Terminal Chronic Kidney Disease Research Articles

Therapeutic Opportunities of Apixaban in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Reducing the Risk of Cerebrovascular Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease

The review article is devoted to the possibilities of using the oral anticoagulant apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and to reduce the risk of cerebral complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The generality of risk factors and mechanisms of the occurrence of AF in patients with CKD are considered. The therapeutic possibilities have been demonstrated for the use of oral anticoagulants, in particular apixaban, in AF in the CKD association. The main mechanisms of kidney damage during therapy with vitamin K antagonists are shown. Apixaban is shown to be more effective than warfarin to prevent stroke regardless of the severity of renal dysfunction, and in patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 ml/min, the benefits of apixaban in reducing the frequency of major bleeding are most pronounced degrees. In AF patients with CKD C1-C4 gradations, dose adjustment of apixaban is not required. The safety of the use of apixaban in a full dose (5 mg 2 times a day) in patients with terminal CKD has been approved, subject to regular hemodialysis.

Chronic kidney disease in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) have an earlier age of onset and a longer course of the disease, already by middle age they have the development of microand macrovascular diabetic complications that reduce the quality and duration of life.AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other late complications of T1D depending on renal dysfunction in the population of patients with T1D with disease duration of 20 and more years, who underwent examination and treatment in Endocrinology Research Centre.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A one-stage single-center epidemiological non-randomised study was conducted using the database of Endocrinology Research Centre with the study of 500 patients’medical histories with long-term T1D (20 years and mores), without kidney damage and with CKD at different stages (CKD C1–C5, C5D, after transplantation), examined and treated from 2011 to 2023.RESULTS: Normal renal function was observed in 10.8% of patients (n=54). Terminal stage of CKD was reached in 28.0% (n=140), of which 12.4% were on renal replacement therapy with program hemodialysis (RRT-HD), and 12.0% after isolated kidney transplantation or combined kidney and pancreas transplantation, the rest were at different stages of CKD. Normoalbuminuria was observed in 15.4% (n=77) among 500 patients. The prevalence of late complications of DM among the examined patients was high and increasing with the progression of renal dysfunction: diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in 96% of patients, distal symmetrical polyneuropathy — in 97% of patients, various forms of autonomic neuropathy — in more than half of patients. About 60% of patients had diagnosed arterial atherosclerosis in the legs, about one third — atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries, 23% — confirmed coronary heart disease, and suffered cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, acute cerebral circulation disorder) — 19% of patients, about half of whom had CKD of different severity. Factors for increased risk of cardiovascular disease: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60 mL/min/1.73m2, OR=7.1; 95% CI 3.6–8.4; p<0.001), eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 OR=8.7; 95% CI 2.8–8.4; p<0.001), eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73m2 OR=14; 95% CI 6.3–31.3; p<0.001); albuminuria > 30 mg/g OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.6–3.6; p<0.001), dialysis OR=14.1; 95% CI 6.2–32.1; p<0.001), kidney transplant OR=11.7; 95% CI 5.4–24.9; p<0.001). Manifestation of T1D between 1996–2002 reduced the risk of developing CKD by 10.75; 95% CI 4.37; 27.03) vs manifestation of T1D earlier. Age of T1D debut 6–17 years increased the risk of reaching terminal CKD vs age of debut >18 years: OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.22; 5.022; p=0.012).CONCLUSION: Despite a significant reduction in the risk of developing CKD in individuals with T1D debut between 1996 and 2002, renal dysfunction is a frequent complication in patients with a long disease course, combining with other late complications and contributing to a high risk of terminal stage of CKD and cardiovascular events. Early age of T1D debut increases the risk of terminal CKD.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is strongly associated with severe acute kidney injury in patients with septic shock

BackgroundDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) worsens the prognosis of septic shock and contributes to multiple organ failure. To date, no data linking DIC and acute kidney injury (AKI) occurrence, severity, and evolution in this setting are available. We aimed at analyzing the association between AKI occurrence, severity and evolution in patients with septic shock-induced DIC. In a prospective monocentric cohort study, consecutive patients, 18 years and older, admitted in the ICU of Strasbourg University Hospital in the setting of systemic hypotension requiring vasopressor related to an infection, without history of terminal chronic kidney disease were eligible. AKI was defined according to the KDIGO classification. DIC diagnosis was based on the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) score. Evolution of AKI was evaluated through the composite endpoint of major adverse kidney events. Only patients with DIC that occurred before or at the time of AKI diagnosis were considered. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to determine factors associated with renal outcomes.Results350 patients were included, of whom 129 experienced DIC. Patients with DIC were more seriously ill (median SAPS II 64 vs. 56, p < 0.001), and had higher 28-day mortality (43.3% vs. 26.2%, p < 0.001). AKI was more frequent in patients with DIC (86.8% vs. 74.2%, p < 0.005), particularly for the more severe stage of AKI [KDIGO 3 in 58.1% of patients with DIC vs. 30.8% of patients without DIC, p < 0.001, AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in 47.3% of patients with DIC vs. 21.3% of patients without DIC, p < 0.001]. After adjustment for confounding factors, DIC occurrence remained associated with the risk of having the more severe stage of AKI with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.74 [IC 95% (1.53–4.91), p < 0.001], and with the risk of requiring RRT during the ICU stay [OR 2.82 (1.53–5.2), p < 0.001].ConclusionDIC appears to be strongly associated with the risk of developing the more severe form of AKI (stage 3 of the KDIGO classification, RRT requirement), even after adjustment for severity and other relevant factors.

Trends in the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes in Russian Federation according to the Federal diabetes register (2010–2022)

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetes mellitus (DM) is a supranosological concept that characterizes multifactorial kidney damage associated with increased cardiovascular and mortality risk, which determines the high medical and social significance of this problem in diabetic patients.AIMS: To assess the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of CKD in adult DM patients with type 1(T1) and type 2 (T2) in Russian Federation (RF) in 2010–2022 according to the Federal Register of Diabetes Mellitus (FDR) and to present the capabilities of the register’s analytical tools for assessing organ-protective therapy and predicting the risk of pathology.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have used the database of FRD (http://diaregistry.ru), 85 regions of the RF. The data are presented as of 01.01.2023 and in dynamics for the period 2010–2022.RESULTS: The CKD prevalence in adult DM patients in RF in dynamics 2010→2022 showed in an increase in the rate for T1 from 21.5 to 27.1% (1.3 times), for T2 from 5.2 to 19.1% (3.7 times). The incidence of new CKD cases was 153.3→106.3/10 000 adult patients in T1, and 64.3→212.8/10 000 adult patients in T2. The analysis of the distribution by CKD stage indicates improved diagnosis of the complication. In the structure of new cases of CKD in the dynamics of 2010→2022. The proportions of patients with low and moderate combined risk of cardiovascular events and end-stage renal failure according to KDIGO criteria increased for T1 63.7→82.4%, for T2 64.5→77.4%. The proportions of patients with very high risk progressively decreased for T1 12.3→4.0%, for T2 13.1→1.6%. The average age of onset of CKD increased by an average of 6 years in persons with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (35.6→42 years, 63.3→69.3 years, respectively), with the dynamics of the average DM duration at the time of CKD development: in T1 11.5→14.8 years, in T2 7.4→7.8 years. The cause of terminal CKD in the structure of mortality in DM patients took only in T1 patients 5.6% and in T2D — 2.0%. A retrospective analysis of factors influencing the fatal outcome of DM patients with COVID-19 showed the significance of a history of CKD in T2DM patients, which increases the risk of death by 1.49 times (95% CI 1.01–2.04). Analysis of the structure of glucose-lowering therapy in T2DM patients and CKD indicates a more frequent prescription of drugs from the group of SGLT-2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor antagonists compared to the general cohort of T2DM. There is the CKD prognosis calculator in the FRD, which allows assessing the risk of developing of pathology within 5 years in a particular patient based on a set of the most significant predictors, which included 6 factors for T1 and 11 factors for T2. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological trends in the prevalence of CKD over a 13-year period indicate the growing importance of this problem in DM patients who are at risk. Along with the positive trends in the development of pathology with a longer duration of diabetes, in clinical practice the problem remains of untimely detection of CKD with impaired renal function at advanced stages. The progressive nature of the course and the negative impact of kidney damage on the risks of premature mortality in patients determine the priority of preventive diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at compliance with the standard of examination, detection of pathology in the early stages and a multifactorial approach to nephroprotection, according to clinical recommendations.

Bone mineral density progression following long-term simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in type-1 diabetes

IntroductionSimultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) has demonstrated favorable impact on the progression of chronic complications in type-1 diabetes (T1D) and terminal chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, some CKD mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) may persist, even after transplantation. There are only a few studies addressing the long-term progression of bone mineral density (BMD) in these patients. Our aim was to assess baseline BMD and long-term progression and consequences in patients with T1D undergoing SPKT. MethodsA retrospective cohort included patients undergoing SPKT in our tertiary center between 2000 and 2017. BMD progression was assessed on dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Only patients with baseline data and a minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. ResultsSeventy-three patients were included, 53.4% male, with a median age at SPKT of 35 years (interquartile range [IQR] 31; 39). At transplantation, the median T-scores for the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) were −1.6 (IQR −2.6; −1.1) and -−2.1 (IQR −2.7; −1.6), respectively. Seventy-five percent of patients presented low BMD (osteopenia or osteoporosis) in the LS and 90% in the FN, with 33% osteoporosis in the LS and 36% in the FN. On multivariate analysis, male gender (odds ratio [OR] 10.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.88–40.70) and low body-mass index (BMI) (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.97) were significantly associated with lumbar but not femoral osteoporosis. At long-term follow-up, BMD significantly improved in the LS (ΔT-score +0.41, P<0.001) and FN (ΔT-score +0.29, P=0.01), at a median 4 years after SPKT. Twelve (16.4%) and 9 (12.3%) patients showed persistent FN and LS osteoporosis, respectively. Multivariate linear regression showed that high BMI was predictive of improvement in BMD. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated severe skeletal fragility in T1D patients with terminal CKD undergoing SPKT, more than a quarter of whom showed osteoporosis. The significant improvement in BMD may result from metabolic correction by SPKT and from physiological skeleton mineralization, which continues in this age group. BMD progression was positively associated with BMI, due to improved nutritional balance after transplantation.

STUDY OF DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT OF ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUG IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS KIDNEY FUNCTION AT DR. SOEKARDJO TASIKMALAYA HOSPITAL

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the complications in DM that can end up becoming DM kidney failure. Nephropathy complications, if not handled properly, will lead to terminal chronic kidney disease. One of the factors that trigger complications of diabetic nephropathy in DM patients is the long-term use of oral anti-diabetic drugs. Therefore, proper dosage adjustment of these antidiabetic drugs, which are excreted through the kidneys, is required. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the dose received by type II DM patients with impaired renal function in the hospital was appropriate or not. This research will be carried out quantitatively and retrospectively by collecting patient medical record data at the hospital, and then the data obtained will be analyzed descriptively by calculating the creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft &amp; Gault formula and comparing it with the literature dose based on the value of creatinine clearance. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling using the inclusion and exclusion criteria determined by the researcher. The inclusion criteria are data on type II diabetes mellitus patients with impaired kidney function at dr. Soekardjo Tasikmalaya Hospital in October–December 2020 who were treated with oral anti-diabetic drugs. The exclusion criteria were type II DM patients with impaired renal function who were treated with insulin, type I DM patients, and type II DM patients with impaired renal function who were treated with oral antidiabetic with incomplete laboratory data. Based on research that has been conducted on 35 samples, as many as 25 people, or 71.43 percent of patients, received therapeutic doses that were not in accordance with their kidney conditions. Meanwhile, 10 people, or 28,57% of patients, received a therapeutic dose according to their kidney condition.

The Role of Scintigraphy and Hybrid Single-Photon Emission Tomography in Comparison with Laboratory Data in a Comprehensive Examination of Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Objective:to estimate the possibilities and determine the diagnostic value of scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in the assessment of the functional state of parathyroids in comparison with laboratory data in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Material and methods.The study consistently included 64 patients with the established diagnosis of SHPT due to the acquired vitamin D deficiency or with terminal chronic kidney disease (CKD), with the presence of ultrasound data and laboratory tests of calcium-phosphoric exchange indicators. Neck and mediastum nuclear study with 99mTc-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (MIBI) was performed in the planar two-phase scintigraphy mode according to the standard protocol with an estimation of parathyroid visualization intensity, as well as in SPECT/CT performed 1 hour after MIBI injection. Results. In the group of patients with CKD as a cause of SHPT (n = 14), the most pronounced increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH) level (210.8 ± 103.0 vs. 107.0 ± 40.2 pg/ml in patients with vitamin D deficiency (n = 50, p &lt; 0.001)) and phosphorus (mean 1.39 ± 0.51 mmol/l), as well as excess of normal levels of alkaline phosphatase (407.7 ± 338.1 units/l) were noted. In patients with vitamin D deficiency, impaired parathyroids according to SPECT/CT data was visualized in 8 % of cases, and in patients with CKD in 14.3 %. No significant differences in the mean levels of vitamin D in patients with (n = 46) and without (n = 4) modified parathyroids according to scintigraphy were detected: 26.06 ± 13.19 vs. 25.82 ± 18.80 ng/ml, respectively (p = 0.97). Differences in PTH and calcium levels were not observed: 91.3 ± 39.2 vs. 89.2 ± 29.5 pg/ml (p = 0.90), 2.53 ± 0.21 vs. 2.58 ± 0,15 mmol/l (p = 0.64), respectively. Conclusion.The neck SPECT/CT is a key method of topical imaging of impaired parathyroids in preoperative preparation of patients with SHPT caused by CKD. The method may have a diagnostic value in treatment-resistant patients with vitamin D deficiency and upper-normal PTH and calcium levels in terms of detection of the nodular form of parathyroid hyperplasia. The implementation of SPECT/CT after 1 hour after MIBI injection increases the sensitivity of the study.

Usefulness of a nutritional strategy on dyslipidemia in pediatric patients with terminal chronic kidney disease

Background and objective: in chronic kidney disease (CKD) there are several factors that increase the presence of dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to identify the usefulness of a nutritional intervention, in children with terminal CKD, on dyslipidemia 6 months after intervention start. Materials and methods: a quasi-experiment study (before and after) was performed. End-stage CKD patients on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis were included. Each child underwent a determination somatometry, and lipid profile at the beginning and at 6 months of follow-up. A nutritional guide was made with food traffic lights, turning the food that should be consumed in the least amount possible in red. In addition to including life-size food using educational models. To compare the quantitative variables before and after the intervention, the variables were transformed to their logarithm and a paired Student's t-test was applied. Results: a total of 41 patients were analyzed. After the intervention, the parameters in the lipid profile were modified; meanwhile HDL concentrations increased (41.0 mg/dL vs 44.4 mg/dL, p = 0.048), triglyceride concentrations decreased (227.1 mg/dL vs 185.9 mg/dL, p = 0.007), and these changes persist even after excluding patients who were under lipid-lowering treatment (195 mg/dL vs 171.6, p = 0.049). Regarding the state of dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia decreased, without reaching significance (80.5 % vs 62.5 %, p = 0.073). Conclusions: the nutritional intervention improved HDL and triglyceride concentrations 6 months afterwards in children with terminal CKD.

Transplant Associated Graft versus Host Disease

Graft versus host disease (GVHD) occurs quite often after hematopoietic cell transplantation. However, it is a rare complication after solid organ transplantation and consists of a reaction of donor-derived immune cells directed against host tissues, which is mostly seen in liver, small intestine, and pancreas transplantation. We are presenting a 54-year-old man with a long-standing history of hypertension, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and stage V terminal chronic kidney disease, who was on a regular hemodialysis thrice weekly. He had a living kidney transplantation done abroad. On returning, he had a normal kidney function with no obvious complications. Three years later, he presented with jaundice, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Laboratory evaluation showed marked elevated liver enzymes, and severe pancytopenia with evidence of hepatosplenomegaly. Liver biopsy was compatible with graft-versus-host-disease and toxic hepatitis. The patient was not cooperative with the management and he traveled abroad for the 2nd opinion. Based on the clinical presentations, laboratory, radiological, and pathological findings, transplant-associated GVHD (ta-GVHD) was confirmed. Unfortunately, this patient was complicated by severe sepsis, and confounded by a lack of cooperation with the management plan, which resulted in his demise. In the presence of a highly immunocompromised state, patients presenting with transaminitis/hyperbilirubinemia, and when drug-induced liver injury is excluded, the diagnosis of ta-GVHD needs to be highly considered.

Genitourinary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Infection after BCG Intravesical Administration in a Patient under Hemodialysis — What Can We Do Better?

A 74-year-old man with terminal chronic kidney disease, under hemodialysis and with residual diuresis, was admitted due to myalgia, arthralgia, fever and pyuria in the previous 10 days. The patient had a recent diagnosis of high-grade non-invasive bladder cancer and was doing weekly BCG intravesical administrations. The symptoms started three days before the fifth administration. He had done cefixime as an outpatient and started piperacillin-tazobactam on hospital admission, but the fever persisted, and there was no bacterial isolation in urine or blood culture. On the tenth and seventeenth day after the last BCG intravesical administration Mycobacterium bovis was still isolated in the urine culture. The diagnosis of BCGitis was made and treatment was started, with a good response. Forty days after the last administration and under treatment, the culture remained positive for Mycobacterium bovis in the urine. We raise the question about the safety of BCG administration in patients with residual diuresis.

Repercussões ocupacionais em pessoas com doença renal crônica terminal que fazem hemodiálise: um marco na justiça ocupacional

Abstract Objective To know the occupational repercussions caused by hemodialysis treatment in people suffering from Terminal Chronic Kidney Disease and how public policies in Chile, specifically, Explicit Health Guarantees address the needs of this population. Method Environmental observation guidelines, field notes, and semi-structured interviews with users and professionals who work in the Hemodialysis Unit of the Hospital Base de Valdivia, Chile were used. In addition, a documentary analysis was carried out that included clinical guidelines and technical standards of the Hemodialysis Unit. Results The data were organized into 5 topics: Hospital Base Valdivia hemodialysis unit, Process of change and adaptation, Routines and habits, Roles and Sufficiency of public policies. Breaks in occupational histories, difficulties in the adaptation process and the need for a comprehensive approach that is not considered by public policies are evidenced. Conclusion The need for a multidisciplinary treatment is proposed that considers an accompaniment in the process of occupational adaptation, especially in the early stages after diagnosis in order to prevent the impact on the quality of life of this population, as well as the need to develop more studies on the subject.

Pulse Wave Velocity as a Marker of Vascular Dysfunction and Its Correlation with Cardiac Disease in Children with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

One of the main markers of arterial stiffness is pulse wave velocity (PWV). This parameter is well studied as a marker for end-organ damage in the adult population, being considered a strong predictor of major cardiovascular events. This study assessed PWV in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a marker of cardiovascular risk. We conducted a prospective observational single-center cohort study of 42 consecutively pediatric patients (9–18 years old) with terminal CKD and dialysis, at the Hemodialysis Department of the “M. S. Curie” Hospital, Bucharest. We measured PWV by echocardiography in the ascending aorta (AscAo) and the descending aorta (DescAo), and we correlated them with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Fifteen patients (35.7%) presented vascular dysfunction defined as PWV above the 95th percentile of normal values in the AscAo and/or DescAo. Cardiac disease (LVH/LV remodeling) was discovered in 32 patients (76.2%). All patients with vascular damage also had cardiac disease. Cardiac damage was already present in all patients with vascular disease, and the DescAo is more frequently affected than the AscAo (86.6% vs. 46.9%). Elevated PWV could represent an important parameter for identifying children with CKD and high cardiovascular risk.

Clinical and diagnostic significance of endothelial dysfunction and serotonin levels in children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a serious problem in pediatrics and pediatric nephrology. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is one of the leading causes of acute kidney injury with potential transformation into terminal chronic kidney disease. Currently, the endothelial dysfunction is strongly associated with changes in the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. There are few studies that have revealed an increase in the blood plasma serotonin concentration in children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome, but its role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease has been insufficiently studied. The progressive course of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, up to the terminal stage of renal failure, requires the search for markers of renal tissue damage as prognostically significant factors for the development of nephrosclerosis, which is of particular importance for optimizing the management of such children.

Comparative economic evaluation of renal replacement therapies in Argentina, Costa Rica, and UruguayAvaliação econômica comparativa de terapias de substituição renal na Argentina, na Costa Rica e no Uruguai

RESUMENObjetivo.Evaluar las diferencias de costos y prevalencia de las terapias de remplazo renal (TRR) como el trasplante, la diálisis peritoneal y la hemodiálisis en Argentina, Costa Rica y Uruguay, mediante estrategias costo-efectivas de difusión.Métodos.Costos y prevalencia de principales financiadores y prestadores por país, y análisis de costo-efectividad mediante modelo de Markov a 5 años, evaluando estrategias de asignación de recursos expresadas por razón incremental de costo-efectividad en costo por año de vida ajustado por calidad.Resultados.Se observa dispersión entre los países en el acceso y los valores prestacionales de TRR, que afectan su prevalencia y el punto de equilibrio monetario. Desde el punto de vista de los costos, es más eficiente promover la realización de trasplantes y de diálisis peritoneal, y desalentar la indicación de hemodiálisis, aunque la disponibilidad de cada TRR por país requirió evaluaciones particulares.Conclusiones.Promover la realización de trasplantes ahorra costos, aunque los puntos de equilibrio variables requieren determinar diferentes umbrales de costo-efectividad por país. En Argentina y Uruguay, la administración de TRR mejoraría su eficiencia si se aumentan la cantidad de pacientes en diálisis peritoneal y las tasas de donación para trasplantes. En Costa Rica (donde hay tasas elevadas de trasplantes y margen presupuestario), la incorporación de técnicas dialíticas se ajusta por demanda e incidencia de pacientes con ERCT.

Risk factors and diagnostic significance of the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a marker in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and diabetic kidney disease

Aim. To assess the risk factors and diagnostic significance of the N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD).Material and methods. A total of 125 patients with ADHF and type 2 diabetes (T2D) were examined. They were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence/ absence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The first group consisted of 43 (34,4%) patients with DKD, the second — 82 (65,6%) without CKD. The inclusion criterion was the presence of ADHF and T2D. There were following exclusion criteria: cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, acute thromboembolic events, type 1 diabetes, prediabetes, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, prior transient ischemic attack (&lt;1 month old), dissecting aneurysm or aortic dissection, acute valvular disorders, major surgery (&lt;1 month old), cardiac trauma, infective endocarditis, acute hepatitis and cirrhosis, terminal CKD, alcohol abuse, non-cardiac edema, cancer, dementia and mental disorders.Results. With the development of a hypertensive crisis and an increase in diastolic blood pressure &gt;100 mm Hg, the odds ratio (OR) and the relative risk (RR) of ADHF in patients with DKD increases by 5,1 and 4,5 times, 2,5 and 1,8 times, respectively. In the presence of grade III-V premature ventricular contractions, OR and RR of ADHF in patients with DKD were 2,6 and 1,9, respectively. OR and RR of ADHD in patients with DKD and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack were 3,8 and 3,2, respectively. Verification of anemia at a hemoglobin level of 5 mmol/l, the OR of ADHF in patients with DKD increases by 3,7 times, the OR — by 2,3 times. The NT-proBNP &gt;1289 pg/ml is diagnostic for verifying ADHF in DKD patients with the sensitivity of 64,3% and specificity of 93,3%.Conclusion. Every third patient with ADHF and T2D is diagnosed with DKD. A certain range of risk factors for the development of ADHF in patients with DKD has been identified. As the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, the NT-proBNP level increases. With a decrease in GFR of 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 in patients with T2D, the diagnostic value of NT-proBNP &gt;1289 pg/ml should be considered to verify ADF.

Global Longitudinal Strain of the Left Ventricle in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis

The impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis (HD) on heart function is not fully understood. Assess the influence of different grades of chronic nephropathy and HD on the cardiac function using myocardial deformation: Longitudinal global strain (LGS) Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between January 2017 and January 2018, concerning patients followed for CKD sent for cardiac evaluation. The patients were classified into 3 subgroups (Control: without CKD; Medium to advanced CKD: stages 3, 4 or 5, and terminal CKD on HD. The systolic function of the LV was evaluated by echocardiography with the analysis of the LGS. The study included 100 patients, According to the subgroups: 33 did not have CKD (control), 27 had moderate to advanced CKD (stages 3, 4 or 5) and 40 had terminal CKD on HD. There was no significant difference in gender, age and LVEF among the groups. Compared to control group, the absolute value of SLG was decreased in the CKD groups, this decrease is parallel to the decline in renal function. In addition, compared to moderate CKD patients, LV systolic function was better in patients with CKD on HD. Myocardial strain analysis is much more sensitive for predicting and detecting LV systolic dysfunction in patients with CKD. The decline in kidney function parallels the deterioration in heart function which may indicate that toxins play an important role in LV dysfunction, HD helps clarify toxins and improve LV function.

Моноклональная гаммапатия ренального значения — новые возможности лечения

Objective of the Review: To draw attention to the new capabilities of the therapy of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS). Key Points. The article analyses and systematises available information on possible therapies of MGRS. This condition adversely affects the quality of a patient’s life, causes renal parenchyma dysfunction and terminal chronic kidney disease. Special attention is paid to cooperation between hematologists and nephrologists in management of such patients. We describe the capabilities of the modern cloneoriented therapy, advantages and disadvantages of chemotherapeutic agents used. Conclusion. Currently, the preferred approach to management of patients with MGRS is close cooperation between hematologists and nephrologists in order to personalize therapy taking into account clinical course of the disease and concomitant pathologies. Keywords: monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance, clone-oriented therapy, monoclonal protein.

Factors associated with the severity of pruritus in patients with terminal chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in Lima, Peru

The objective of the study is to analyze the factors associated with the severity of pruritus in patients with terminal chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. The methodology used is based on a cross-sectional study in patients receiving hemodialysis at the Centro Nacional de Salud Renal. Severe pruritus was defined as a score on the visual analogue scale greater than or equal to 7, and the strength of association with the possible risk factors was assessed by calculating prevalence ratios. Regarding the results, 264 patients were included, 59.9% were male, with a mean time on hemodialysis of 10.26 ± 7.14 years. 75% experienced pruritus, of this group, 1 in 3 presented severe pruritus. Hyperphosphatemia and the use of antihistamines were associated with a higher prevalence of severe pruritus (RP 1.71, 95% CI 1.09-267 and RP 2.39, 95% CI 1.51-3.75, respectively). The positive serology for Hepatitis C Virus was described as a protective factor for presenting severe pruritus (RP 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 - 0.89). In conclusion, severe uremic pruritus is a frequent problem in patients with chronic terminal kidney disease who have hyperphosphatemia and treatment with antihistamines independently of the time they have been on hemodialysis.

Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients

The group of heterogeneous disorders affecting the kidneys' structure and function is generally known as chronic kidney disease (CKD). In developed countries, most patients at the terminal CKD stage are treated with hemodialysis in order to increase their lifespan. Here, we used a microarray data set of patients with CKD, patients on hemodialysis, and healthy controls along with a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We detected seven modules by using the WGCNA, and the blue, turquoise, and brown modules were highly enriched with differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Blue, turquoise, and brown module genes were the most significantly enriched in the gene ontology (GO) terms involved in oxidative phosphorylation, voltage-gated cation channel activity, and regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation, respectively. The brown module also included several GO terms involved in immunity. The turquoise module contained many genes that are known to cause neurological and heart diseases due to decreased expression. The brown module contained recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin κ J region (RBPJ) genes that are involved in vascular homeostasis and the survival of memory CD4-positive T cells. The decreased expression of RBPJ may be related to cardiovascular complications and susceptibility to infection. These findings contribute to a more complete understanding of the pathology of CKD and hemodialysis patients and complications including cardiovascular events and infectious diseases.

Profilaxis combinada con inmunoglobulina intravenosa y plasmaféresis en pacientes altamente sensibilizados, receptores de trasplante renal o combinado hígado-riñón: experiencia en un centro médico colombiano

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introducción. El trasplante renal constituye la mejor opción de tratamiento para los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal. La supervivencia del injerto es de gran importancia y puede ser afectada por factores inmunológicos o no inmunológicos; esto unido al número de pacientes en las listas de espera, hace necesario definir estrategias de manejo que permitan tener mejores resultados a largo plazo. Objetivo. Determinar las características clínicas y humorales, y los de- senlaces en receptores de trasplante renal o combinado hígado-riñón, altamente sensibilizados, que recibieron profilaxis combinada con inmunoglobulina intravenosa y plasmaféresis en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación, en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, que incluyó los pacientes trasplantados entre el 4 de julio de 2010 y el 19 de abril de 2017. Como variables se incluyeron, entre otras, la etiología de la enfermedad renal crónica, el tipo de terapia recibida, y el tiempo en lista de espera en días. Como desenlace se evaluó la presencia de rechazo, el tipo de rechazo, la pérdida del injerto, las complicaciones y la muerte. Resultados. Del total de 25 pacientes, el 100% recibió inmunoglobulina intravenosa y el 84% plasmaféresis. El 12% presen-tó rechazo del injerto, todos de tipo humoral, y el 20% perdió el injerto. Discusión. A pesar de la gran variedad de protocolos propuestos en la literatura, en esta población especial no se ha establecido un protocolo óptimo de inmunosupresión. El protocolo en nuestra pequeña cohorte no tuvo un impacto negativo en el porcentaje de infecciones postrasplante ni en la pérdida del injerto renal, pero sí redujo el tiempo en las listas de espera; por lo tanto, se requieren estudios adicionales para confirmar los hallazgos encontrados en este estudio.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;