Chinese Terms Research Articles

Current Situation and Countermeasures of English Translation of International Communication of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Post-epidemic Era

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, traditional Chinese medicine has achieved great success in the global anti-epidemic cause and the construction of human health community, and has gradually become a business card for Chinese traditional Chinese medicine culture to step onto the world stage. In the post-epidemic era, the international communication and exchange of traditional Chinese medicine will become more and more frequent, and English translation of traditional Chinese medicine as the key to its external communication. Accurate English translation of traditional Chinese medicine can not only express the connotation of basic Chinese medicine terms and convey the medical concept of traditional Chinese medicine, but also promote the concept of health preservation of traditional Chinese medicine and carry forward the characteristic therapy of traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a remarkable curative effect in every stage of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. In order to let the world see the anti-epidemic effect of TCM, China has formulated a TCM diagnosis and treatment plan for COVID-19 epidemic, and shared the successful experience of TCM anti-epidemic with the world. In order to further analyze the current situation and problems of Chinese medicine translation in international communication in the post-epidemic era, this paper will analyze and study the English version of novel coronavirus Chinese Medicine Treatment Plan (7th Edition for Trial Implementation) (hereinafter referred to as the 7th Edition Plan) from the perspective of language dimension, cultural dimension and communication dimension in the theory of eco-translatology, and propose corresponding solutions to the problems to help the international communication of Chinese medicine.

The tenacity of culture as represented by the Chinese color term Qing

Abstract qing (青) is a very special and controversial color term in Chinese language and culture for the fact that it can refer to green, blue, or black depending on how it is used in collocation or context; it can be used as both a basic color term and mixed color term; in context it can be understood to refer to a certain color, but sometimes nobody can tell for sure what specific color it refers to; it can refer to color, but in more situations the understanding of it just goes beyond the perception of color, bringing about a vague but delightful feeling about the world in general. Basic as well as associative meanings of this term existed at the early stage of its creation, and these meanings can still be perceived in various situations in modern Chinese, used in much more extensive way. To a large extent, it has become a rather peculiar sign of Chinese culture, held so firmly, dearly and lastingly by the Chinese people. The case of qing serves as a typical example that reflects how the Chinese perceive the world.

Research on the Chinese Named-Entity–Relation-Extraction Method for Crop Diseases Based on BERT

In order to integrate fragmented text data of crop disease knowledge to solve the current problems of disordered knowledge management, weak correlation and difficulty in knowledge sharing, a Chinese named-entity–relation-extraction model for crop diseases (BBCPF) was proposed in this paper by utilizing the advantage of knowledge graph in describing complex relations between disease entities in a structured form. This model was composed of two parts, i.e., named-entity recognition and relation extraction, in the form of an assembly line. To deal with the different meanings of Chinese crop disease terms in different contexts and to better obtain the contextual information, the BERT model was introduced for dynamic vector representations. Then, the BiLSTM layer was used to learn long-distance text information, and the CRF was applied to obtain the globally optimal labeling sequence, so as to output the crop disease entities. According to the entity category, the entities were divided as subjects and objects, which were then input into the disordered language model PERT to extract the contextual features of the relation data. At last, the fully connected layer was used to decode the information and output the crop disease entity-relation triples. The experiment results show that, on the self-built disease corpus dataset, the Precision, Recall, and F1-Score values of the established model reached 85.63%, 79.46% and 82.43%, respectively, for entity extraction, and reached 97.96%, 98.43% and 98.16%, respectively, for relation extraction. This paper provides an effective method for information extraction in the construction of Chinese crop disease domain knowledge graphs.

Attack by a Turkey: Learning to Write History from Bernard Bailyn

Attack by a Turkey: Learning to Write History from Bernard Bailyn

Translating TCM nomenclature into English: A bilingual reference tool needed for clinical practice

Translating traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terminology into other languages, although notoriously difficult, is vital for medical practices outside China. Given the diverse and notably inconsistent translations of TCM terms in bilingual glossaries, dictionaries and the general TCM literature, there is a real and urgent need to study the merits and drawbacks of the representative translations in order to better support clinical practice. Ten commonly used bilingual terminology references were selected to investigate the translations of ten key terms on 经络 jingluo . As a case study, the sample of translations was analyzed in terms of the use of translation strategies and the strengths and weaknesses of the different translations. Four major translation strategies were identified, the most common being literal translation and semantic translation, followed by a combination of transliteration and either literal or semantic translation, and, lastly, transliteration. Each of the ten reference works uses three or more translation strategies. It is worth noting that several conventionally established translations of the key terms, including 经脉 jingmai , only partially convey the meaning of the Chinese term and could therefore result in misunderstandings. This study demonstrates the usefulness of studying the most representative bilingual glossaries to understand the merits and constraints of diverse translation strategies. We argue for the need to construct a comprehensive bilingual reference work containing the major representative translations of TCM terms to be used in different contexts, which will be instrumental for the clinical practice and spread of TCM.

L’intraduisibilité dans la traduction terminologique – un point de vue culturel

The Untranslatability in Terminological Translation – A Cultural Perspective
 The article tackles the untranslatability of perfumery French terms into Chinese and discusses the cultural explanatory factors that influence it. The first part is devoted to the theoretical presentation, which first defines culture as all that is created and known materially and spiritually, that it is the identity of a social group which differs from others. Translation is defined as a reformulation of the message in the target culture, and the essence of translating a term consists in determining its equivalent in the target language. The relation between the source term in the source language and the target term in the target language is theoretically an equivalence. However, terms are designations of concepts, and the creation of terms is a process of linguistic materialization of concepts. Since this process of linguistic materialization is cognitive and is strongly influenced by cultural practice and context, it is possible that the equivalence relation between the source term and the target term is not always absolute. It is possible that the so-called "equivalence" is just a partial equivalence or a functional equivalence. To justify the theoretical deduction, a terminology database in perfumery has been created, in which a certain number of French-Chinese terms in perfumery are collected. These terms constitute the object of analysis. The second part therefore specifies the inventory of French-Chinese terminological work in the field of perfumery, the parallel corpus in which the identification of bilingual terms is carried out, the principles to follow when identifying bilingual terms, the method used to construct the terminological database and to demonstrate the terms, and the method used to analyse the terms in the database. Then the third part is devoted to an observation of non-equivalences between French and Chinese terms. The non-equivalences are at the categorical and conceptual level. This means that the concepts designated by the French terms and the concepts designated by the Chinese terms are not mutually concordant. The non- equivalences are also found at the semantic level, which means that the French terms and their corresponding Chinese terms are semantically divergent. Examples cited from the terminological database testify first to the existence of categorial and conceptual non-equivalence, then to the absence of total semantic equivalence in the translation of terms. These non-equivalences are the direct causes of failures in the translation of terms, in other words, the direct cause of terminological untranslatability. A final discussion asserts that the indirect causes of the terminological untranslatability are found in cultural divergences. More precisely, the untranslatability is related to the practice of the field of perfumery and to the situation of terminological standardization in both countries. The different development in practice and in terminological work in perfumery between France and China leads to an unbalanced terminological development between the two languages, which manifests itself in the untranslatability of terms. The non-equivalences are also explained by the lack of terminological standardization in perfumery and the complexity in the perfumery market. Countless perfumed products, constant innovation of perfume notes, advertising strategies to increase turnover, etc., all this complexity is reflected in the linguistic description of products, including in terms. Finally, the conclusion opens a research perspective on terminological standardization in perfumery as well as on the translation approaches of translators faced with the untranslatability of terms.

THE VALUES OF HUMANISM IN CONFUCIANISM

Confucianism is the name of one of the schools of Chinese philosophy. The founder of Confucianism was named Confucius. In an age when division, turmoil and constant wars are rampant, Confucius wants to restore the order of heaven (Tianming) so as to unify China and bring peace and prosperity to the people. The humanistic teachings of Confucianism developed into one of the most important things in Chinese civilization. Confucius' most profound teachings lay in his emphasis on self- development or self-civilization, moral example and the ability to make well-trained decisions rather than knowledge of natural laws. His ethics then, is more of a benevolent ethic. The concepts of humanism introduced in Confucianism are: Zhengming (justification, upholding one's name), Yi (virtue), Ren (human kindness), Xiao (respect), Li (ritual), Tianming (sky order). In Chinese terms, Confucianism refers to two meanings: Ju Chiao which refers to religious teachings and Ju Chia which refers to philosophical schools. As Ju Chiao in the religious field the term T'ien or Tian is the main spiritual factor. In the Confucian teachings about Tianming or the orders of the sky, the content is that T'ien gives the power of a country to people he chooses, namely those who are deemed capable of leading a country. Keywords: Humanism, Confucianism, Confucius

Design of an Automatic Evaluation System for English Translation Based on Artificial Intelligence Fusion Control Algorithm

In the process of globalization, language plays an increasingly important role in international communication. As a global language, English involves many fields, so the translation of English is very important. Not all translations can be used, and the quality of the translation must be accurate. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of the translation of the translation system. Only when it reaches a certain level can it meet the application standard. The automatic evaluation system is a specific application of intelligent information processing technology. The system can automatically complete the compilation and feed back the system space-time resource information consumed by the user to the user in time, so that the user can check the pros and cons of the algorithm. The purpose of this article is to study the design and research of the English translation automatic evaluation system based on the artificial intelligence fusion control algorithm, and it was expected to combine the artificial intelligence fusion algorithm with the automatic evaluation of the English translation system. In this way, the traditional evaluation efficiency of translation could be further improved and the consumption of human resources can be reduced. Data fusion refers to an information processing technology that uses a computer to automatically analyze and synthesize several observational information obtained in time series under certain criteria to complete the required decision-making and evaluation tasks. This article proposed an automatic terminology translation method based on central word constraints aimed at the different linguistic characteristics of English and Chinese terms; the materials were sequenced before translation. The macroevaluation index was also introduced into the machine translation fusion method to achieve a balance between the robustness and effectiveness of the translation fusion technology. The experimental results of this article showed that under the traditional evaluation system, the response time of the system was 5.5 s and 6.3 s when the number of translations to be judged was 9 sentences and 11 sentences, respectively, whereas under the fusion control method, it was 4.1 s and 4.6 s, respectively. Therefore, the system evaluation efficiency under the fusion control algorithm was higher.

Negotiating male homosociality: Chronotopic identities of ji-you in China

In this paper, I investigate a popular Chinese term, ji-you, which can be used to refer to gay and/or straight young male friends. Discourse analysis is employed to analyze online data of people using the term ji-you. Drawing on the concept of the chronotope, I explore how ji-you can be conceptualized in terms of chronotopically organized social identities and how its cultural meanings are caught up within the contrasted chronotopes of homosocial relations among straight men, gay men, and mixed gay–straight men. The analysis demonstrates the complex and nuanced meaning-making and identity work that people perform in the construction and positioning of differing social identities of ji-you. The findings shed light on the negotiation of the ideological underpinnings of homosociality, masculinity, and heteronormativity in contemporary China.

Human motion intention recognition method with visual, audio, and surface electromyography modalities for a mechanical hand in different environments

Mechanical hand is widely used in industrial and rehabilitation fields. Good interaction will enable it to execute human ideas quickly and complete related tasks with humans well. Different environments will affect its performance. Therefore, the modality diversity and environmental adaptability of human–machine interaction are important.In this study, a visual modality was developed based on Mediapipe framework and Tensorflow lite. An audio modality was developed based on Chinese finger-guessing game terms and non-specific voice recognition technology. A surface electromyography (sEMG) modality was developed based on machine learning, and a touch interface was developed based on serial touch screen. Furthermore, the user can choose different modalities according to the environment through the touch screen.The experimental results show that the average accuracies of visual modality, audio modality, and sEMG modality are 98.2463%±1.5057%, 97.3132%±0.692%, and 96.3454%±2.0108%, respectively. On a computer equipped with Intel (R) Core (TM) i5-1137G7 CPU, the execution time of visual modality, audio modality, and sEMG modality for a single action in Python 3.6 are 0.03 s, 0.81 s, and 0.19 s, respectively.Compared with several existing methods, the proposed method has rich modalities, better accuracy, well real-time performance of motion recognition, and real-time modality switching function.

Information asymmetry, east–west cultural differences, and divergence in investor reactions

AbstractThis paper investigates the divergence in investor behaviour between the United States and China following the abolition of the Chinese presidential term limit in 2018, which may, in part, have reflected the heterogeneous opinions expressed in public online media regarding this event. Compared with Chinese investors, the sentiment among US investors was considerably more pessimistic. Accordingly, we find that Chinese companies listed in the United States significantly underperformed relative to a sample of propensity score‐matched firms listed in China. Additionally, we find that the political connectedness of firms to the Chinese government strongly influenced the stock prices of US‐listed Chinese firms.

The TAO CI ontology of vases of the Ming and Qing dynasties

The advent of the Semantic Web and Linked Data initiative has contributed to new perspectives and opportunities regarding cultural heritage conservation. Museums have extensive collections of Chinese ceramic vases in China. Although some data sources have been digitized, the vision of cultural heritage institutions is not only to display objects and simple descriptions (drawn from metadata), but also to allow for understanding relationships between objects (created by semantically interrelated metadata). The key to achieving this goal is to utilize the technologies of the Semantic Web, whose core is Ontology. The focus of this paper is to describe the construction of the TAO CI (“ceramics” in Chinese) ontology and terminology of the domain of ceramic vases of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties. The theoretical framework relies on the notion of essential characteristics. This notion is compliant with the ISO principles on Terminology (ISO 1087 and 704), according to which a concept is defined as a combination of essential characteristics, and with the Aristotelian definition in terms of genus and differentia. This approach is intuitive for domain experts and requires identifying essential characteristics, combining them into concepts, and translating the result into a Semantic Web language. This article proposes an approach based on a morphological analysis of the Chinese terms for vases to identify essential characteristics and a term-guided method for defining concepts. Such a term-and-characteristic guided approach makes ontology engineering less dependent on formal languages and does not require a background in Description Logics. The research presented in this article aims to publish the resulting structured data on the Semantic Web for the use of anybody interested, including museums hosting collections of these vessels, and enrich existing domain ontology building methodologies. To our knowledge, there are no comprehensive ontologies for Chinese ceramic vases. TAO CI ontology remedies this gap and provides a reference for ontology building in other domains of Chinese cultural heritage. The TAO CI ontology is openly accessible here: http://www.dh.ketrc.com/otcontainer/data/otc.owl.

The metonymic mechanism of English translation of Chinese intangible cultural heritage terms from the perspective of cognitive psychology.

The translation of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) terms is an important practical aspect of cross-lingual expressions related to ICH knowledge. Chinese ICH terms are heavily loaded with specific historical and cultural knowledge and regional characteristics. Based on cognitive psychology, this paper analyzes the metonymic mechanism of traditional translation techniques such as substitution in the English translation of Chinese ICH terms. The English translation of Chinese ICH nominal terms can be realized based on the metonymic mechanism of replacing either a superordinate with a subordinate of the linguistic structure or a subordinate of the linguistic structure with a subordinate of the linguistic structure in the pair language, English-Chinese. The English translation of Chinese ICH verbal terms can regard the whole verbal action as an event process and can highlight one aspect of the process through a metonymic mechanism as well. This paper holds that metonymy is an important psychological motivation and cognitive mechanism for translation skills such as substitution as it brings the relationship between the corresponding items of the target language and the source language into a unified interpretation framework. Hence, this may add some significance to the research of translation theory and translation practice. This also contributes to the UN Sustainable Development Goal number 17 which seeks global parternship for sustainable development.

Percentile curves of normal echocardiographic measurements values for left heart structures in 1570 Han Chinese preterm and term infants.

This study was designed to evaluate echocardiographic measurements in Han Chinese preterm and term infants and to build percentile curves of normal echocardiographic measurements values related to the weight. From December 2014 to December 2021, a total of 797 male infants and 773 female infants born in * were included in the study. The echocardiographic measurements of each subject were as follows: left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole (LVIDs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVPWs), interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole (IVSd), interventricular septal thickness at end-systole (IVSs), ascending aorta diameter (AO), left atrium (LA) dimension, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) and left ventricular mass (LVM). The correlations between echocardiography measurements and birth weight (BW), length (L), gestational age (GA), and body surface area (BSA) were analyzed. There was a good correlation between the echocardiographic measurements and birth weight and percentile curves of the echocardiographic measurements were established according to different birth weight. The echocardiographic measurements were not affected by gender. However, LVEF and LVFS did not change with BW or gender. The percentile curves of normal values make it possible to classify echocardiographic measurements for left heart structures and function as normal or abnormal and is helpful for the diagnosis of neonatal heart disease in preterm and term infants.

Prevalence and incidence of pseudomyxoma peritonei in urban China: A nationwide retrospective cohort study

BackgroundPseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is an extremely rare condition. Information regarding the disease burden of PMP in developing countries is limited. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of PMP in China. MethodsPMP data were extracted from the national databases of Urban Basic Medical Insurance. All cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes and Chinese diagnostic terms. The national prevalence from 2012 to 2016 and incidence in 2016 were estimated. ResultsIn total, 153 patients with PMP were identified. The crude prevalence of PMP in 2016 was 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71 to 3.23) per million person-year, with a higher prevalence in females than males. Prevalence increased with age, with the first peak in those aged 15–29 years and the highest in those aged >80 years. The crude incidence of PMP in 2016 was 1.19 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.78) per million person-years. Similar to the prevalence, the rates were higher in women than in men. The incidence also increased with age, with the highest prevalence in those aged >80 years. Besides, the most frequent comorbidities before and after the first diagnosis of PMP were unspecified secondary malignancies and malignancies of unspecified sites, followed by abdominal malignant tumours. ConclusionsThe rate of PMP was lower in mainland China than in European countries and increased with advancing age. Women were more likely to have PMP than men. Furthermore, an insufficient understanding of this rare disease presents a major challenge in accurately evaluating the disease burden.

An Analysis on the Metaphor of English and Chinese Kinship Terms——a Comparative Study Based on Corpus

Kinship terms has both similarities and differences in English and Chinese cultures, which is also same with the 
 metaphorical use of kinship terms. This paper applies the Conceptual Metaphor Theory to analyze the metaphorical use of kinship 
 terms in English and Chinese. The reasons cause these similarities and differences will also be explored This paper aims to help the 
 English and Chinese learners better use the kinship terms in communication in order to reduce the misunderstanding.

Ecosystem Health and Environmental Geography in the Belt and Road Regions.

The “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI), i.e., the official Chinese term for the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”, was proposed to share China’s development opportunities with BRI-related countries and achieve common prosperity. Though the BRI itself conveys rich social and economic connotations, ecosystem health and the environmental problems in the Belt and Road regions are scientific issues. In this study, papers relating to the ecological issues of the BRI between January 2013 and December 2021 were collected and analyzed via CiteSpace. We found that some ecological issues were involved with the environmental challenges posed by the BRI, whereas others were, to a certain extent, subjective assumptions. Accordingly, we identified and classified the limitations and constraints of those environmental views about the BRI. By emphasizing that scientific data is key to explaining the ecological problems, we advanced four prospects for ecosystem health and environmental geography studies in the Belt and Road regions: (1) Spatial analysis and monitoring technology for the environment; (2) Clarification of the characteristics and mechanisms of the ecosystem and environments; (3) A focus on the interaction between the economy and the environment; (4) Specific and targeted strategies and solutions to different environmental problems.

Becoming Local

ABSTRACT Datuk Kong (拿督公) are shen (神) – a Chinese term that can be glossed in English as ‘deity’ or ‘spirit’ depending on context. They have long been known to be venerated by Chinese in West Malaysia but have not been investigated until now in Sarawak, where they are of increasing importance, or in Kalimantan, where they appear to have been worshipped for much longer. In both West Malaysia and in Borneo Datuk Kong are closely associated with (a) the ethnic groups that were already living in the area before the Chinese arrived and (b) with the local landscape. In this article we explore the ways in which Datuk Kong beliefs have developed in Borneo and how, through the ‘respect’ (拜) paid to these shen, the Chinese have integrated the beliefs that they brought originally from China into a belief system that remains distinctively Chinese but overlaps with the beliefs of ethnic groups with which they co-exist; and embedded this belief system in the local landscape and the spirits inhabiting that landscape.

Zongjiao as a Chinese Conceptual Term for Religion? Genealogical Notes On its Development Since The Late Qing Period

This article addresses the question of zongjiao as a modern translation for the Western term “religion.” Neither criticizing nor defending its application, it instead takes for granted the Western concept’s adoption and argues that the general acceptance of the newly coined binome and its semantics can be best understood through a genealogical approach that includes global, especially Western, as much as local Chinese roots and discourses. The article builds on recent scholarship and adds new insights from a discursive perspective with a special focus on the important transformational period of the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, it argues for the continuing hybrid character of the historically shaped semantics of zongjiao and its lasting semantic ambiguities, which allow one to understand zongjiao as a signifier that interconnects uses in local, traditional, as well as modern academic and international discourses.

On the Generalization Mechanism of Chinese Kinship Term “jiejie”

There is a large kinship appellation system in Chinese, which reflects the social culture, traditional customs and national psychology of China. Based on the Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change of historical pragmatics, this paper attempts to explore the generalization mechanism of Chinese kinship term “jiejie” (a Chinese appellation for elder sister). The study shows that the generalization of appellation “jiejie” is inseparable from pragmatic inferring and entrenchment of inferred meaning. If they realize that the original sense of “jiejie” does not work, the listeners may take into consideration the situational context and speaker’ intentionality for secondary inferring. The generalization of appellation “jiejie” results from its semantic change, i.e., “jiejie” evolves into a social appellation to address non-relative members.