Term Milk Research Articles

A Study of the Significance of Alternative Version of Spilt Milk in Terms of Literary Therapy

A Study of the Significance of Alternative Version of Spilt Milk in Terms of Literary Therapy

A Comparative Investigation of an in vitro and Clinical Test of the Bifidogenic Effect of an Infant Formula

The bifidogenic effect of an infant formula supplemented with inulin and fructooligosaccharides (4.0 g/l) was examined clinically and in vitro, and compared that of mature breast milk. In a 28-day clinical study, fecal samples of 21 infants, divided into two groups: one receiving the infant formula and the other breast milk, were microbiologically and biochemically examined. In the in vitro investigation, microbiological and biochemical changes in the infant formula and breast milk induced by the action of bifidobacteria isolated from infant feces were examined. There were no significant differences in the fecal numbers of lactobacilli, total aerobes, anaerobes or yeasts and fungi. In contrast, the bifidobacteria numbers in the stools increased significantly during the study in the infants receiving the supplemented formula. The comparative in vitro test showed that the bifidogenic effect was similar for infant formula and breast milk in terms of the number of bifidobacteria. Consumption of infant formula with added inulin and fructooligosaccharides stimulated the bifidogenic effect, both clinically and in vitro. The in vitro test can quickly and objectively determine the bifidogenic effect of infant formula and indicate their quality. However, a clinical test is necessary to determine the acceptance and biological value of infant formula.

Obtention of goat milk permeates enriched in lactose-derived oligosaccharides

Goat milk shows interesting similarities in comparison with human milk in terms of their oligosaccharides composition, which suggests that goat milk oligosaccharides could mimic the physiological activities described for human milk oligosaccharides. However, the supplementation of the accompanying goat milk protein in infant formulae is not allowed by the current European legislation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential use of a 50 kDa tubular ceramic membrane in the production of goat milk permeates with a reduced content in protein, while recovering the whole oligosaccharide fraction. The continuous diafiltration process devised was able to recover 95% of the oligosaccharides and to retain 94% of the protein after the 3 diavolumes filtered in 12.3 h of operation. A dynamic model consisting in a system of differential and algebraic equations was able to reproduce the experimental data and was further useful in order to determine the minimum number of membrane modules needed to achieve a required recovery of oligosaccharides.

Influence of transmembrane pressure on the separation of caprine milk oligosaccharides from protein by cross‐flow ultrafiltration

Goat milk shows similarities with human milk in terms of their oligosaccharides composition. However, the supplementation of goat milk protein in infant formulae is not allowed, which demands a previous separation of oligosaccharides from protein. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transmembrane pressure on the fractionation of oligosaccharides, protein, lactose and calcium in the diafiltration of caprine milk through a 50 kDa tubular ceramic membrane. Permeates with more than 99% of the original oligosaccharides were obtained after four diavolumes. It was seen that transmembrane pressure had a great influence on filtration time and protein transmission.

Trefoil factors in human milk

We measured concentrations of the gastrointestinal protective peptides Trefoil factors in human milk. By the use of in-house ELISA we detected high amounts of TFF3, less TFF1 and virtually no TFF2 in human breast milk obtained from 46 mothers with infants born extremely preterm (24−27 wk gestation), preterm (28−37 wk gestation), and full term (38−42 wk gestation). Samples were collected during the first, second, third to fourth weeks and more than 4 wks postpartum. Median (range) TFF1 [TFF3] concentrations in human milk were 320 (30−34000) [1500 (150−27,000)] pmol/L in wk 1, 120 (30−720) [310 (50−7100)] pmol/L in wk 2, 70 (20−670) [120 (20−650)] pmol/L in wks 3 to 4, and 60 (30−2500) [80 (20−540)] pmol/L in > 4 wks after delivery. The lowest concentrations of TFF1 and TFF3 were found later than 2 wks after birth. In conclusion, TFF was present in term and preterm human milk with rapidly declining concentrations during the first weeks post partum. The clinical significance of TFF present in human milk remains to be explored, both regarding development of the fetal gut and protection against necrotizing enterocolitis.

Relationship between surface tension, free fatty acid concentration and foaming properties of milk

The relationship between surface tension, free fatty acid concentration and the foaming properties of milk was investigated. The surface tension of milk with varying free fatty acid concentration was determined using the Wilhelmy plate technique and the milks were subsequently foamed by steam injection using a commercial coffee machine and by air injection using a specially designed foaming apparatus. Foaming properties of milk in terms of initial foam volume, foam stability and visual appearance of foam as functions of free fatty acid concentration were determined. Surface tension of milk showed a negative relationship with its free fatty acid concentration and foaming properties. However, natural variations in the surface tension of milk due to other surface active components such as protein, fat and phospholipids made it difficult to determine an absolute surface tension value below which the foaming properties of milk are negatively affected.

A quantitative analysis of coconut water: a new storage media for avulsed teeth

The purpose of this study was to use a Collagenase-Dispase assay to investigate the potential of a new storage media, coconut water, in maintaining viable periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on simulated avulsed teeth. Fifty freshly extracted human teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups and 2 control groups. The positive and negative controls corresponded to 0 minutes and an 8-hour dry time, respectively. The experimental teeth were stored dry for 30 minutes and then immersed in 1 of the 3 media: coconut water (CW), Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), and milk. The teeth were then treated with Dispase grade II and Collagenase for 30 minutes. The number of viable PDL cells were counted with a hemocytometer and analyzed. Statistical analysis demonstrated that CW kept significantly more PDL cells viable compared to either HBSS or milk. Within the parameters of this study, it appears that CW may be better alternative to HBSS or milk in terms of maintaining PDL cell viability after avulsion and storage.

Near-infrared reflectance analysis to evaluate the nitrogen and fat content of human milk in neonatal intensive care units

Objective:To validate near-infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) as a fast, reliable and suitable method for routine evaluation of human milk’s nitrogen and fat content.Setting:One neonatal intensive care unit.Patients:124 samples of expressed...

Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Binding Proteins in Early Milk from Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants

Breast-fed preterm infants often show a better outcome, partly ascribed to the benefit of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBP). We compared IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 levels, measured by radioimmunoassays in milk samples from 30 mothers of preterm (<31 weeks) and from 19 mothers of term (>37 weeks) infants at days 7 and 21 postpartum. Proteolysis of IGFBP-2 within mother’s milk and digestion of ¹²⁵I-IGF-II and ¹²⁵I-IGFBP-2 by gastric juice from neonates were assessed by electrophoretic techniques. Mean concentrations did not differ between preterm and term milk: IGF-I (2.8 ± 0.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml), IGF-II (12.0 ± 0.4 vs. 12.2 ± 0.5 ng/ml), IGFBP-3 (100.0 ± 5.1 vs. 80.0 ± 5.8 ng/ml), but did so for IGFBP-2 (3,144 ± 172 vs. 2,428 ± 188 ng/ml, p < 0.02). Immunoblots revealed 42% (p < 0.05) more IGFBP-2 fragments of 14 and 25 kDa in preterm milk. Incubation with gastric juice caused cleavage of ¹²⁵I-IGFBP-2 and partial cleavage of ¹²⁵I-IGF-II. Mutual complexation protected IGF-II and IGFBP-2 from cleavage, suggesting that both are likely to arrive in the bowel in an intact form to exert promotive effects. The results provide further evidence that IGFBP-2 and IGF-II in breast milk are relevant factors for the early development of preterm infants.

Effects of Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization on Microbial and Physicochemical Shelf Life of Milk

The effect of ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) on microbial and physicochemical shelf life of milk during storage at 4°C was studied and compared with a conventional heat preservation technology used in industry. Milk was standardized at 3.5% fat and was processed using a Stansted high-pressure homogenizer. High-pressure treatments applied were 100, 200, and 300MPa (single stage) with a milk inlet temperature of 40°C, and 200 and 300MPa (single stage) with a milk inlet temperature of 30°C. The UHPH-treated milks were compared with high-pasteurized milk (PA; 90°C for 15s). The microbiological quality was studied by enumerating total counts, psychrotropic bacteria, lactococci, lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms, spores, and Pseudomonas. Physicochemical parameters assessed in milks were viscosity, color, pH, acidity, rate of creaming, particle size, and residual peroxidase and phosphatase activities. Immediately after treatment, UHPH was as efficient (99.99%) in reducing psychrotrophic, lactococci, and total bacteria as was the PA treatment, reaching reductions of 3.5 log cfu/mL. Coliforms, lactobacilli, and enterococci were eliminated. Microbial results of treated milks during storage at 4°C showed that UHPH treatment produced milk with a microbial shelf life between 14 and 18 d, similar to that achieved for PA milk. The UHPH treatments reduced the L* value of treated milks and induced a reduction in viscosity values of milks treated at 200MPa compared with PA milks; however, these differences would not be appreciated by consumers. In spite of the fat aggregates detected in milks treated at 300MPa, no creaming was observed in any UHPH-treated milk. Hence, alternative methods such as UHPH may give new opportunities to develop fluid milk with an equivalent shelf life to that of PA milk in terms of microbial and physicochemical characteristics.

Intra- and intercompartmental associations between levels of organochlorines in maternal plasma, cord plasma and breast milk, and lead and cadmium in whole blood, for indigenous peoples of Chukotka, Russia

Long-range transport of pollutants towards circumpolar regions emphasizes the need for up-to-date and reliable biological monitoring data. This paper explores the use, reliability and availability of maternal blood (MB) and plasma (MP), cord blood (CB) and plasma (CP) and mother's milk (MM) in terms of assessing exposure to persistent toxic substances (PTSs). It is concluded that MP has the best combination of availability, sensitivity in terms of number of PTSs, their detection frequency and concentrations, and physiological relevance. The study group consisted of 48 pregnant women of indigenous origin from the Chuchki district in the eastern Russian arctic. Blood, CB and MM specimens were collected from all women and MP, CP and MM were analyzed for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) suite of organochlorines (OCs) and metals (Pb and Cd in MB and CB). Generally speaking, the levels of PTSs coincided with those indicated in several AMAP publications from Chukotka and other areas of northern Russia. The correlations of PTS concentrations between the three body fluid compartments exceeded the minimum statistical requirements of alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.20 for most of the compounds, with r > 0.46 except for Cd (r = 0.05); lipid adjustments for the OCs did not affect the r-values to any significant extent. The majority of the inter-OC correlations within compartments also fulfilled the indicated statistical condition. Careful consideration is given to the replacement of concentrations below the detection limit, OC detection frequency, the criteria for log-transformation of the data, analytical uncertainty, and biological variability. Practical implications of the findings are explored.

Ghrelin and cholecystokinin in term and preterm human breast milk

Ghrelin and cholecystokinin in term and preterm human breast milk

Long-term effects of chemical cleaning in the performance of ultrafiltration ceramic membranes

Ceramic membranes are more and more employed in the chemical and food industries when compared with organic membranes due to their resistance to extreme operating and cleaning conditions, which allows extended service lifetimes. An important research effort has been made in the last years on the design and optimisation of cleaning protocols in order to regenerate the ceramic membranes after the filtration of a wide number of materials (see, for instance [1]). However, studies about the effects in the log term of repeated operation and cleaning cycles on the performance of the membranes are scarce in the literature [2]. The aim of this work was to asses the evolution of a ceramic membrane employed in the ultrafiltration of milk in terms of permeate flux and transmission of protein. This process was selected since milk ultrafiltration is an important application in dairy technology.

Ghrelin and cholecystokinin in term and preterm human breast milk

To determine whether ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are present in significant quantities in term and preterm human breast milk, and to identify their source. Samples were collected from 10 mothers who delivered term infants and 10 mothers who delivered preterm infants. Estimated fat content was measured. Ghrelin and CCK levels were measured in whole and skim breast milk samples using radioimmunoassays (RIA). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using RNA from human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs) and mammary gland with primers specific to ghrelin. The median ghrelin level in whole breast milk was 2125 pg/ml, which is significantly higher than normal plasma levels. There was a direct correlation between whole milk ghrelin levels and estimated milk fat content (r=0.84, p<0.001). Both the mammary gland and hMECs produced ghrelin. While CCK was detected in some samples, levels were insignificant. Infant gestational age, birthweight, maternal age, and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index did not significantly affect the results. Ghrelin, but not CCK, is present in breast milk. Since the mammary gland produces ghrelin message, and ghrelin levels in breast milk are higher than those found in plasma, we conclude that ghrelin is produced and secreted by the breast.

Reproductive and productivity traits of goats grazing Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. with and without daily PEG supplementation

Abstract A grazing experiment, conducted for 90 days compared the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) supplementation on postpartum reproductive traits and productivity of suckling goats grazing Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. A total of 54 native adult goats (34.4 ± 5.49 kg) were randomly allocated, 24 h after kidding, to 2 treatment groups balanced for age and the number of reared kids. Goats in both treatment groups designed C and PEG grazed in acacia for approximately 5 h every day and received each on daily basis 0.3 and 0.4 kg of hay and concentrate respectively. In addition, goats in treatment PEG were initially supplemented with 10 g/day of PEG and this supplement was then increased to 20 g /goat/day over the last 60 days of the trial. Goats receiving PEG tended ( P > 0.05) to spend more time browsing acacia than those in treatment C. There were no treatment effects on live weight change of the goats, growth of their kids until 90 days of age or composition of their milk in terms of fat, protein and urea contents. Similar proportions of 74.1 and 77.8% of goats resumed postpartum ovulation with a mean ovulation rate of 1.50 ± 0.61 and 1.67 ± 0.47 ( P > 0.05) in respectively the PEG and C treatments. PEG supplementation was associated with an increase ( P P

A study on fatty acid compositions of human preterm and fullterm milk

The purpose of this study was to investigate fatty acid compositions of preterm milk in Korea. Among 130 total subjects, 104 women delivered at preterm (birth wt <1.8kg or gestational age <34wks) and 26 women at fullterm. Preterm milk samples were obtained at 31~32 (birth~1wk after birth), 33, 35, 37, 39, and 43wks of gestational age, and fullterm milk samples at 39~40wks. Fat was extracted by Folch’s method and fatty acid was analyzed by GC. The average birth wt and gestational age of preterm and fullterm babies were 1.46±0.05kg, 3.29±0.15kg and 31.7±0.29wks, 39.1±0.21wks respectively. In preterm milk, the compositions of linoleate (C18:2ω6), alpha-linolenate (C18:3ω3) and oleate (C18:1ω9) remained stable throughout the lactation period. Although the P/S ratio remained constant during the lactation, due to significant decreases in ω3 LCPUFA (except EPA), the ratio of ω6/ω3 resulted in a significant increase (p<0.01). While DHA (C22:6ω3) and AA (C20:4ω6) showed gradual decreases up to 43wks of gestational age (p<0.01), the ratio of DHA/AA was kept constant (1.02~1.23) throughout the period. As compared to fullterm milk, the ratio of DHA/AA was similar between the preterm and fullterm milk. In conclusion, the patterns of fatty acid compositions in preterm milk appeared to be similar to those of fullterm milk. The absolute amounts of PUFAs, MUFAs, and SFAs, however, were significantly higer in preterm milk. The ratio of DHA/AA remained stable throughout the lactation.

Serial composition of human milk in preterm and term mothers

Human milk samples were collected from 86 mothers induced in the study on days 3, 7, 14 and 28 of lactation. The mothers were divided into three groups on the basis of gestation viz. group 1: 37-41 weeks (n=41), group II: 33-36 (n=23) and group III: <33 weeks gestation (n=22). All the samples were analysed for the estimation of fat, lactose and protein. The results obtained from the investigations were statistically analysed. The analysis of the results revealed a lower amount of fat and lactose in preterm milk as compared to term milk (p<0.01). These were found to increase in amount with increasing postnatal age (p<0.05). The protein levels were observed to be significantly higher in preterm than term milk (p<0.01). These were observed to decrease significantly with increase in postnatal age (p<0.01).

Milk allergens, their characteristics and their detection in food: A review

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies in childhood. This allergy is normally outgrown in the first year of life, however 15% of allergic children remain allergic. Many studies have been carried out to define and characterise the allergens involved in CMA and described two major allergens: casein (αs1-CN) and β-lactoglobulin. In addition to this, many other milk proteins are antigenic and capable of inducing immune responses. Milk from sheep or goats differs from cow's milk (CM) in terms of composition and allergenic properties. Food processing such as heating affects the stability, structure and intermolecular interactions of CM proteins, thereby changing the allergenic capacity. Chemical and proteolytic treatments of milk to obtain milk hydrolysates have been developed to reduce allergic reactions. Prevention of CMA largely relies on avoidance of all food products containing cow's milk. To achieve this, interest has focused on the development of various technologies for detecting and measuring the presence of milk allergens in food products by immunoassays or proteomic approaches. This review describes the technologies implemented for the analysis of milk allergens (allergenicity, biochemistry) as well as their potential detection in food matrices.

Free Sugar and Sugar Alcohol Concentrations in Human Breast Milk

The goal was to determine the free sugars and polyols in human breast milk, both term and preterm, for comparison with formula milks. Methodology was developed for the measurement of the free sugars and polyols in breast milk. There were 16 samples collected from women who delivered at term and 17 samples from women delivering preterm. For purposes of comparison, samples were also collected from four commercial formulas for term infants and eight from commercial formulas for preterm infants as well as one sample of cows' milk. All samples were frozen immediately and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Except for lactose concentrations, no significant differences were detected for all other sugars and polyols between term and preterm breast milk samples. Within breast milk samples, two patterns emerged, with one group containing additional elution peaks for compounds not yet identified. A second group did not contain these compounds. There were a number of significant differences between breast milk and formulas, particularly for inositol, glycerol, glucose, and galactose. All milks contained significant concentrations of mannose. There are no significant differences among breast milk samples for free sugar and polyol concentrations except lactose. However, some milk contains additional peaks that could be of dietary or genetic origin. Formula milk has relatively high concentrations of glucose and galactose compared with breast milk, suggesting some lactose hydrolysis.

Milk Intolerance: Lactose Intolerance and Cow's Milk Protein Allergy

Parents and health care providers often incorrectly use the term milk intolerance to describe a wide spectrum of symptoms seen in infants who have problems digesting cow's milk. The most common reasons for milk intolerance are the negative reactions to lactose or cow's milk protein. Identification and correct diagnosis of lactose intolerance or cow's milk protein allergy is imperative to correctly recommend alterations in feeding practices or suggest formula changes.