Terminology Database Research Articles

Tendencies in the development of terminology: green economy and sustainable financing (based on English and Russian)

In Russia, the development of the green finance system with regard to a set of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors is still noticeably lagging behind, which explains the need for outreach activities that include a vocabulary (terminological) component. The aim of this research is to study linguistic trends and features of the usage of environmental vocabulary (terminology) in the increasingly important area of sustainable development and the green financing in the period from 2021 to 2023. The relevance of this research is due to rapid climate change that puts humanity on the brink of survival. Therefore, it is necessary to unite international efforts for the early introduction of scientific and technical achievements. This implies the emergence of new concepts and terms. The paper presents new concepts that emerged in 2021-2023 and materials that have not been previously subjected to linguistic analysis. The idea is to identify the presence of terms selected from English and Russian research materials in the UN terminology database UNTERM and to determine the frequency of their use in English and Russian user corpora via Sketch Engine. Research results demonstrate that in the abovementioned period, the emergence of terminology related to crisis phenomena, such as global warming, loss of biodiversity and land degradation, can be effectively traced. Achieving the sustainable development goals is associated with early and urgent measures to reduce emissions, preserve nature and introduce sustainable patterns of production and consumption with the help of economic and financial levers. A perspective tool for further research in this field could be the application of open neural networks that enable processing of large text arrays.

Concept systems and frames: Detecting and managing terminological gaps between languages

This paper examines the concept of “terminological gaps” and strives to identify suitable methods for dealing with them during translation. The analysis begins with an investigation of the contended notion of gaps in terminology based on empirical examples drawn from a German-Italian terminological database specifically designed for translation purposes. Two macro categories of gaps are identified, conceptual and linguistic level gaps, which only partially correspond to previous observations in the literature. The paper uses examples to explore the advantages of ontological representations for detecting conceptual terminological gaps and identifying appropriate translation strategies. However, limitations are also observed and an attempt is made to resolve these using a frame-based approach. A frame-based analysis reveals that while certain designations may appear to refer to convergent conceptual units with matching distinctive features, differences also emerge due to the way the two language systems build designations. Examples from the corpus make it evident that a frame-based approach is helpful for identifying both kinds of terminological gaps, and then resolving them during translation. An important presupposition for this approach is that larger units of analysis need to be addressed rather than just terms themselves. There is confirmation of the existing idea that methods embracing entire segments or paragraphs as units of investigation are preferable during translation, and this is also seen to apply in terminological studies.

ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ЛИНГВИСТИКА В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН: ОСНОВНЫЕ ВЕХИ

The article analyzes the development of applied linguistics within the framework of Bashkir linguistics, as well as the formation of this field. Most researchers working in the field of applied linguistics consider it to be a multidisciplinary field that encompasses all existing research. However, there is still no clear definition of what constitutes this term. In the article, applied linguistics is defined as referring to areas that involve the use of mathematical methods, computer-aided text processing, and the creation and analysis of linguistic databases. These areas have been active fields of research at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for over 30 years. The first steps towards this goal in the Bashkir linguistics were taken by the group “Automation of Lexicography”, which was founded in 1991. During its 11-year existence, the team developed frequency dictionaries for the language in the works of classical Bashkir literature by D. Yulty, as well as frequency dictionaries on different styles of Bashkir, primary school textbooks, and other materials. Due to the widespread adoption of computer technologies, which required the creation of standards for software, localization, support for operating systems, and promotion of the Bashkir language online, a laboratory for linguistics and information technology has been established on the basis of this group. The laboratory successfully completed these tasks: they presented standards for keyboard layouts and code tables; they participated in the localization of Lexicon, FineReader, Mozilla, Disco Commander and Chameleon programs; and they created national fonts and implemented language support for Windows and Linux operating systems. These works were the foundation for the full functionality of the language in the digital world. On their basis, the laboratory developed a terminological database operating on the internet, an information system for the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language, and corpus projects on prose, journalist and folklore texts in the Bashkir language. Based on these latter projects, certain issues regarding the syntactic structures of proverbs and sayings in the national language have been investigated. In order to continue dialectological research and to create a database of dialects of the national language, the laboratory was transformed into the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology in 2022. Today, the department continues to work on corpus projects of the Bashkir language and collects expedition materials for a geographic information database on regional dialects. Based on these materials, a great deal of scientific work is carried out to clarify problems of the function of oral Bashkir speech within the media, as well as to determine phonetic and lexico-grammatical characteristics of the Northwest dialect.

A Study on the Translation of English Network Terms in the Age of Social Media

Abstract In the era of social media, the Internet has given rise to network language, and English network terms have gradually become popular, which are not only easy to understand but also rich in interest and highly favored by the majority of Internet users. In this paper, after systematically integrating the translation features and translation strategies of English network terms in the social media era, we build a social network terminology database based on NILE automatic recognition technology and propose a machine translation method based on the features of English network terms and migration learning. The translation results show that the model of this paper has the highest average BLEU value of 16.02% for the translation of the target network terminology, and the model of this paper has the least frequency of BLEU value of 0% for each translation, which is 2 times, and it has the best ability of “bottoming out”. In addition, the model can skillfully transform verbs and pronouns and is good at translating special words such as superlatives so as to make the translations closer to the expression habits of the target language and meet the social needs of the English Internet language.

Network Nature of Translation Constellations: Translation Department at a Regional Commercial Enterprise

This article presents an exploratory study conducted using functional and sociocognitive approaches in light of the “material turn” in Translation Studies. It provides a review of works that apply actor-network theory (ANT) and the concept of distributed cognition to the study of translation activities. It also explores the possibility of adopting in translation research the data collection, processing and visualization techniques developed to describe activities in hybrid environments combining face-to-face and mediated interaction. The authors discuss a way of including the artifacts in the translation situation model, following the positions of ANT, visual net-work analysis, and M. Zwilling’s concept of a translational constellation. The objective of the paper is to evaluate a complex method-ology aimed at describing translators’ work-place conditions and their network interactions in a realistic way. The study is based on a semi-structured interview (120 min) with a representative of the translation department at a commercial enterprise in Chelyabinsk, Russia. It shows how specific tasks are performed in a distributed cognitive network, what role is played by such artifacts as a server solution, a terminology database, and email; and how the translation commissioners’ intention can be distributed in a network of interconnected entities.

Construction of a linguistically interactive thesaurus for English second language acquisition based on an eigenvalue-fitting superiority algorithm

Abstract This paper completes the overall design of a linguistic interactive terminology database based on the characteristics of second language acquisition and terminology and completes the construction of the terminology database by combining a goodness-of-fit detection algorithm based on terminology eigenvalue extraction. The efficiency of terminology information recognition is analyzed and compared with the terminology conversion rate of the eigenvalue goodness-offit algorithm using a neural network learning model of long and short-term memory to optimize the performance of the terminology database. The metric approach's classifier performance evaluation metrics are used to compare the accuracy and recall of the two algorithms accurately. The results show that the accuracy of the fitted superiority classifier with the application of word eigenvalue embedding compared to the LSTM classifier for the classification of electric power terms is improved by about 11% in all categories, and the average accuracy of the classifier exceeds 76.5%.

One- versus two-stage conversions of adjustable gastric bands: an analysis of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program database.

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric bands (AGB) are converted at high rates to secondary bariatric procedures. The available literature on the safety of converting in 1- versus 2-stage processes has not included large databases. To evaluate the safety of a 1- versus 2-stage conversion of AGB. Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP), United States. The MBSAQIP database for the years 2020 and 2021 was evaluated. One-stage AGB conversions were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes and database variables. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine whether 1- or 2-stage conversions were associated with 30-day serious complications. There were 12,085 patients who underwent conversion from previous AGB to sleeve gastrectomy (SG) (63.0%) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (37.0%), of whom 41.0% underwent conversion in 1 stage and 59.0% in 2 stages. Patients who underwent 2-stage conversions had higher body mass indexes. Rates of serious complications were higher for patients undergoing RYGB compared with SG (5.2% versus 3.3%, P < .001) but were similar between 1-stage and 2-stage conversions in both cohorts. In both cohorts, there were similar rates of anastomotic leaks, postoperative bleeding, reoperation, and readmissions. Mortality was rare and similar between conversion groups. There was no difference in outcomes or complications in 30 days between 1- and 2-stage conversions of AGB to RYGB or SG. Conversions to RYGB have higher complication and mortality rates than to SG, but there was no statistically significant difference between staged procedures. One- and 2-stage conversions from AGB are equivalent in safety.

Institutional Glossaries: Threshold between Normative and Descriptive Approaches

The development of a glossary has to account for possible different uses and users, and when it comes to an institutional terminological database, it has to ideally follow some standards in order to comprise applied description of terms and ensure normalization in a given field. Based on current discussions on institutional and specialized translation (F. Prieto-Ramos/ D. Guzmán 2021, F. Prieto-Ramos/ G. Cerutti 2023), and theory-oriented and a translation-oriented terminological approaches (M. Thelen 2015), the threshold between normative and descriptive approaches was discussed, regarding institutional glossaries, specifically comprising the domain of Aeronautical Meteorology, by analyzing the design and guidelines of six glossaries, published by supranational, non-governmental, and government institutions, and universities and commercial companies. As a result, it was verified that a more accurate terminological foundation is generally a concern of institutional entities, tending to a normative approach.

Методика разработки экспертных систем с использованием графовой СУБД и онтологического подхода.

Expert systems are a complex software system that accumulates the knowledge of specialists in specific subject areas and disseminates this empirical experience for consultations with less qualified users, which reduces the number of medical errors caused, in particular, by a lack of specialist doctors in local areas and the time required for a single consultation. P u r p o s e of the study is to present a modern methodology for developing expert systems based on knowledge engineering using an ontological approach and graph databases. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . System analysis methods were applied during the creation of the methodology for developing expert systems, including analytical and descriptive methods, knowledge engineering methods such as structuring methods, knowledge representation, and fuzzy logic. The methodology assumes the use of a graph database as a storage for the knowledge base. R e s u l t s . The methodology describes the process of developing expert systems based on a graph database using an ontological approach. It includes the following components: a knowledge base, an intelligent editor of the knowledge base, a problem solver, and explanation subsystem. The methodology assumes the participation of a group of experts in the development of the expert system, with whom the development of two artifacts is carried out: a terminological database of the subject area and intermediate information objects describing the logic of solving the problem. Both artifacts should be formed automatically using the intelligent solver of the knowledge base, as well as filling the knowledge base, which will facilitate the subsequent maintenance of the knowledge base and keep it up-todate. According to the methodology, the solver and explanation subsystem work with a graph database, which is a means of storing the knowledge base, in order to find the optimal path in which nodes are used to solve the problem of the expert system, for example, supporting a specialist doctor in establishing a preliminary/final diagnosis, and the path is used by the explanation subsystem to argue the proposed solution of the expert system. F i n d i n g s . A methodology for creating expert systems using a graph database and an ontological approach has been developed and presented. The methodology describes the development of two components: a knowledge base and a combined component consisting of a solver and an explanation subsystem.

Terminološke baze podataka kao sredstvo pristupa znanju

Terminological databases are a means to manage and access specialist knowledge. Since they are specialist tools, non-terminologists may face difficulties when using them. This is related to two aspects. On the one hand, the user interface of a terminological database is targeted towards terminologists who are familiar with terminology management and the terminology of terminology. On the other hand, the content of terminological databases, i.e. terminological entries containing terms of certain domains, as well as the concept orientation of terminological databases might seem daunting at first glance if the users are not familiar with the relevant domain and terminology work.Therefore, drawing from usability engineering principles, this article addresses how terminological databases can be designed in a way that allows users who are not familiar with terminology work to easily access terminological databases, and thus the knowledge contained in them. Terminological databases are often used by terminologists and non-experts in terminology alike. Therefore, the needs of these different user groups should guide the(further) development of terminological databases to make the knowledge contained in them accessible to a broad audience.

Challenges and procedures in transferring fully metaphorical terms in the EU’s multilingual institutional setting

The use of figurative language in European political jargon can pose a significant translation challenge, particularly given the European Union’s 24 official languages. This study examines fully metaphorical terms such as whistleblower, gatekeeper, and greenwashing, aiming to identify issues of interlingual transfer from English into Italian and Estonian – a rare language combination in multilingual terminology research. Following a descriptive, cognitive approach, the research combines qualitative and quantitative observations of terminological data taken from IATE, the terminology database of the European institutions. The objective is to propose a concrete set of procedures that can be put into practical use by language professionals in the processes of term creation and translation. As a result of analysing the way fully metaphorical English terms are rendered, our study identifies five main interlingual transfer procedures. The findings reveal that direct metaphor transfer, the most common method, is not applied when the transferred metaphor would have culture-specific connotations incompatible with the source language’s unit of understanding. In such cases, the metaphor may be lost, adapted, changed, or the English term borrowed. The study highlights the importance of well-considered terminological choices in multilingual institutional settings where political decisions have a significant social impact.

Theoretical Aspects of the International Activity of Megacities in the Transnational Urban Network

Introduction. The international activities of megacities in current circumstances are undergoing significant transformations, and new phenomena are emerging that require updating research approaches, clarifying and supplementing the terminology database. The purpose of the article is to explore various types of global cities, based on leading research concepts, to identify the presence of an interconnected system of the genesis of these categories, highlight key features and determine universal criteria for classifying megacities as one or another type of global city, clarify or define key concepts that characterize this object of study. Materials and Methods. As research materials, current works of leading domestic and foreign researchers, as well as data from leading rating agencies and analytical centers in the field of urban studies and urban planning have been used. Methodological basis is made up of a system approach, structural-functional analysis, and an inductive method, which made it possible to reveal the structure of the transnational urban system, to explore the main factors, to determine the general trends and patterns of this object of study. Results. The analysis of the main research concepts of global cities, including “the world city”, “the global city”, “the international city”, “the global information city”, has been carried out, the criteria and features for distinguishing these categories have been proposed, the genesis models and the principles for determining the actual composition of these categories of cities have been studied. The following terms have been clarified or defined. A conceptual framework for the genesis of global cities has been proposed. Discussion and Conclusion. The study revealed that international power centers form a transnational urban network, the nodes of which are urban centers, while global economy, represented by advanced service and manufacturing companies, acts as links. The article is useful to researchers of scientific issues of international activities of subnational territorial units, and can also be used by the relevant central or regional authorities in developing directions or concepts for the development of urban centers as international centers of influence.

L’intraduisibilité dans la traduction terminologique – un point de vue culturel

The Untranslatability in Terminological Translation – A Cultural Perspective&#x0D; The article tackles the untranslatability of perfumery French terms into Chinese and discusses the cultural explanatory factors that influence it. The first part is devoted to the theoretical presentation, which first defines culture as all that is created and known materially and spiritually, that it is the identity of a social group which differs from others. Translation is defined as a reformulation of the message in the target culture, and the essence of translating a term consists in determining its equivalent in the target language. The relation between the source term in the source language and the target term in the target language is theoretically an equivalence. However, terms are designations of concepts, and the creation of terms is a process of linguistic materialization of concepts. Since this process of linguistic materialization is cognitive and is strongly influenced by cultural practice and context, it is possible that the equivalence relation between the source term and the target term is not always absolute. It is possible that the so-called "equivalence" is just a partial equivalence or a functional equivalence. To justify the theoretical deduction, a terminology database in perfumery has been created, in which a certain number of French-Chinese terms in perfumery are collected. These terms constitute the object of analysis. The second part therefore specifies the inventory of French-Chinese terminological work in the field of perfumery, the parallel corpus in which the identification of bilingual terms is carried out, the principles to follow when identifying bilingual terms, the method used to construct the terminological database and to demonstrate the terms, and the method used to analyse the terms in the database. Then the third part is devoted to an observation of non-equivalences between French and Chinese terms. The non-equivalences are at the categorical and conceptual level. This means that the concepts designated by the French terms and the concepts designated by the Chinese terms are not mutually concordant. The non- equivalences are also found at the semantic level, which means that the French terms and their corresponding Chinese terms are semantically divergent. Examples cited from the terminological database testify first to the existence of categorial and conceptual non-equivalence, then to the absence of total semantic equivalence in the translation of terms. These non-equivalences are the direct causes of failures in the translation of terms, in other words, the direct cause of terminological untranslatability. A final discussion asserts that the indirect causes of the terminological untranslatability are found in cultural divergences. More precisely, the untranslatability is related to the practice of the field of perfumery and to the situation of terminological standardization in both countries. The different development in practice and in terminological work in perfumery between France and China leads to an unbalanced terminological development between the two languages, which manifests itself in the untranslatability of terms. The non-equivalences are also explained by the lack of terminological standardization in perfumery and the complexity in the perfumery market. Countless perfumed products, constant innovation of perfume notes, advertising strategies to increase turnover, etc., all this complexity is reflected in the linguistic description of products, including in terms. Finally, the conclusion opens a research perspective on terminological standardization in perfumery as well as on the translation approaches of translators faced with the untranslatability of terms.

Terminology of hydrography – Relevant terms and concepts

Which terms do hydrographers use in their communication? Which ones do they use particularly often? And which terms do exclusively exist because hydrography exists? With the methods of terminology science it is possible to systematically derive the terminology of hydrography. In this paper, I describe how terms can be collected and how concepts can be identified starting from the German language, how English equivalents can be assigned and how the terms can be made available in a terminology database. This paper is focused on describing the methodological approach, illustrated by selected examples. The methods could be transferred to other languages, but could also be used to update the IHO Hydrographic Dictionary, for example. First results suggest that the terminology of hydrography is not too extensive. In addition to the purely hydrography-exclusive terms, hydrographers also use numerous terms from other disciplines. However, hydrographers should at least know a few hundred concepts to be able to communicate competently. This paper also contributes to the debate on the term hydrospatial.

Corpus-based bilingual terminology extraction in the power engineering domain

Abstract This paper presents the resources and tools used to extract and evaluate bilingual, English-Serbian terminology in the power engineering domain. The resources consist of existing general and domain lexica, and a domain parallel corpus; tools include term extractors for both languages and a tool for aligning the segments belonging to corpus sentences. The system was tested by varying a match function that establishes the presence of an extracted term in an aligned segment (a chunk), ranging from very loose to strict. The evaluation of results showed that the precision of English term extraction was 92%, Serbian term extraction 86%, while the precision of bilingual pair extraction was 72% based on the strictest match function. The result of extraction was 2,684 correct bilingual pairs that enhanced the terminology database and can further be used to support the search of the power engineering aligned collection stored in a digital library.

CREATING A GERMAN-SLOVAK HUNTING TERMINOLOGY DATABASE

The paper strives to introduce terminology tools in creating a German Slovak terminology database of the relevant specialized terms used in hunting in the context of the diversity of available resources and verification tools such as the German and Slovak national corpora. The focus will be on corpora as verification tools and their role in creating a terminology database. In addition, we will consider the principle of the diversity of existing sources. The theoretical basis is grounded in corpus linguistics, technical language, terminology work, and semantics. The authors of the study being presented have explored corpora as a relevant tool in terms of quantity and quality. The German and Slovak national corpus serves as an indicator of rare terms – with a low occurrence presupposing a higher professional level of specialized lexemes. The approach of common or zero occurrence in national corpora needs to be implemented into terminology work and creating terminology databases. Thus, the authors of the study use, compare, and analyze the German federal corpus – DWDS (Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache) and the Slovak national corpus (SNK). In the process of terminological search in the canons, they have applied homogenous search criteria. As a result of the analysis underpinned with concrete examples from the hunting field, they demonstrate a procedure for creating a terminological database of a specialized domain. Overall, they attempt to deliver an innovative approach combining the latest knowledge in linguistics and terminology work.

Linguistic Atlases and their Role in Building Database of Arab Terminology Banks

In this research paper entitled "Linguistic Atlases and their role in building a database for Arabic terminology banks" we firstly talk about geographical linguistics, then the concept of Linguistic Atlases, mentioning the German experience, the French experience, and the experience of the German Orientalist Bragstrazer in the Arab countries. Secondly, we talk about Arabic terminology banks represented in the lexical database(Meaarby), the Saudi automatic bank for terms ( Bassem), the terminology database (Qimam) in Tunisia, and the Jordan Academy for Arabic language bank of terms. Finally we mention to the extent by which the Arabic terminology banks benefit from the linguistic Atlases.

Einige Bemerkungen zu den produktivsten Wortbildungsstrategien in der deutschen Fachterminologie des Eisenbahnwesens unter der kontrastiven Berücksichtigung des Polnischen

Abstract This article is dedicated to present the most common word-formation strategies in German railway specialist terminology. The presentation of the most productive morphological nomination strategies in the analysed area is preceded by a short historical outline of the railway industry in Germany. The adumbration of the historical background and hints regarding the current EU environmental plans for railways are intended to expose the importance and relentless currency of the analysis undertaken here. The presented examples, which were extracted from the most extensive industry terminology database, RaiLLexic, have been correlated with their Polish equivalents. This contrastive procedure allows, going further, to draw conclusions about both language systems within which the professional terminology described here is constituted.

La constitución de una memoria terminológica: elaboración de terminologías bilingües en programas de memoria de traducción

Computer-aided translation systems (CAT) based on Translation Memories (TM) are a widely diffused technology that uses database and code-protection features to improve the quality, efficiency and consistency of the human translation process. These systems basically consist of a textual database in which each source sentence of a translation is stored together with the target sentence (this is called a translation memory “unit”). New and changed translation proposals will then be stored in the database for future use. This textual database – the kernel of the system – is combined with a terminological database (TDB), which is used by translators to store independently, terminological equivalences or translation units of particular value.In this paper the authors outline a first draft of a methodology that describes the preparation of a bilingual terminology from – and within – TM applications. The bilingual corpus produced is called the ‘terminological memory’ of the translator.

BISTRO: the online platform for terminology management. Structuring terminology without entry structures

BISTRO is an online platform which supports the translation process in various phases. The phases which can be distinguished are the terminologi-cal preparation of the source text, the creation of terminological glossaries and the retrieval of related documents and their terminological elaboration. For this purpose BISTRO hyperlinks a terminology database with bilingual and trilingual corpora. Term tools such as term extraction (TE), term recognition (TR) and keyword-in-context (KWIC) may be applied to the query results, which consist of retrieved terms or corpus segments. BISTRO ’s architecture is open for new tools and contents, providing at the same time the interface for the management of the underlying data structure and the constant update of the terminological data.