעה and λέπρα are pathologically different from the symptoms of modern Hansen’s disease. In the biblical period, the Greek term ἐλεφαντίασις referred to Hansen’s disease, and צדעה and λέπρα to a number of other undefined skin diseases. Until the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century, there had been a confusion between the Latin terms lepra and ĕlĕphantíăsis, and the former term was eventually used as leprosy in English.<BR> This paper therefore proposes that λέπρα in ‘Jesus cleanses λεπρός’ (Mk 1:40-45, Mt 8:1-4, Lk 5:12-14) should be translated into the technical term severe-skin-disease. This term properly reveals that the skin condition of a person suffering from λέπρα was visibly severe and recognizable by everyone including the priest in the gospels; he was ceremonially unclean, ritually defiled, and excluded from normal relations with other people according to Jewish law. The descriptive expression is also well-connected with the verb to be cleansed (καθαρίζω), and appropriately reveals Jesus’ complete healing ministry in the purification system of the biblical period.<BR> This proposed translation therefore is better to properly reveal Jesus’ transformational healing ministry without translating the term λέπρα as leprosy, a term that did not exist in the biblical era and was stained with discrimination and prejudice.

Sketches of medical terminology

This article appeared on the several sciences border: clinical anatomy, clinical physiology and philology. Accordingly, its authors are a clinician, a teacher of higher education and a philologist. The authors critically analyze some of the Ukrainian (Greek and Latin derivative) terms based on special literature and writing sources, philology works and their own experience. At the same time, they substantiate every nation’s right to introduce terms into their special scientific nomenclature that are more common in this language, folk household, in accordance with their ideas. The authors call for the correction of some Ukrainian and Latin terms indicating inflammation, as well as - to distinguish adjectives in the clinical and anatomical nomenclature of ones that indicate quality from those indicating the relation, belonging to a particular subject, formation, phenomenon. The terms in the Ukrainian language was often formed under other languages influence and sound sometimes wrong, so it makes sense to replace some medical terms with new, correct ones. It seems like some, firmly rooted terms, require some correction. First of all, as already mentioned, those of them that are based on subject analogies (analog terminology). To develop the Ukrainian language in all spheres of science, including medical science language is our duty. And the work on Ukrainian medical terminology improving is a permanent process, as well as the society development in general.

Should Skepticism Be Discredited?

In our day-to-day life and experiences, when one doubts or questions unusually, he is branded a skeptic and consequently resisted. Skeptics, over the years, are seen as people whose basic mood is that of doubt; those who deny absolutely that true knowledge is possible. Although this is not completely true of skepticism, the present work demonstrates, though arguably, that skepticism is more of a philosophical method of inquiry; an epistemological attitude towards knowledge but whose goal is indeed certainty, although it selects a serious doubt concerning all knowledge as the starting point of the inquiry into the possibility of true knowledge. It can rightly be said that the work displays the paradox of skepticism. The word ‘paradox’ originates from a Latin term paradoxum, which has a Greek association paradoxon, or paradoxos, signifying “conflicting with expectation.” Thus, the word paradox signifies a tenet or proposition contrary to received opinions. It is a statement or sentiment that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet, perhaps true in fact. The need for this work is necessitated by the fact that in the present age, it has become no longer the case that the best way to certainty is only by accepting entirely all that one is told, especially when such comes from a sage or a tradition. Obviously, we live in a dispensation where almost every human situation challenges the human rational faculty hence the tendency to change facts and hang-on to lies generates serious fever in every thinking mind. The result of this work therefore is that imperatively, the work demands that whoever wants knowledge should proceed through doubt. The method through which this work arrives at this conclusion is the analytic process of discussion and presentation.

Why Cato did not want to feed the sick slaves, or Some observations on the Roman economy of slavery

The article is devoted to the study of the Second Chapter Agriculture of Cato the Elder. The author pays the main attention to the advice of Cato not to give full rations to sick slaves, which became widely known thanks to the biographical work of Plutarch. Not denying the possibility the existence of such a practice, the author attempts to identify its roots, originating in the traditions of traditional medicine, which is reflected in the 126-157 chapters of Catos Agriculture. In particular, attention is drawn to the author's repeated mention that medication should be taken on an empty stomach, for which Cato consistently uses the Latin term ieiunus. In particular, the author draws attention to the fact that Cato often mentions that the intake of medicines should be made on a empty stomach, for which the Roman author often uses the Latin term ieiunus. In general, the text of Catos work reflects work reflects as archaic beliefs and norms, as well as new concepts and values.

The Effectiveness of Scrapbook on Learning Outcomes of 10th Grade Students Public Senior High School 6 Pontianak on Protista Subject

Protista are one of the the subject is quite broad and there are many Latin terms and objects, most of which are micro organisms or living things that cannot be found and observed directly in everyday life, students are not enough to only have the ability to memorize but also need a complete understanding of the material such as can classify and classify protista through morphological observations. So that students need a media that is interesting to them and easy to understand. The purpose of this research to see the effectiveness of using scrapbook media on student learning outcomes in class X protista material at SMA Negeri 6 Pontianak. The form of the research is Quasi Experimental Design with the research design of Non equivalent Control Group Design. The sample of this research is class X MIA 2 (control class) and X MIA 3 (experimental class). Intact Group sampling technique. The instrument used is a multiple choice test with 20 questions. The average score of the experimental class students' learning outcomes was 15.40 while the control class's average score was 14.39. Based on the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, Z count . is obtained &lt; Z table with a value of -2.74 &lt; -1.96 so that it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, where there are differences in the learning outcomes of students who are taught using scrapbook media and students who are taught using image media. Based on the results of the Effect Size learning using scrapbook media, it got a value of 0.73 with the medium category meaning that the effectiveness of learning using scrapbook media on protista material was classified as moderate in improving the learning outcomes of class X students of SMA Negeri 6 Pontianak by 26.73%

Margery Kempe’s Spiritual Medicine: Suffering, Transformation and the Life-Course

Margery Kempe’s Spiritual Medicine: Suffering, Transformation and the Life-Course

“Piers Plowman” and the Reinvention of Church Law in the Late Middle Ages

“Piers Plowman” and the Reinvention of Church Law in the Late Middle Ages

“Piers Plowman” and the Reinvention of Church Law in the Late Middle Ages

“Piers Plowman” and the Reinvention of Church Law in the Late Middle Ages

Margery Kempe’s Spiritual Medicine: Suffering, Transformation and the Life-Course

Margery Kempe’s Spiritual Medicine: Suffering, Transformation and the Life-Course

Surrogacy in India: ethics versus incentive

The word surrogacy has its origin among the Latin term “surrogatus” which suggests a lady acts as a substitute for a pregnant woman. Surrogacy has been in practice form last thirty years. The surrogacy regulated by business can be classified as then, altruistic surrogacy and commercial surrogacy. The paper aim to conduct systematic review on surrogacy. The literature review was conducted using PubMed and alternative search engines. Further, additional information concerning the constitutional articles was collected from search engines like legal service of India, prsinndia.org, icmr.nic.in, Press Information Bureau, Wikipedia, IJCM and Indiankanoon. In India, surrogacy is legally recognised since 2002. This paper looks into various aspects of surrogacy. Factors faced by the surrogate mother such as exploitation, psychological conditions, human rights, dignity and respect, feminism and religious issues are explored. The paper discuss the economic benefit is mostly enjoyed by the medical practitioners. The Indian government tried to curb the problems by updating the law to overcome the challenges but with time government introduce the surrogacy bill in 2016 which addressed many issues and still in 2020 it address various aspects of surrogacy to prevent the exploitation.

Linguistic Features Of Latin And Greek Synonymous Morphemes In The Lexical System Of The French Language (Based On Medical Texts)

This article discusses the use of medical terminology, which includes Latin and Greek terms and morphemes. Because Latin and Greek terms are becoming a major part of medical terminology. The article also states that the main function of medical terms is to express a scientific concept in one sense. Latin-Greek morphemes play an important role in the formation of medical lexicon. In addition to the most common methods of term formation, there are also some methods, the results of which are abbreviations, homonyms, synonyms, eponyms, and so on. To understand the meaning of these medical terms, we are required to become familiar with their morphology.

BORROWING AS ONE OF THE SOURCES OF REPLENISHMENT OF THE GERMAN VETERINARY TERMINOLOGY

The article considers borrowing as one of the ways of term formation in the German veterinary term system. Borrowed words of Greek-Latin origin enter into synonymous relations with the proper German terms, acting as absolute synonyms. The analysis of the actual material allows us to conclude that the replenishment of veterinary terminology in the German language occurs through the introduction of Latin and Greek terms or term elements into the German veterinary term system, the formation of proper German, as well as hybrid terms.

Латинізми як джерело збагачення мовної картини творчості Лесі Українки

The article analyses Latinisms which constitute a significant part of Lesia Ukrainka’s works and enrich her vocabulary. Author substantiates that Latin remains the key source of lexical borrowings which belong to the terms of the general European culture for both Ukrainian and most European languages. Words of Latin origin represented in semantic blocks, corresponding to a particular space in conceptual and linguistic world pictures were collected and grouped from Lesia Ukrainka’s works. Author determined the peculiarities of Latin words in the language of Lesia Ukrainka’s works and analyzed the most frequently used terms formed by means of Latin word-building elements and investigated their semantics and formal structure. Latinisms are a large part of Lesia Ukrainka’s vocabulary and enrich her word arsenal. Lesia Ukrainka by means of her genius sense collected such foreign words which were only of urgent need. Using Latinisms is caused by the sense of proportion, deep understanding of necessity to use particular Latin words, terms and eloquent expressions which were distinctive features of Lesia Ukrainka’s writing style. Determinologization of Latinisms demonstrated by epistolary texts shows the peculiarities of their usage in Ukrainian literature of those times. Semantically these Latinisms are used for nomination of terms from social-political, educational-scientific, financial-economic, literary and law spheres of life, belonging to the bookish lexicon.

COLOUR TERMS AND THE CREATION OF STATIUS’ EKPHRASTIC STYLE

AbstractThis paper focusses on colour terminology as a tool for achieving ἐνάργεια (pictorial vividness) in the Latin poetry of the first century c.e. After briefly outlining the developments in the concept of ἐνάργεια from Aristotle to Quintilian, the paper considers the use of Latin terms for black in three descriptive passages from Statius’ epic poem, the Thebaid. It is observed that the poet privileges the juxtaposition of the two adjectives ater and niger in a pattern of uariatio, where ater often carries a figurative meaning and repeats established poetic clichés, while niger is part of unparalleled collocations that evoke a material notion of blackness. Further analysis of the uariatio in the context of each passage reveals that the juxtaposition of the two-colour terms enhances the vividness of the objects described not only by increasing their chromatic impact but also by establishing connections with other parts of the poem, and by inviting a reflection on the competing practices of imitation and transgression of poetic models. The analysis of one stylistic feature (the use of colour terms in uariatio) shows that this stylistic feature is used by Statius for achieving ἐνάργεια as an artistic effect, for reflecting on ἐνάργεια as an instrument through which poetic models are challenged, and for tying his own poetic practice to contemporary rhetorical discussions.

Greetings from Prison and Greetings from Caesar’s House (Philippians 4.22): A Reconsideration of an Enigmatic Greek Expression in the Light of the Context and Setting of Philippians

The Greek expression οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας in Phil. 4.22 is unique. Late antique interpreters identified the group with the imperial court or immediate imperial family. In the nineteenth century, however, Ferdinand Christian Baur was skeptical that the historical Paul preached to Nero’s family and therefore counted Philippians among the post-Pauline pseudepigraphical letters. Against this radical historical-critical approach, Joseph Barber Lightfoot and Adolf Deissmann developed their influential hypothesis: οἰκία Καίσαρος ‘represents’ the Latin familia Caesaris – that is, the whole of the imperial household, including all slaves. However, because there is no technical Latin term familia Caesaris in antiquity, οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας cannot mean imperial slaves and freedpersons. Instead, I argue that the expression is a spontaneously coined code, a creative metaphor reflecting the conditions of a prisoner in an imperial prison in Ephesus. The saints from the house of Caesar are most likely Paul’s believing co-prisoners.

Rules of nomenclature versus principles of revision: An impudent debate.

The rules of the anatomical nomenclature are sometimes in conflict with the principles of revision of the nomenclature. This is possibly most obvious is the debate about the use of the Latin words pudendus ("shameful") and sacer ("holy") in the anatomical nomenclature. The principles of revision stress preservation of traditional terms even if there are etymological concerns. On the other hand, the nomenclature rules state that anatomical names should, preferably, have informative or descriptive value and that the official Latin terms are the basis for translations of the international standard terminology into modern, vernacular languages. This issue of Clinical Anatomy contains responses to the removal of the noun pudendum and the replacement of the adjective pudendus with pudendalis in the second edition of Terminologia Anatomica.

ТЕРМІНИ КОМЕРЦІЙНОГО ПРАВА У ЛАТИНСЬКОМОВНІЙ ДОКУМЕНТАЦІЇ XVI-XVII СТОЛІТЬ

The article deals with peculiarities of the formation and functioning of Latin commercial (trade) terminology in the 16-17th centuries Ukrainian origin documentation. Commercial law terms in Latin (or mostly Latin) legal documents created in the territories that are part of modern Ukraine were identified and analyzed. The semantic groups of the studied terms are defined. The largest are: the terms to name the process of buying and selling, traders and executors (comercia, resignatio, negotiatio, mercatio, venditio, revenditio, emptor, propinatio, ordinatio, hospis, hospitium etc.), terms for indicating trading places and commercial sructures (forum, nundinaе, diversorium, caupona, officina, maccella, pannicidium, pannicidius, fenestra etc.), specific terms used for containers and units of measurement indicating (szkarlat, pannus, granat, faylundisz, petiа, ligamentum, vas, dolium, congius, cuppа, sztuka, sigillum, signum, signetum etc). Moreover, it was found that terminological functions also have verbs with a special meaning: simple (vendere, propinare) and compound nominal (merces mutare). Many of these verbs have acquired terminological significance due to the frequency and systematic use in the documentation of commercial segment (commutare, disvendere, subministrare, subvehere).

Classification of the Sciences in Greco-Roman Antiquity

A review is undertaken of the contributions of 38 classical authors, from Pythagoras in the 6th century BCE to Isidore in the 6th century CE, to the classification of the sciences. Such classifications include some that are more theoretical in function, some that are more practical (e.g., encyclopedic, bibliographic, or curricular). The emergence of the quadrivium and trivium is charted; the Greek concept of “enkýklios paideía” and the Latin term “artēs liberales” are defined; and the ways in which the form, content, and function of science classifications change during this period are assessed.