Terminal Racemes Research Articles

Andromeda polifoliaL.

A low, glabrous, evergreen shrub, (5)-10-25-(40) cm tall. The flowering stems are decumbent to erect, sparingly branched, arising from a creeping, woody rhizome (Warming 1908; Fl. Eur. 3; Fl. Br. Isl.; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Ramneau et al. 1993; Stace 1997). The leaves are narrow, alternate, subsessile, coriaceous, oblong to linear, dark green above, silvery-glaucous beneath, 10-40 x 2-8 mm (Barvaux 1958; Fl. Eur. 3; Fl. Br. Isl.; Rameau et al. 1993; Stace 1997). They are mucronulate (Anderson 1961) or acute to apiculate (Fl. Eur. 3); their margins are usually revolute (Fl. Br. Isl.; Rameau et nl. 1993). The flowers are pentamerous (Barvaux 1958; Anderson 1961; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3), in very short, umbellike terminal racemes of 2-7-(12) (Warming 1908; Fl. Eur. 3; Rameau etal. 1993). However, Warming (1908) reported 4-merous flowers in Finnmark and in Greenland. The pedicels are pinkish, 2-4 times as long as the corolla (Barvaux 1958; Fl. Br. Isl.; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3); they are 7-15 mm long and slender (Fl. Eur. 3). The sepals are persistent, triangular, reddish, acute, about 1 .5 mm long (Anderson 1961; Fl. Eur. 3) and connate at base (Fl. Eur. 3). Two bracteoles lie at the extreme base of the pedicel, concealed by a bract (Fl. Eur. 3). Corolla globose-urceolate with 5 recurved teeth; drooping (Webb 1967), inclined or pendent (Fl. Eur. 3), bright pink at first, fading almost to white. It reaches 5-8 mm long (Warmzing 1908; Barvaux 1958; Anderson 1961; Fl. Br. Isl.; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Rameau et cal. 1993) and it continues to grow during flowering (Warming 1908). The interior of the corolla is covered with erect, usually somewhat upturned, hairs that extend to the margin of the limb (Warming 1908). The stigma lies just at or imnediately within the throat of the corolla, and the 10 anthers, which are at the level of the middle of the pistil and the corolla, bend inwards towards the style (Warming 1908; Barvaux 1958; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Rameau etal. 1993). The filaments are strongly swollen just above their slender short bases and are covered with fairly long hairs along the greater part of their length (Warming 1908; Anderson 1961). The anthers are covered with small protuberances; they open at the apex by two pores of irregular shape (Warming 1908; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3). The two apical appendages are as long as the anthers, glabrous and slightly curved (Warming 1908; And-

Monophyletic subgroups of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) as revealed by phytochrome nucleotide sequence data

Phylogenetic analysis of phytochrome (PHY) genes reveals the identity and relationships of four PHY loci among papilionoid Leguminosae. A phylogenetic analysis of loci combined according to species suggests that most of the tribe Millettieae belongs to one of two monophyletic clades: the Derris–Lonchocarpus or the Tephrosia clade. Together these two form a monophyletic group that is sister to a lineage represented by Millettia grandis of Millettia sect. Compresso‐gemmatae. Collectively, this large monophyletic group is referred to as the Millettieae‐core group, which based on our sampling, includes species of Millettieae that do not accumulate the nonprotein amino acid canavanine and that mostly have pseudoracemose or pseudopaniculate inflorescences. This new phylogenetic framework assists in targeting additional taxa for future sampling. For example, the “American Derris” (Deguelia), which accumulate canavanine, might not be members of the Millettieae core group. Afgekia is also predicted not to be a member because it accumulates canavanine and has an inflorescence of terminal racemes. PHY gene analysis specifically reveals that certain genera traditionally classified in Millettieae are actually distantly related to the Millettieae core group, such as Austrosteensia, Callerya, Craibia, Cyclolobium, Fordia, Platycyamus, Poecilanthe, and Wisteria.

Effect of benzylaminopurine on fruit set and seed development in pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan)

Terminal racemes of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L.; dwarf, determinate cv. ICPL 85015) were sprayed during early fruit-set with 2, 20, or 200 mg l −1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). At harvest (50% dry fruits), treated racemes were longer, with thicker stems and more axillary branches, and had more, larger fruits and leaves than did control racemes. The greatest increase in total dry mass (TDM) occurred with the 20 mg l −1 BAP treatment, but stem and leaf mass increased up to the 200 mg l −1 BAP treatment level. Pericarp mass and seed number per raceme increased with increasing BAP level, as did the number of fruits ≤2 cm long, with unfilled, aborted seeds. Total seed mass (TSM) was greatest with 20 mg l −1 BAP treatment, while at the higher concentrations of BAP, TSM declined to the control level. The ratio of pericarp mass to TSM increased significantly with 20 mg l −1 and 200 mg l −1 BAP treatments. TSM per fruit, mean individual seed mass, seed number per fruit, and the ratio of TSM to TDM decreased as BAP level increased, with no apparent minima attained with 200 mg l −1 BAP. BAP treatment appeared to promote competition for photosynthates between developing seeds and other parts of the raceme, notably the pericarp (which grew at the expense of the seeds within).

Notes on Central American Scutellaria (Lamiaceae)

Scutellaria ebracteata, in section Cardinalis Epling, from Nicaragua, and S. tenuipetiolata in section Uliginosae Epling, from Costa Rica, are described, and identification keys to section Cardinalis as found in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica and section Uliginosae as found in Nicaragua and Costa Rica are provided. The identity of Scutellaria nicaraguensis Sess6 & Mocifio is discussed, and the type locality of S. purpurascens var. heterophylla Bentham is clarified and its affinity to other taxa is considered. In the course of preparing treatments of Lamiaceae for the floras of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, specimens representing two new species of Scutellaria were found, significant range extensions of other species were encountered, and two poorly understood names were clarified. Scutellaria ebracteata A. Pool, sp. nov. TYPE: Nicaragua. Depto. de Matagalpa: Macizos de Pefias Blancas, SE side, drainage of Quebrada El Quebradon, slopes N and W of Hacienda San Martin, ca. 13?14-15'N, 85038-39'W, 1000-1400 m, 18-20 Jan. 1982 (fl), W D. Stevens with P Moreno & T Elmquist 21115 (holotype, MO; isotype, HNMN not seen). Figure 1. Species nova Scutellariae glabrae E. Leonard similis sed ab ea corolla purpurea monate, tubi cum galea 2.73.1 mm longa, tubo anguste infundibulari non saccato differt. Weak shrub (or herb), 1-1.5 m, young branches with dense small, curving hairs. Leaves wide-elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or slightly pandurate, short-acuminate to obtuse at apex, rounded to cordate and often slightly asymmetrical at base, 7.7-13.5 cm long, 2.6-7 cm wide, margin sub-entire to serrate, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous or with minute hairs on primary and secondary veins; medial petioles 1.5-5 cm long, shorter to longer than adjacent internodes. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, 4.5-10 cm long; flowers 15-25, loosely spiraled, pendulous; bracts deciduous prior to anthesis, pedicel 2-3 mm long; calyx 3.5-4.5 mm long, minutely puberulent or glabrous, scutellum 1.2-2 mm high; corolla reddish-purple, tube with galea 2.7-3.1 cm long, tube narrow-funnelform, arcuate, non-saccate, 1-2 mm wide at base to 5-7 mm wide at apex, lower lip 3-5 mm long. Fruiting calyx with lower lip to 5 mm long, scutellum to 4 mm high; nutlets (immature?) tan, nearly smooth. Paratypes. NICARAGUA. Jinotega: Macizos de Pefias Blancas, along trail between finca of Socorro Mejia and finca of Luis Manzanares, ca. 13?16-17'N, 85?40-41'W, 1350-1650 m, cloud forest on gentle to steep slopes, 14 Jan. 1979 (fl buds), W D. Stevens 11339 (HNMN not seen, MO); Fila Piedra Pelona, al S del Cerro Kilamb6, 13?34'N, 85?41'W, 1500-1665 m, bosque enano, 28 Mar. 1981 (young fr), P Moreno 7798 (HNMN not seen, MO); San Ram6n, lado E de las faldas del Cerro Kilamb6, 13?34'N, 85?40'W, 800-900 m, 24 Mar. 1981 (fl), P Moreno 7409 (HNMN not seen, MO); Cerro Kilamb6, falda E del Pico Piedra Pelona, 13?34'N, 85?40'W, 1300-1400 m, bosques htimedos, 28 Mar. 1981 (fl), P Moreno 7784 (HNMN not seen, MO); Kilamb6, Cerro San Pedro, 13?36'N, 85?39'W, 600-800 m, 25 Mar. 1981 (fl buds, young fr), P Moreno 7535 (HNMN not seen, MO); Flor de Liz, al W del Cerro Kilamb6, 13?35'N, 85?40'W, 700-900 m, 24 Mar. 1981 (fl, fr), P Moreno 7430 (MO). Zelaya: Cerro Saslaya a unos 25 km al oeste de Siuna, 1200 m, Oct. 1977 (fl), A. J. Ferguson 2 (MO); Cerro Saslaya, 20 km W of Siuna, 1100-1400 m, along eastern ridge of mountain, cloud forest, 5 May 1977 (fl buds), D. Neill 1832 (MO). Epling (1942) treated all Scutellaria species with large (tube with galea 16-60 mm) red flowers, known at that time from Central America south of Mexico, as members of section Cardinalis Epling. Paton (1990) treated the same species as Scutellaria sect. Scutellaria species-groups speciosa (in part) and costaricana. These species are all large herbs or weak shrubs, often straggling, with leaves glabrous or sparingly hirsute above, and racemes with flowers spirally arranged in the axils of the deciduous to long persistent bracts, the corollas large and showy, orange-red, scarlet or bright red, and often arcuate. Epling recognized the five species treated here, except S. ebracteata. However, the species are difficult to separate and have been treated in various ways in modern Central American floras. Flora of Guatemala (Standley & Williams, 1973) treated S. isocheila Donnell Smith and S. glabra E. Leonard as synonyms of S. longifolia Bentham. Flora of Costa Rica (StandNovoN 8: 62-66. 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.187 on Sun, 15 May 2016 04:41:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 8, Number 1 1998 Pool Central American Scutellaria 63 ~I ~cc~ ,:Fs'? 5SC): ~I-~:-''~'' '.~'1'~:~:;-I-`~-r??',:_-':'~ ;; ?=-??? ?? ~jlS~~i ::!';:~4~i~;;~~ 'c, ~?-?.~???. c~?~ ~d ?E; ~?: U'~:L '~ a?i

A New Species of Jacquinia (Theophrastaceae) from Veracruz, Mexico

Jacquinia morenoana, a new species of Theophrastaceae from the northern coast of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, is described. A discussion of its affinities with J. macrocarpa Cavanilles subsp. macrocarpa, based on the habitat and morphological characters, is presented. RESUMEN. Se describe como especie nueva a Jacquinia morenoana (Theophrastaceae) de la costa norte del estado de Veracruz, Mexico. Se discuten sus afinidades con J. macrocarpa subsp. macrocarpa, se indica el hAbitat y se discuten las caracterfsticas morfol6gicas que las distinguen. While reviewing material of Theophrastaceae from Veracruz, Mexico, in several herbaria (CHAPA, ENCB, MEXU, NY, US, and XAL), a specimen with glandular hairs on the flowers was detected; this character had not been previously reported for the genus Jacquinia. The material is described and illustrated below as a new species. Jacquinia morenoana Castillo-C. & Medina, sp. nov. TYPE: Mexico. Veracruz: Barra de Cazones, on the pasture near the beach, Municipio of Cazones, elevation 10 m, 20 June 1986, S. Vargas 91 (holotype, XAL). Figure 1. Frutex perennis, 3 m altus. Ramorum terminalium nodi bracteae cumulatis, primordia meristematica ramorum recentium tegentibus, 1--4 mm longis, triangularibus, pubescentibus. Folia maximam partem ad nodos cumulata, lanceolata usque ad oblanceolata, 2.0-7.5 cm longa, 0.62.2 cm lata ad medium, apice acuta, subinde suborbicularia, in spinam rigidam terminantia. Inflorescentia terminalis, racemosa, 6-9 flora, pedicello 0.7-1.6 cm longo, ad basim bracteole triangularem vel squamiformem ferenti. Flores hermaphroditi, bilobulati, campanulati, aurantiaco-rubri, carnosi, 7 mm longi, pubescentes, pilos glandulosos ferentes, glandulis nigris. Fructus globosus usque ad leviter conicus, saepe truncatus, apice acuto, rigido, valido, cicatricem circularem ad pistilli basem ferens, ad apicem niger, 2.3-3.7 cm longus, 1.5-2.3 cm latus, viridis, aurantiacus, nitens, in sicco corrugatus. Perennial shrub, 3 m tall; terminal branches pubescent with simple hairs, with dark brown longitudinal lines that give a corrugated aspect, bracteolate, the bracts 2.5 mm long, lanceolate, pubescent, ciliate. Leaf-buds perulate, bracts 1-4 mm long and 0.7-1.0 mm broad at base, lanceolate, ciliate, triangular, with two transverse lines, pubescent. Leaves 2.0-7.5 cm long, 0.6-2.2 cm broad in the middle, spaced and clustered along the branches, rigid, coriaceous, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, apex acute, occasionally ending with an obtuse, rigid spine, 2.0-3.5 mm long, brownish green, base decurrent and thick, margin revolute and thick; abaxial surface glabrous, punctate, lineolate when dry, giving a corrugated aspect, costa prominent; upper surface mainly glabrous, gray when dry, shiny, evidently penninerved, punctate, costa pubescent at base; petiole 1-2 mm long. Inflorescences terminal racemes, 6-9-flowered; peduncle 2.5-5.0 cm long, corrugated, pilose, lignified, with bracts at the base; pedicel 0.7-1.6 cm long, broadened toward the apex, corrugated, with a triangular bracteole near the base, pilose, ciliate, apically acute with a black line on the base. Flowers hermaphroditic, orange-red, 7 mm long; calyx cupular, corrugated, glabrous, sepals 5, 3.0 x 3.3 mm, suborbicular, imbricate, the margin thin, membranous, glabrous, entire; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the tube 5 mm long, lobes 4 x 4 mm, corrugated, with glandular hairs internally, outer surface covered with hairs tipped with a dark to black gland, inner corolla appendices 5, 1.5-2.0 x 2.5 mm, alternate to corolla lobes, on top of corolla tube; stamens 5, foliaceous, adnate to the middle of corolla tube, filament 5 x 0.8 mm, anthers extrorse, dithecal, 2.5 x 1.5 mm; style 2 mm long, stigma capitate, with 5 terminal divisions, ovary 1.5 mm broad. Fruit 2.3-2.7 cm long, 1.5-2.3 cm broad, globose to slightly conical, frequently flattened, apex acute, rigid, hard, with a circular callus at the base of the remains of the style, green, yellow, or orange, tip black, shiny, corrugated; seeds 8 mm long, 6.5 mm broad, immersed in a brown mucilaginous endocarp, flat, shiny, corrugated, brown. Habitat. Jacquinia morenoana is found in remnants of semi-evergreen seasonal forest. It is abundant locally, at elevations of 10-290 m; associated species include Acacia cornigera (L.) Willdenow, NovoN 8: 129-132. 1998. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.94 on Sat, 19 Nov 2016 04:22:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Vaccinium Oxycoccos L. (Oxycoccus Palustris Pers.) and Vaccinium Microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. (Oxycoccus Microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.)

Subgenus Oxycoccus (Hill) A. Gray. Vaccinium oxycoccos L. is an evergreen shrub. Aerial stems woody, slender, flexible, terete, procumbent, prostrate, rooting, filiform, dark brown to red, occasionally up to 80 cm with short, erect or ascending flowering branches (Fl. Eur. 3; Vander Kloet 1983; Stace 1991). The leaves are (2)-5-7-(10) mm long (5 + 1.5, Vander Kloet 1983) x 2-3-(6) mm (2.0 + 0.7mm, Vander Kloet 1983), evergreen, distant, alternate, almost sessile, entire, oblong-ovate, acute, subglabrous, equally broad from some distance from the base or broader towards the middle, dark shining green above, whitish glaucous beneath with wax so thick that it frequently obscures the stomata (Vander Kloet 1983); the margin of the blade is entire, frequently revolute and often strongly so (Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Fl. Eur. 3; Vander Kloet 1983; Stace 1991). Pedicels red, slender, filiform, are 2-3 cm long, more or less erect, puberulent (Fl. Br. Isl.; Stace 1991) with red scale-like bracts <1 mm wide, sometimes absent (Vander Kloet 1983); with two bracteoles, 1.5 x 0.4 mm, linear-oblong, acuminate about or below the middle (Fl. Br. Isl.; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Vander Kloet 1983). The flowers, 4-merous, are grouped in axillary or apparently terminal racemes of 1-5. The calyx lobes are deltate to semicircular and ciliate (Fl. Eur. 3) and very small (Vander Kloet 1983). The corolla, pinkishred, is divided almost to the base in lobes 5-6 mm, ovate-oblong, revolute at full anthesis and ciliate. The 8 stamens are apically dehiscent, 4-6 mm; the filaments are pubescent on the edges, glabrous or slightly pubescent outside, much shorter than anthers (Fl. Br. Isl.); the anther sacs are awnless, the tubules are slender, 1 mm long (Fl. Br. Isl.; Vander Kloet 1983); anthers are covered with small warts (Warming 1908). Pollen tetrad diameter ranges between 31.6 ,m and 47.5 ,m (Oldfield 1959; Paquereau 1959; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Hebda 1979; Vander Kloet 1983; Warner & Chinnappa 1986; Delbuscheche 1996). Style 3-4mm long, glabrous (Vander Kloet 1983). There are a mean of 20 anatropic, tenuinucellate and unitegmic ovules (Baranec et al. 1996). In Belgium, the number of ovules averages 21.6 + 6.2 per flower and the number of tetrads is about 782 + 397 per anther (Delbuscheche 1996). Hebda (1979) found a mean of 1031 (range 881-1152) tetrads per anther. Nectar is produced at the base of the style (Warming 1908). The fruit is an over-wintering berry (cranberry), globose to rarely pyriform, red (rarely white, f. leucocarpus Aschers., Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3), sometimes speckled with white or brown, edible (Fl. Eur. 3); (4)-810-(15) mm (Fl. Eur. 3; Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Grime et al. 1981; Vander Kloet 1983; Stace 1991). Seed number of berry ranges between 3 and 1 1 (Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3; Vander Kloet 1983; Ehrlen & Eriksson 1993; Delbuscheche 1996; Eriksson & Froborg 1996): there are 14 large brown seeds in each of the 4 locules of the berry (Vander Kloet 1983). The seeds, dark brown, are 1.5-2.8 mm in length (Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3); seed coat reticulate (Hegi Fl. 1, ed. 3). The seed fresh mass averages 0.68 + 0.17mg (n = 246) (Vander Kloet 1983). Native, on peat bogs, usually in the wetter parts (Fl. Eur. 3).

Growth and development of the pod wall in spring rape (Brassica napus) as related to the presence of seeds and exogenous phytohormones

SUMMARYPod wall photosynthesis is known to contribute to nearly one-third of rape (Brassica napus) seed weight. The relationship between the number of seeds and the growth of the pod wall, and the effects of single and mixed applications of gibberellic acid (GA), naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) and benzyl adenine (BA) on development of the pod wall were, therefore, examined in potted plants of spring rape under glasshouse conditions.The size and weight of the pod wall were closely associated with the number of seeds per pod, and a stronger development of tissues was observed in the presence of seeds. Application of BA alone or in combination with GA (GA + BA) to emasculated flowers induced the development of parthenocarpic pods similar in size and shape to the untreated seeded pods. NAA applied singly or in mixtures produced abnormal pods. BA enhanced cell division in all tissues while GA and NAA caused expansion of parenchyma in the mesocarp. Application of BA or GA + BA at 1–5 rather than at 11–15 days after flower opening led to the development of bigger pods. Younger pods responded more than the older ones when they were treated simultaneously. BA or GA + BA application to nonemasculated flowers on the terminal raceme delayed senescence in both basal and apical pods but it increased pod size only in the latter. The balance of cytokinins and gibberellins within a pod seems to play an important role in regulating the growth of the pod wall.

Pod and seed growth and development of narrow-leafed lupin in a water limited mediterranean-type environment

Understanding the growth and development of reproductive organs is an important basis for investigating causes of yield variation. In narrow-leafed lupin, pods are borne on terminal racemes on the main shoot and branches. These shoots flower and set pods first on the main shoot and then on the first, second and subsequent orders of branching. This leads to complex temporal and spatial relations in the growth of pods and seeds throughout the plant. This study describes the development and morphology of pods and seeds and investigates relationships in the patterns of pod and seed filling on the branch orders. Despite the sequential setting of pods, their phases of rapid growth were almost synchronous and they reached maturity at almost the same time (i.e. durations of filling became shorter as the branch order increased). The progressively shorter durations of filling were accompanied by higher growth rates so that pod and seed weights on most branches were similar. Pod and seed filling occurred much faster and the durations of filling were shortened in lupins grown in an environment where water availability decreased rapidly after the beginning of pod and seed filling.

Rate of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed quality of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.)

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the influences of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers on the morphology, reproductive structures and seed quality of new cultivars of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus). Yield and yield component responses were not consistent between years and cultivars. For the crop sown in 1988, application of nitrogen at 240 kg/ha increased total dry matter production and combine seed yield. Seed yield increased mainly due to greater number of pods on the terminal raceme and heavier seed weight whereas number of seeds per pod was not affected. Sulphur fertilizer application did not significantly increase plant dry matter production, number of seeds per pod or individual seed weight. Considerable variation occurred between cultivars and years in seed glucosinolate concentrations with the application of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers. Nitrogen top dressings caused significant increases in seed glucosinolate concentration in the droughty year of 1989 but not in 1990. Similar significant increases also occurred with sulphur application in 1990. Seed protein content generally increased with increasing rate of nitrogen application, with concomitant decrease in oil content. Sulphur application did not influence oil and protein contents.

Lectotypification of Cimicifuga simplex (Ranunculaceae) and some synonyms

SummaryCompton, J. A. &amp; Jury, S. L.: Lectotypification of Cimicifuga simplex (Ranunculaceae) and some synonyms. – Taxon 44: 401‐404. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Cimicifuga simplex (DC.) Wormsk. ex Turcz. is the correct author citation. Lectotypification on a sheet of Wormskjöld's original material at Oslo supersedes an earlier neotypification. Lectotypes are also designated for three synonyms of C. simplex: C. foetida var. intermedia Regel, C. ussuriensis Oett. and C. taquetii H. Lév.

Effects of Soybean Raceme-Order on Pod Set and Seed Growth in Three Cultivars.

The characteristics of pod set and seed growth as affected by raceme order were investigated to determine the yield-determining process of soybean. Observations of racemes were made on the 4th, 7th, 10th, 13th and terminal nodes of the main stem of three cultivars (Indeterminate type : Harosoy ; Determinate types : Enrei, Tamahomare). Pod-setting ratio and dry seed weight reduced in higher-order racemes, while the number of seeds in a pod did not vary among raceme orders. The lower seed weight of higher-order racemes was due to the short seed growth period. Compound leaves of secondary racemes enhanced the seed growth but not the pod-setting. With the highest node of determinate types, seed dry weight and rate of dry matter accumulation (RDA) of primary racemes exceeded those of terminal racemes, suggesting that more competition for assimilates among racemes occurred in terminal racemes. The results indicate that, regardless of growth habits, the lower the raceme order, the higher the number of pods and the pod-setting ratio. Seeds derived from lower-order racemes accounted for the majority of the yield. Hence, pod-setting and seed growth of lower-order racemes are more important than those of higher-order racemes in determining soybean yield.

Two New Species of Combretaceae from Puntarenas, Costa Rica

Two new species of Combretaceae are described from Costa Rica. Combretum graciliflorum is related to C. cacoucia Exell and is only the second species of section Cacoucia (Aublet) Engler & Diels known in America. Buchenavia costaricensis is the second species of the genus from Central America and is evidently not closely related to the other (B. tetraphylla (Aublet) R. A. Howard). Combretum assimile Eichler is also reported as new to Costa Rica, from the same area as the above two new species (Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas). Among specimens collected in Costa Rica in 19881991 and recently sent to me for naming by the Missouri Botanical Garden are three taxa new to Costa Rica, two of them new to science. The two latter are the first new Central American Combretaceae to be discovered for many years, indicating the need for further detailed studies of the area in question (Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas). Combretum graciliflorum Stace, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Canton de Osa/Buenos Aires, W part of main ridge of Fila Retinto, along and near trail from Palmar Norte to Jalisco, 8?59.5'N, 83?28'W, 780-960 m, 9 Dec. 1988, Grayum & Herrera 9131 (holotype, MO). A speciebus consectionibus floribus extra dense pubescentibus minoribus angustioribusque differt. Pedicelli 37 mm; hypanthium inferius (cum ovario) 3-4 mm; hypanthium superius anguste curvato-infundibuliforme 1017 mm longum (sepalis 2.5-3.5 mm longis inclusis), 3.56 mm latum; petala usque ad 3 mm exserta, ca. 7 x 5 mm, late elliptica. Liana. Minute stalked glands frequent on leaves and inflorescences. Leaves opposite, 3.5-11.5 x 2.5-6 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly and shortly acuminate at apex, cordate to rounded-cordate at base, with 5-6 pairs of strongly curved lateral veins, densely reddish brown appressed-pubescent on veins, otherwise sparsely pubescent. Petiole 3-6 mm, densely reddish brown appressed-pubescent. Inflorescence a simple, terminal raceme 6-14.5 cm (not fully elongated). Young stems, rachis, bracts, and outside of flowers densely reddish brown appressedpubescent. Lowest bracts ca. 14 x 5 mm, narrowly elliptic, decreasing in size acropetally. Flowers (from base of pedicel to tip of petals, excluding stamens and style) 18-28 mm. Pedicel 3-7 mm. Lower hypanthium (including ovary) 3-4 mm. Upper hypanthium (including sepals) 10-17 mm, narrowly curved-infundibuliform, gradually widening from base, 3.5-6 mm across at base of sepals. Sepals 2.5-3.5 x 2-3 mm, triangular, acute at apex. Petals ca. 7 x 5 mm, broadly elliptic, pubescent, subacute at apex, exceeding sepals by up to 3 mm. Stamens exserted (but broken off). Style exserted at least 10 mm when mature. The label describes the plant as a coarse liana swooping low in forest, with yellowish green petals. However, the petals have dried very dark, and they and the stamens may have been red, as in most members of the same section; the collectors might have been referring to the sepals. I have seen only one sheet of this species, but it is clearly a member of section Cacoucia (Aublet) Engler & Diels (Exell, 1953). This section contains one American species (C. cacoucia Exell) and probably four species in West Africa (Fig. 1). Combretum graciliflorum is readily separable from C. cacoucia because of its much narrower flowers, and comes closer to some of the West African species in flower shape, notably C. mooreanum Exell, C. stenopterum Exell, and some plants of C. bracteatum (M. A. Lawson) Engler & Diels (especially plants formerly segregated as C. gentilii De Wildeman). However, it is distinct from all of these in details of flower structure. The flowers of section Cacoucia are the largest and most highly developed in the genus, with a long curved upper hypanthium, attaining 4.5 cm long in some plants of C. bracteatum (e.g., the type specimen of C. bucciniflorum Exell). They are mostly red or orange in color, have long-exserted stamens and style, and are probably bird-pollinated. The flowers of the new C. graciliflorum are the smallest in the section. The fruits of the West African species of the genus are 5-winged, the wings being wide and thin in C. bracteatum (including C. gentilii and C. bucciniflorum) and C. platypterum (Welwitsch) Hutchinson & Dalziel, and very narrow and corky in C. stenopterum and C. mooreanum. In contrast, the NovoN 5: 106-108. 1995. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:19:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 5, Number 1 Stace 107 1995 Combretaceae from Costa Rica

Six New Species of Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)

Tree up to 9 m tall. Leaves sessile or subsessile; lamina 11 18 x 3-86 5 cm, chartaceous, oblanceolate or obovate, apex acuminate or acute, base attenuate, decurrent, margin serrate-crenulate; secondary veins 12-18 pairs, 7-13 mm apart. Inflorescence a terminal erect raceme, 5-6 cm long, densely flowered near the proximal end of the inflorescence, with 812 flowers; cataphylls 3-7 x 1 mm, triangular; bracts and bracteoles caducous. Flowers with pedicels 214 mm long. Hypanthium 7-9 mm long, funnel-shaped, 4-angled, ribbed, with a pedicel 1 mm long. Sepals 4, 8-5-9 x 6-8 mm, orbicular, obovate or semiorbicular, base connate for 0 5 -0 -8 mm. Petals 4, 2-2 -2 x 2 cm, orbicular. Stamens 6-6 -5 cm long, in 5-6 whorls; staminal tube 1 5 1 7 mm high. Disc 0 5-0-8 mm high. Style c. 7 cm long, base c. 1 3 mm in diam.; stigma c. 1 mm in diam.; ovary 4-locular, 18-20 ovules per locule. Fruits (young) globose, c. 7-seeded. Fig. 1.

Influence of lodging and nitrogen rate on the yield and yield attributes of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

The effects of lodging and nitrogen rate were studied in a field trial of oilseed rapeBrassica napus L. Lodging decreased seed yield (16%) compared with a frame-raised crop. Yield decreased because of a significant reduction in each of the yield components coupled with a reduced plant population caused by stem breakage at the ground level. Lodging also reduced the final crop dry weight and harvest index. Seed yield was also lower when 200 kg ha(-1) nitrogen was applied than with 400 kg ha(-1). A general decrease in pod number m(-2), seed nuber pod(-1) and seed weight caused the lower yields. The use of 400 kg ha(-1) of nitrogen changed the contribution of the terminal raceme and individual branches with respect to seed yield. Seed nitrogn content and nitrogen yield increased at the 400 kg ha(-1), lowering both seed oil content and oil yield.

Effect of High Temperature Stress on 14CO2 Assimilation and Partitioning in Indian Mustard

AbstractEffect of heat stress on 14CO2 assimilation and translocation by different parts was investigated in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. Heat stress reduced 14CO2 assimilation by leaves, stem and pods. Export of radioactive carbon from upper and lower leaves, upper and lower stem and stem of terminal raceme was inhibited in response to heat stress. Import of 14C‐photosynthates into pods was also inhibited by heat stress indicating reduction in sink strength of the developing pods.

ANDROMONOECY IN ZIGADENUS PANICULATUS (LILIACEAE): SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF SEX ALLOCATION

I describe patterns of sex allocation and gamete packaging in the andromonoecious lily Zigadenus paniculatus. In this species, pistil length was continuously, but bimodally, distributed within plants, and smaller pistils contained fewer mature ovules. In hermaphrodite flowers, ovule number per flower increased with blooming rank in small plants but decreased with blooming rank in large plants. Flowers with pistils less than three‐fourths stamen length almost never produced fruits and were classified as males. The pedicel, tepals, stamens, and pistil of hermaphrodite flowers were all heavier than those of males. Hermaphrodite flowers were concentrated on the terminal raceme, males on the lower racemes. In combination with acropetal blooming, this spatial separation of flower types resulted in a seasonal decline in the proportion of open flowers that were hermaphrodite. However, individual flowers were protandrous, so that the population sex ratio, initially strongly male‐biased, declined as the season progressed. Hand pollinations showed that plants were self‐incompatible. Inflorescence size was positively correlated with bulb size, and plants with large inflorescences had a higher proportion of male flowers. Nutrient supplementation had no effect on inflorescence size, but increased the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers. Nutrient‐supplemented plants also began blooming earlier than controls. I discuss these patterns in relation to the adaptive significance of andromonoecious breeding systems.

Stimulation of Pod and Ovule Growth of Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. by 6-Benzylaminopurine

Flowers at distal nodes on soybean racemes usually fail to set pods and subsequently abscise. Physiological and histological studies were performed to determine the influence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on distal pod development. The pedicels of fully opened flowers on terminal racemes of field-grown IX93-100 soybean plants were treated three times with 200 mg kg-1 BAP in lanolin over a 6-d period. Racemes were then excised and 32P uptake was recorded for each flower position within a raceme; histological features of pedicels and ovules also were determined. Application of BAP increased pod and ovule length, width and weight at all four distal nodes (D, D-1, D-2, D-3) relative to controls treated with lanolin. Length and width of parietal endosperm cells were smaller in BAP-treated ovules at the most proximal node being studied (D-3), and greater numbers of parietal endosperm cells were observed at D-1 and D-3 nodes when compared to lanolin controls. Smaller amounts of starch were found in suspensor cells, endosperm, and integuments of lanolin-treated ovules, and starch depletion over time was observed within starch sheaths of pedicels from lanolin-treated pods when compared to BAP-treated tissues. BAP-treated racemes had more 32P uptake at the four most distal nodes. A higher rate of uptake (cpm mg-1 f. wt) was evident in ovules than in ovary tissues. These results suggest that for racemes otherwise destined to abscise, application of BAP promotes pod set and growth by stimulating ovule development.

A New Species of Oplonia (Acanthaceae) from Southern South America

A new species of Oplonia from the province of Jujuy, Argentina, 0. jujuyensis, is de- scribed, illustrated, and compared with its closest relative. It differs markedly from 0. hutchisonii by the corolla, which is weakly zygomorphic, and by the erect limb, with the posterior lip deeply two- lobed. This is the first report of this genus from Argentina. The present study of the Acanthaceae for the flora of the Province of Jujuy, Argentina, has led to the recognition of a new species of Oplonia from that region. The genus belongs to the subfamily Acanthoideae tribe Odontonemeae in accordance with Lindau's (1895) infrafamilial classification of the Acanthaceae, or in the tribe Justicieae subtribe Odontoneminae if one prefers to follow Breme- kamp's (1965) system of subfamilial classification. It is characterized by flowers that are either solitary in the leaf axils or borne in comparatively few- flowered axillary fascicles with minute bracts. This much reduced inflorescence distinguishes Oplonia from Odontonema Nees, the latter of which has flowers borne in terminal racemes or panicles. The corolla is zygomorphic, occasionally only weakly so, with a slender tube and a two-lipped limb, the pos- terior lip is two-lobed and the anterior lip is three- lobed. There are two stamens, which may be ex- serted or included, and two staminodes. Presently, two species are known from northern Peru, eight from the West Indies, and five from Madagascar. This is the first time that the genus is reported from Argentina. Although the genus Oplonia is easily recognized and defined, the delimitation and distribution of the taxa are more complex and somewhat unusual. Most species grow in dry open habitats as part of scrub forest. The new taxon is found in thicket of tran- sitional forest between the Chaco and Yungas (sensu Cabrera, 1976). The evolution of the genus (Stearn, 1971) would appear to be from a mesophytic spine- less South American ancestor, resembling the small- flowered species of Odontonema, by progressive re- duction in leaf size, by the contraction of the inflo- rescence from a narrow panicle or raceme into a few-flowered axillary fascicle or solitary flower, and by the conversion of lateral branches into spines, by which changes they became xerophytic. We be- lieve that Oplonia jujuyensis, with its reduced leaves, an inflorescence of few flowers in axillary fascicles, small, Odontonema-like flowers, and habitat rep- resents an isolated transition between the genera Odontonema and Oplonia.

Five New Tribes in the Scrophulariaceae

Four new tribes of Scrophulariaceae are described: Alonsoeae, Bowkerieae, Caprarieae, and Freylineae. The Globulariaceae are given new status as a tribe in the Scrophulariaceae. The relationships of many genera within the Scrophulariaceae are poorly understood. Thirty tribes are generally recognized, though some of these are clearly polymorphic and genera exist that do not fit within any recognized tribe. Recognition of the following tribes clarifies some of the relationships within the family. Alonsoeae Barringer, tribus nov. TYPE: Alonsoa Ruiz & Pavon. Herbae suffruticesve. Folia opposita vel verticillata. Inflorescentia centripeta, uniformis. Corolla explanato-rotata, resupinata, tubus nullus, labium posticum exterius. Stamina 4, antheris divaricatis vel in unam confluentes. Staminodia carentes. Capsula septicida, valvis integris bifidisve. Semina exarata. Herbs or subshrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, resupinate; lower bracts leaflike, the upper reduced. Pedicels ebracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes imbricate. Corolla rotate, resupinate, the lower lobes (from resupination) outermost in bud. Stamens 4, anthers unithecate and reniform or bithecate and parallel to divaricate; staminodes lacking. Ovary biloculate, with many ovules; stigma subcapitate. Capsule septicidal, the valves entire or bifid. Seed with a solid, longitudinally furrowed coat. A single genus native to Andean South America, Central America, and South Africa: Alonsoa Ruiz & Pavon, Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 150. 1798. TYPE: Alonsoa caulialata Ruiz & Pavon fide Pennell (1920). The true affinities of this tribe are difficult to discern. Bentham (1846) included it in the tribe Hemimerideae, but it is unlike any of the other genera in the tribe. Its often unithecate anthers, rotate corolla, and furrowed seeds are reminiscent of Verbascum L. It appears to be most closely related to Verbascum and Scrophularia L., which also have harpagioside and related 83-8a-methyl substituted iridoids (Nicoletti et al., 1988). These compounds appear to mark a distinct clade within the Scrophulariales that also includes Capraria L. and the Pedaliaceae. While most species of Alonsoa are neotropical, Roux (1985) and Steiner (1989) have found South African plants that they refer to the genus. Similar plants were described by Kunze (1841) as Schistanthe Kunze, because they differed from Alonsoa in having the corolla slightly saccate, the two lowermost corolla lobes split to the base and the capsules ovate, obtuse, and emarginate (Hilliard & Burtt, 1984). They also differ in having eliaophores in the corolla sacs similar to those found in the South African Hemimerideae and the neotropical Angeloneae and Melospermeae. Whether the South African species are placed in Alonsoa or Schistanthe, they are closely related to the South American species (Steiner, 1989) and would also be placed in this tribe. Bowkerieae Barringer, tribus nov. TYPE: Bowkeria Harvey. Frutex arboresve. Folia opposita vel verticillata. Inflorescentia composita, pedunculis cymoso-multifloris rarius unifloris bibracteatis. Corolla tubo brevi. Stamina 4 vel 2, antherarum loculis apice confluentibus. Staminodia parva vel carentes. Capsula septicida, valvis integris bifidisve. Semina reticulata. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or verticillate. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, sometimes forming panicles; not resupinate; bracts grading into leaves. Pedicels ebracteolate. Calyx 5-lobed, rarely 3-lobed, lobes imbricate or valvate. Corolla campanulate to funnelform with a conspicuous sac or pouch in the distal half of the tube, the upper lobes exterior in bud. Stamens 4 with 1 staminode occasionally present, or stamens 2 with 2 or 3 staminodes, anthers confluent, reniform. Ovary biloculate or rarely triloculate, with many ovules; stigma punctiform or slightly bifid. Capsule septicidal, the valves sometimes bifid. Seed with loose, thin reticulate coat. Three genera native to southern Africa: Ixianthes Bentham, Companion Bot. Mag. 2: 54. 1835. TYPE: Ixianthes retzioides Bentham. NOVON 3: 15-17. 1993. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.94 on Sat, 19 Nov 2016 04:22:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

FLORAL ONTOGENY IN SOPHOREAE (LEGUMINOSAE: PAPILIONOIDEAE). I. MYROXYLON (MYROXYLON GROUP) AND CASTANOSPERMUM (ANGYLOCALYX GROUP)

Floral ontogeny is described and documented using scanning electron microscopy in Myroxylon balsamum and Castanospermum australe, representatives respectively of Polhill's Myroxylon and Angylocalyx groups (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), groups exhibiting relatively unspecialized flower structure for the tribe Sophoreae. Both are woody tropical trees with axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. Bracteoles are present in both Myroxylon and Castanospermum. Flowers are initiated singly in bract axils, which are produced in acropetal order by the inflorescence apical meristem. The flower structure of both includes a broad calyx tube, five petals lacking any fusion (only the vexillary distinctive), ten free homogeneous stamens in two whorls, and a long‐stipitate carpel. The two taxa are alike in early organogenetic stages with essentially acropetal order of initiation: sepals, petals, outer stamens plus carpel, inner stamens. Within each whorl the order is unidirectional from the abaxial side. They are alike through middevelopment with one exception. There is accelerated vexillar enlargement in Castanospermum by middevelopment, not found in Myroxylon. Both have a hypanthium, which forms late in development. In both, large flower size, exserted stamens, and hypanthium are adaptations to bird‐pollination. Differences between the two that are manifested in late development include strongly zygomorphic calyx and petal color change over time (Castanospermum), stamens sagittate and apiculate with some basal filament fusion (Myroxylon), stigma form differences, and fruit form.