Description Of Terminology Research Articles

Код инженерно-строительных чертежей в XIX веке

Drawing is a manifestation of symbolic activity of
 man, that is, its ability to represent things by means of signs which
 constitute the substitutes of those things. For its nature, it’s intended
 to convey meanings among individuals who recognize it, it
 is therefore a means of communication. In this context, the project
 drawing has a place which is a means of communication by which
 information is transmitted through the reduction of the concept in
 concrete and legible signs.
 These signs semantically allow the reading and the perception
 of the orderly content that constitutes the signifier; such signs
 represent the elementary cell of the graph as binary action among
 two abstract classes of concepts: the meaning and the signifier. The
 first one (the meaning) is the mental image that is produced it,
 depends on the experience and is induced by the second (the signifier)
 which is the physical vehicle, concretely materialized with an
 ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. БИОГРАФИИ
 In the past, the representation of design profited from
 some symbol-forms such «architectural orders» or building
 types, which were common and certain patterns, but
 with the changes of the nineteenth century, it has been
 assuming ever greater autonomy and symbolic-expressive
 capacities.
 The representation, endowed with a very articulated
 syntax, results fit to rather reproduce complex representations,
 such as the graphs of assemblage of metallic works
 or preparation for theirs single components, but also the
 diagrams for the temporal planning of the operations of
 yard. In the interpretation of the drawing, therefore,
 interesting to define the relationship between the content
 of the information and the characteristics of the communication
 medium.
 The versatile design allows you to articulate it in multiple
 uses, each expressed with a specific pattern; in the
 nineteenth century has gone by defining the division of
 the models into three classes, for the purposes of representation,
 which has largely remained unchanged up to
 us: the iconic models that communicate the concept
 trying to maintain the qualitative and quantitative aspects,
 the logic models that reproduce the phenomenon through
 the use of symbols and relations between them and the
 verbal patterns that represent the phenomenon by describing
 lexical character and properties. The latter have a
 dual nature, of instructions or information. Information
 go to complete the information of the representation with
 denominations, attributions of materials, dimensions,
 explanation of the characteristics of the surfaces of the
 conservation status. Instructions, serve to explain the
 context in which you put the subject of the representation
 with formal definitions and descriptions. It is easy to
 imagine that the oral model doesn´t exhaust him in a
 simple terminological description, but consists mainly of
 numerical specifications to a graphic support which they
 refer. In the drawing of project it doesn’t use a single
 model, but it is assisted to their mutual integration, with
 the prominence of one in comparison to the others according
 to the object represented of the period and of the
 professional sector which refers.
 In the given plans it’s evident the heterogeneity of the
 employed style; the different kind of the object does not
 affect the model: the bulkhead of a rail yard has markimage.
 The system of signs can be organized in a code when it
 allows the recipient an unambiguous interpretation of the written
 message. It becomes, therefore, necessary to determine the encoding
 used in the act of writing the graphics, in order to ensure an
 exact decoding, avoiding any possible ambiguity in the subsequent
 phase of reading.

Chapter 6 - Injury biomechanics, neuropathology, and simplified physics of explosive blast and impact mild traumatic brain injury

Explosive blast shock waves and blunt impact to the head are two types of loading shown to result in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). While mTBI from these two causes shares some common features behaviorally, there are distinct differences in the pathophysiology of the underlying injury mechanisms. Various elucidations have been offered in the literature to explain the organic damage associated with mTBI resulting from both types of loading. The current state of understanding in this field is somewhat limited by the degree of appreciation of the physics and biomechanics governing the effects of explosive blast shock waves and blunt impact on the head, which has resulted in the various approaches to the investigation of the operative brain injury "wounding mechanisms". In this chapter we provide a simplified description of terminology associated with forces on the head from explosive blast shock waves and blunt impact, to assist readers in the field in evaluating interpretations of brain injury "wounding" processes. Remarkably, mTBI from either loading is shown generally to result in only a small loss of neurons, with hippocampal neurons appearing to be particularly vulnerable to explosive blast shock waves. Explosive blast studies in large animal models show a unique pattern of periventricular injury, which is different from the classic diffuse axonal injury. Both astrocyte and microglial activation are also seen in explosive blast as well as impact trauma, but this may be a general secondary brain injury response, nonspecific to explosive blast or blunt trauma. Additionally, while moderate to severe impact closed head injuries sometimes result in petechial hemorrhages or hematomas, they do not appear to be associated with explosive blast mTBI even with repeated exposure to blasts.

Fenomén Big Data jako trend ovlivňující technické zpravodajské disciplíny

This specialised article deals with Big Data and the exploitation of this current day phenomenon in the field of intelligence disciplines, based on technical methods of data gathering and its relevant assessments. The introduction deals with the issue of development of the security environment and gives general overview on the current trends in the field of technical branches. The following chapter analyses the main trends, especially the digitalisation of the battlefield, rise in data volume and the development of new technologies. The next chapter is focused on the basic terminology description of the Big Data issue, which leads into final assessment and certain prediction of future development in this field and the rise of importance of this trend for the intelligence disciplines in future.

From the Editor

From the Editor

Quantifying surgical complexity with machine learning: Looking beyond patient factors to improve surgical models

To investigate the use of machine learning to empirically determine the risk of individual surgical procedures and to improve surgical models with this information. American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) data from 2005 to 2009 were used to train support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to learn the relationship between textual constructs in current procedural terminology (CPT) descriptions and mortality, morbidity, Clavien 4 complications, and surgical-site infections (SSI) within 30 days of surgery. The procedural risk scores produced by the SVM classifiers were validated on data from 2010 in univariate and multivariate analyses. The procedural risk scores produced by the SVM classifiers achieved moderate-to-high levels of discrimination in univariate analyses (area under receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.871 for mortality, 0.789 for morbidity, 0.791 for SSI, 0.845 for Clavien 4 complications). Addition of these scores also substantially improved multivariate models comprising patient factors and previously proposed correlates of procedural risk (net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement: 0.54 and 0.001 for mortality, 0.46 and 0.011 for morbidity, 0.68 and 0.022 for SSI, 0.44 and 0.001 for Clavien 4 complications; P < .05 for all comparisons). Similar improvements were noted in discrimination and calibration for other statistical measures, and in subcohorts comprising patients with general or vascular surgery. Machine learning provides clinically useful estimates of surgical risk for individual procedures. This information can be measured in an entirely data-driven manner and substantially improves multifactorial models to predict postoperative complications.

Writing Theses and Reports: An Acronym for Structure in the Wilderness: TCAGONARM

This paper sets out a standard structure used by writers of PhDs, law reform reports, action plans, and recommendations for change. The structure is represented by the acronym TCAGONARM. The letters represent chapters and cycles. Terminology and Topic description; Current situation; Alleged problems with the current situation; Goals of reform; Options for change and reform; Necessary steps to effect change; Recommended most appropriate option; Monitoring and Measuring changes.

The Mongol Conquests in World History by Timothy May (review)

Reviewed by: The Mongol Conquests in World History by Timothy May Anne F. Broadbridge The Mongol Conquests in World History. By Timothy May. London: Reaktion Books, 2012. 320 pp. $45.00 (cloth). This work is part of the Globalities series, which investigates big ideas, big changes, and big events in the context of the big picture. The Mongols are therefore natural for inclusion, and May has used them to write a synthetic work designed for a general audience. Thus, although he does refer to some academic controversies and occasionally offers his own scholarly opinions, his overarching aim is to give a broad picture of Mongol activities and their extraordinary impact on practically everyone. This he does very well. The book is divided into two main sections. In the first, May narrates the rise of Chinggis Khan (d. 1227), the course of the Mongol conquests, and the establishment of the Great Mongol Empire. He then follows that empire through its dissolution in the 1260s, down to the politically fractured history of the subsequent Mongol-influenced [End Page 696] states. This section is clear and easy to read, which is no mean feat considering the convolutions of the historical material. May has therefore done a real service to general readers interested in Chinggis Khan. In the second section, May models a theory of the “Chinggis Exchange” on Alfred Crosby’s 1972 concept of the Columbian Exchange, which explained the way Columbus’s discovery of the Americas led to the transmission of biological matter between continents, which in turn transformed politics, economics, and society. Although the comparison is compelling and the theoretical potential of a Chinggis Exchange significant, May does not fully elaborate this idea, even though it would have strengthened the second half of the book. Nevertheless, the material within these chapters reflects his conviction of the Mongols’ worldwide importance and does suggest the possibilities that the concept of a Chinggis Exchange could provide. Chapter 4 (“Pax Mongolica and Trade”) provides a useful general survey of policy, routes, and developments in trade under Chinggis Khan and his son Ögedei (r. 1229–1241) and in the post-empire khanates. To highlight the global impact of the Mongols, May draws “international” connections, like noting that a London fish market collapsed after Russian merchants stayed home to prepare for Mongol invaders and reminding us that Columbus stumbled across the Americas while seeking the Grand Khan. In chapter 5 (“New Forms of Warfare”), May analyzes the Mongols’ impact on warfare, especially during the Crusades, and in Eastern Europe and Russia, China, Japan, and the Muslim Middle East. He compares the roles of gunpowder versus naphtha weapons in the premodern era, and ends with Chinggis Khan’s influence on twentiethcentury warfare in Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Israel. This chapter is particularly strong and reflects May’s well-known expertise in all realms of Chinggis Khan’s military. Chapter 6 (“The Mongol Administration”) tackles a topic that May acknowledges is both huge and little studied, but it achieves only mixed results. Although it does provide a nuts-and-bolts description of administration and administrative terminology in and after the empire, ranging even to the Crimean Tatars and Temür, some trends in Mongol administration (like the financial reforms of the 1230s) could have used elaboration, and questions of impact are (perhaps of necessity) left unanswered. May opens chapter 7 (“Religion and the Mongols”) by asking why the Mongols did not immediately convert to a world religion, then hypothesizes about the reasons that Christianity made only modest [End Page 697] inroads on the Mongols while Islam and Buddhism eventually spread among them. Although an interesting point of departure, much of this chapter is speculative, and this reviewer would have liked to see these arguments fleshed out in more detail. Chapter 8 covers the Black Death, which originated in the Mongol Empire and spread because of the empire’s robust trade, a fact known by Mongol specialists but not by many others. May spends this brief but gripping section detailing the rise of the plague and its enormous impact on Europe, the Middle East, and the Mongol khanates, two of which (the Yuan and the...

Performance indicators and terminology for value driven maintenance

PurposeValue driven maintenance (VDM) is a fairly new maintenance management methodology based on four maintenance value drivers and the formula of net present value (NPV) to calculate the value of different maintenance strategies. However, the dependability of the engineering assets needs to be assessed in order to make an estimation of the NPV. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to critically analyse standardised indicators to find the most essential indicators for the four value drivers and for estimation of the NPV. Terminology containing performance drivers and killers are common in the field of asset management, but not many publications can be found for their detailed descriptions. One section in this paper is therefore dedicated to review these terms. A comprehensive description and classification of performance killers and drivers, and of indicators for VDM are presented in this paper.Design/methodology/approachReview of literature for technical terminology and review of standards for identification of indicators for maintenance performance measurement and NPV of maintenance.FindingsCommon description of technical terminology, as used by researchers, and identification of the most important indicators for maintenance performance measurement and the NPV of maintenance. Indicators classified under economic, technical, organizational and health, safety and environment (HSE) perspectives from EN 15341 standards are discussed and identified.Originality/valueDescription of emerging terminology in maintenance performance measurement adds to the consistency in communication of researchers and business stakeholders. Also, the identified maintenance performance indicators can facilitate performance measurement of organisations new to the process of measuring and analysing their performance.

The DemoCratic Workplace: Empowering People (demos) to Rule (cratos) Their Own Workplace

In an earlier paper “A change from leadership (vertical power-structure) to leadingship (horizontal power-structure) at work: The theory and practice” (2006), I introduced an evolution in the conceptualization of the term “leading”. The main purpose with this evolutionary exercise was to form a new word that could better describe what “selfleadership” could be about with the aim of preventing preconceptions and misconceptions. The conception of the word “leadership” is ingrained with a lot of associations, assumptions, perceptions and beliefs. I needed a term that precisely and specifically could develop a new understanding and conception of the “function of leading as a personalized and internalized process” in contrast to the conventional conception of leading connected to “the person above in the lead of someone below to be led”. On this background I formed the term “leadingship” and developed a specific methodology to illustrate the alternative options in designing and implementing visions, values and actions in organizational life accordingly. You will find the description of the terminology of “leadingship” later in this article.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE GLASS INDUSTRY: THE MONUMENTS PROTECTION

This article presents an overview of the archaeology of the glass industry in Britain from the Roman period to the 20th century. It is based upon work undertaken in 1992–3 for the English Heritage Monuments Protection Programme (MPP) and revised later in that decade, with additions to take account of the developer-funded archaeological work undertaken in recent years. It concentrates on the development of technology in the charcoal- and coal-fired glass industries and contains descriptions of sites and terminology.

Language Personality in the Russian Linguistic Tradition: Diachronic-Synchronic Aspects

The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the most important terms in modern linguistic usage – the definition of a language personality. It was introduced in Russian-language scientific use in the 1930s by academician V. Vinogradov, and has been related to the ever-increasing interest in the anthropocentric factor in language, as well as to changes in the scientific linguistic paradigm, since the 1980s. Resuming some terminological and conceptual descriptions of language personality, as represented in the Russian-language linguistic literature, this article comes to the conclusion that language personality theory is presently reviewed in linguodidactics, linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguoculturology, psycholinguistics, lexicography, stylistics, pragmatics, and other intra- and extralinguistic disciplines.The complex analysis makes it possible to identify verbal-semantic (lexicon), linguocognitive (thesaurus), motivational (pragmaticon; cf.Y. N. Karaulov), stylistic, communicative-pragmatic, linguoculturological, emotional, articulatory, and other levels. In addition to language personality, the terms verbal and communicative personality must also be specified and systematized. Further conceptual and terminological research in the description of language personality seems highly necessary for modern linguistics. The process of developing and establishing a language personality appears to be an essential component of the objective and subjective transformations of the information society. Further inquiry into the study of language personality will contribute to a better understanding of the social-political, economic, socio-cultural and linguistic processes occurring in the 21st century.

Abating Annoyance Caused by Infrastructure Works

Underinvestment in road infrastructure during several years in Belgium is a root cause of several problems in its three regions. The awareness of this causal connection has been accelerated by the severe weather conditions. Although sustainable mobility - especially its green component - remains a high priority in transport policies, one can observe a renewed attention to road infrastructure. It starts to be less taboo for transport planners to support the need to construct missing links and reconstruct existing roads.Increasing attention is paid to abating annoyance caused by the infrastructure construction and maintenance. In doing so, the road authorities put the road user in the centre of interest.In this paper we will give an overview of key aspects related to the annoyance of infrastructure works. The importance of a uniform and transparent approach will be outlined, with elements such as the image of the road construction sector, growing traffic volume and the link with sustainable development. This will be followed by a description of terminology and scope of “annoyance”. What can be said about acceptable levels of annoyance? Which uniform principles could be used? Which starting points exist, to be developed in each type of road infrastructure project? Which techniques (engineering, simulations, etc.) can be used? What specific care for coordination and communication needs to be taken?Here and then we will run through the Belgian reflections for these and other questions. Some attention will be paid to the contractor's role. They have indeed a role to play in each project phase, including in pre-construction phases.As a whole, the paper gathers several ideas about smarter handling of annoyance problems during infrastructure works, based on experience for years on end.

Rita Temmerman. Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach

This book appeared as Volume 3 in the Series Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice edited by Helmi Sonneveld and Sue-Ellen Wright. The author, Rita Temmerman, presently working at the Erasmus Hogeschool, Brussels and specialising in problems of terminology in various domains of the life sciences, presents a polemical, stimulating and innovative monograph which continues and deepens her previous research work. Her doctoral dissertation (Louvain 1998) focused on Terminology Beyond Standardisation: Language and Categorisation in the Life Sciences. The aim of the book under review, Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach, is to elaborate a new theory, method and application of terminology research which seeks to overcome the obvious limitations of traditional terminology as chiefly represented by the Vienna School (Eugen W?ster, Helmut Felber, Infoterm and associated institutions).

Neologia, terminologia e lexicultura a língua portuguesa em situação de contacto de línguas

The central theme of this article is the terminological neology in the Portuguese in language contact situations. As a result of new proposals of Socioterminology and Cultural Terminology, actually our research focuses on the terminological neology, terminological metaphor, different types of variation in terminology to which associate with lexicultural aspects present in neologism and scientific terms. All these linguistic phenomena have a great effect in the terminological description, in special purpose lexicography, in translation and in teaching and learning of specialized languages.

A proposal for a worldwide definition of health resort medicine, balneology, medical hydrology and climatology

Health Resort Medicine, Balneology, Medical Hydrology and Climatology are not fully recognised as independent medical specialties at a global international level. Analysing the reasons, we can identify both external (from outside the field) and internal (from inside the field) factors. External arguments include, e.g. the lack of scientific evidence, the fact that Balneotherapy and Climatotherapy is not used in all countries, and the fact that Health Resort Medicine, Balneology, Medical Hydrology and Climatology focus only on single methods and do not have a comprehensive concept. Implicit barriers are the lack of international accepted terms in the field, the restriction of being allowed to practice the activities only in specific settings, and the trend to use Balneotherapy mainly for wellness concepts. Especially the implicit barriers should be subject to intense discussions among scientists and specialists. This paper suggests one option to tackle the problem of implicit barriers by making a proposal for a structure and description of the medical field, and to provide some commonly acceptable descriptions of content and terminology. The medical area can be defined as "medicine in health resorts" (or "health resort medicine"). Health resort medicine includes "all medical activities originated and derived in health resorts based on scientific evidence aiming at health promotion, prevention, therapy and rehabilitation". Core elements of health resort interventions in health resorts are balneotherapy, hydrotherapy, and climatotherapy. Health resort medicine can be used for health promotion, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. The use of natural mineral waters, gases and peloids in many countries is called balneotherapy, but other (equivalent) terms exist. Substances used for balneotherapy are medical mineral waters, medical peloids, and natural gases (bathing, drinking, inhalation, etc.). The use of plain water (tap water) for therapy is called hydrotherapy, and the use of climatic factors for therapy is called climatotherapy. Reflecting the effects of health resort medicine, it is important to take other environmental factors into account. These can be classified within the framework of the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health). Examples include receiving health care by specialised doctors, being well educated (ICF-domain: e355), having an environment supporting social contacts (family, peer groups) (cf. ICF-domains: d740, d760), facilities for recreation, cultural activities, leisure and sports (cf. ICF-domain: d920), access to a health-promoting atmosphere and an environment close to nature (cf. ICF-domain: e210). The scientific field dealing with health resort medicine is called health resort sciences. It includes the medical sciences, psychology, social sciences, technical sciences, chemistry, physics, geography, jurisprudence, etc. Finally, this paper proposes a systematic international discussion of descriptions in the field of Health Resort Medicine, Balneology, Medical Hydrology and Climatology, and discusses short descriptive terms with the goal of achieving internationally accepted distinct terms. This task should be done via a structured consensus process and is of major importance for the publication of scientific results as well as for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach.

Rita Temmerman. Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach. 2000, xv + 258 pp. ISBN 90 272 2326 2 (Eur.), 1 55619 772 1 (US) (Hb.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Price: €75, US$75.

Office‐based low‐field extremity magnetic resonance imaging: Is the glass half empty or half full?

The American College of Rheumatology Extremity Magnetic Resonance Imaging Task Force has provided a timely focus on the growing importance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for rheumatologists (1). The report of the task force identifies many of the key publications in this area and emphasizes the need for more research to advance the utility of this tool. The report provides clear descriptions of terminology and distinguishes between high-field extremity scanners ( 1.0T), to which most currently published MRI literature would apply, and the low-field (0.2T) extremity scanners. We wish to expand on some of the points raised by the task force and support the call for further research. That MRI provides superior assessment of structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comes as no surprise. What is surprising, as the task force notes, is how little rheumatologists have used this technology to benefit their patients. Are rheumatologists less aggressive adopters of technological innovation than their medical colleagues? At least part of the answer stems from the fact that, until very recently, rheumatologists had little ability to prevent the progression of structural damage in RA. Without this capability, information about joint structure on the level that MRI can provide wasn’t needed for management of RA. The introduction of tumor necrosis factor inhibition and recognition of the benefits of early intervention shifted the focus from controlling pain to early, intensive treatment to prevent irreversible functional disability. Implementation, however, is not straightforward, since a significant proportion of patients with early RA do not have rapid structural progression (2,3). Treating all cases of RA with biologic agents would incur excessive costs and unnecessary risks. Determining which newly presenting patients have the potential for progression has therefore become an important concern, creating a new demand for imaging to detect the earliest evidence of structural damage and features predicting erosion. MRI offers a unique solution. Not only has it been shown to detect bone erosions more sensitively and earlier than radiography, but it can also be used to visualize pre-erosive inflammation in synovium and bone (4,5). This has led to increasing use of MRI in RA clinical research and to the emergence of specialized MRI systems specifically designed for office-based rheumatology practice. These low-field extremity MRI units provide images of the hands and feet at a fraction of the cost and inconvenience of conventional 1.5T whole-body MRI. The question is whether the low-field MRI systems still offer a substantial advantage over conventional radiography for diagnosing and/or monitoring erosive disease in RA. Although the volume of data on low-field extremity MRI is less than that available on high-field MRI, published data show a high correlation between results obtained with these systems with respect to erosion detection. In direct comparisons, low-field extremity MRI showed approximately twice the sensitivity of radiography for detecting erosions (6). With regard to progression of disease, a recent study demonstrated that low-field MRI of a single wrist and the second through the fifth metacarpophalangeal joints was more sensitive to change than were standard radiographs of both hands, wrists, and feet (7). We therefore believe that there would be a great deal to be gained by rheumatologists and their patients if extremity MRI were to be assimilated into routine clinical practice.

Termes adjectivaux en corpus médical coréen

In terminology, the predominance of nouns is an incontestable phenomenon. In Korean terminologies, this predominance of nouns is even more notable because the meaning and function associated with adjectives in Indo-European languages are often realized in noun form. However, the rarer adjectival terms are, the more they are used in restrictive, repetitive ways in specialized domains. Thus, it is important to distinguish the different senses of these terms. In this work, focusing on semantic characterization in terminology, we distinguish the different senses of adjectival medical terms by applying lexico-semantic criteria (L’Homme 2004a) and by classifying the arguments of the adjective into semantic categories (Bae et al. 2002). With this work, we aim to enrich terminological descriptions found in Korean medical dictionnaries by demonstrating empirically a method for distinguishing the different senses of adjectival medical terms. To achieve our goal, we used the KAIST corpus, composed of medical texts (1,500,000 eojeols), and a group of texts on various subjects (40,000,000 eojeols).

Cross-linguistic categorisation of the body: Introduction

The domain of the human body is an ideal focus for semantic typology, since the body is a physical universal and all languages have terms referring to its parts. Previous research on body part terms has depended on secondary sources (e.g. dictionaries), and has lacked sufficient detail or clarity for a thorough understanding of these terms’ semantics. The present special issue is the outcome of a collaborative project aimed at improving approaches to investigating the semantics of body part terms, by developing materials to elicit information that provides for cross-linguistic comparison. The articles in this volume are original fieldwork-based descriptions of terminology for parts of the body in ten languages. Also included are an elicitation guide and experimental protocol used in gathering data. The contributions provide inventories of body part terms in each language, with analysis of both intensional and extensional aspects of meaning, differences in morphological complexity, semantic relations among terms, and discussion of partonomic structure within the domain.

Review of Temmerman (2000): Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The sociocognitive approach

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