Term Evolution Research Articles

Evaluating the level of inteference in UMTS/LTE heterogeneous network system

<p>The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.</p>

Predicting the effect of mutations to investigate recent events of selection across 60,472 Escherichia coli strains

Microbial genomics studies focusing on the dynamics of selection have often used a small number of distant genomes. As a result, they could only analyze mutations that had become fixed during the divergence between species. However, thousands of genomes of some species are now available in public databases, thanks to high-throughput sequencing. These data provide a more complete picture of the polymorphisms segregating within a species, offering a unique insight into the processes that shape the recent evolution of a species. In this study, we present GLASS (Gene-Level Amino-acid Score Shift), a selection test that is based on the predicted effects of amino acid changes. By comparing the distribution of effects of mutations observed in a gene to the expectation in the absence of selection, GLASS can quantify the intensity of selection. We applied GLASS to a dataset of 60,472 Escherichia coli strains and used this to reexamine the longstanding debate about the role of essentiality versus expression level in the rate of protein evolution. We found that selection has contrasting short-term and long-term dynamics, with essential genes being subject to strong purifying selection in the short term, while expression level determines the rate of gene evolution in the long term. GLASS also found an overrepresentation of inactivating mutations in specific transcription factors, such as efflux pump repressors, which is consistent with selection for antibiotic resistance. These gene-inactivating polymorphisms do not reach fixation, suggesting another contrast between short-term fitness gains and long-term counterselection.

Predictive Modeling of Delay in an LTE Network by Optimizing the Number of Predictors Using Dimensionality Reduction Techniques

Delay in data transmission is one of the key performance indicators (KPIs) of a network. The planning and design value of delay in network management is of crucial importance for the optimal allocation of network resources and their performance focuses. To create optimal solutions, predictive models, which are currently most often based on machine learning (ML), are used. This paper aims to investigate the training, testing and selection of the best predictive delay model for a VoIP service in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network using three ML techniques: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN). The space of model input variables is optimized by dimensionality reduction techniques: RReliefF algorithm, Backward selection via the recursive feature elimination algorithm and the Pareto 80/20 rule. A three-segment road in the geo-space between the cities of Banja Luka (BL) and Doboj (Db) in the Republic of Srpska (RS), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), covered by the cellular network (LTE) of the M:tel BL operator was chosen for the case study. The results show that the k-NN model has been selected as the best solution in all three optimization approaches. For the RReliefF optimization algorithm, the best model has six inputs and the minimum relative error (RE) RE = 0.109. For the Backward selection via the recursive feature elimination algorithm, the best model has four inputs and RE = 0.041. Finally, for the Pareto 80/20 rule, the best model has 11 inputs and RE = 0.049. The comparative analysis of the results concludes that, according to observed criteria for the selection of the final model, the best solution is an approach to optimizing the number of predictors based on the Backward selection via the recursive feature elimination algorithm.

Performance Evaluation and Comparison Between LDPC and Turbo Coded MC-CDMA

This work presents a comparison between the Convolutional Encoding CE, Parallel Turbo code and Low density Parity Check (LDPC) coding schemes with a MultiUser Single Output MUSO Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system over multipath fading channels. The decoding technique used in the simulation was iterative decoding since it gives maximum efficiency at higher iterations. Modulation schemes used is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM. An 8 pilot carrier wereused to compensate channel effect with Least Square Estimation method. The channel model used is Long Term Evolution (LTE) channel with Technical Specification TS 25.101v2.10 and 5 MHz bandwidth bandwidth including the channels of indoor to outdoor/ pedestrian channel and Vehicular channel. The results showed that the performance of the proposed system was better when the LDPC was used as a coding technique

Теоретическая модель субъективных прав и юридических обязанностей: государственно-правовая реальность

The relevance of research. The main topic of the current issue of the legal journal “Legal Concept” = “Pravovaya Paradigma” deals with a very urgent and acute problem: the problem of socio-economic transformations affecting the equitable rights and legal obligations of citizens and legal entities in modern conditions. The editor analyzes the concepts of equitable right and legal obligations as elements of the theory of legal relations. The close interrelation of the categories “equitable right,” “rights and legitimate interests,” and “legal obligations” is revealed. Equitable rights and legal obligations are studied by the authors of the scientific papers on the main topic of the issue as elements of various areas of public relations arising in modern socio-economic realities. The scientific novelty of the conducted intersectoral research on some aspects of the preservation and defense of equitable rights is manifested in the fact that this category has undergone a significant evolution in terms of its understanding and interpretation, which is proved by the authors of the heading “The main topic of the issue” through the example of several branches of legal regulation as well as public relations, which are different in their social, economic, and legal nature. The methodological framework for the collective research is made up of general scientific methods of cognition used in the social sciences in general, including legal ones. They form a system of general, special, and private methods of scientific research. Among the most significant general methods of cognition are historical materialism, formal-logical and statistical methods, analysis, induction, deduction, and consistency. The special and private methods are presented in the scientific papers under this heading mainly by the legaldogmatic (formal-legal), comparative-legal, and regression analysis methods. The results of the study. During the analysis of the scientific papers presented under the heading “The main topic of the issue,” the author of the editorial column turned to the fundamental works of famous Russian, Soviet, and modern scientists, whereby it was revealed that the category of “equitable right” is closely related to the category of “rights and legitimate interests” as well as to the category of “legal obligation.” It is established that the category of “rights and legitimate interests” is based on the concept of “equitable right.” The contribution to the formation and development of the doctrine of equitable rights, rights and legitimate interests of Russian lawyers, in particular Professors B.N. Chicherin, G.F. Shershenevich, S.A. Muromtsev, and Soviet and modern lawyers, in particular S.S. Alekseev, S.N. Bratusya, N.A. Barinov, S.A. Burmistrova, S.V. Tretyakov, Yu.N. Andreev, etc., is investigated. In turn, it is revealed that an equitable right in general terms as a claim is the right to protection or the right to a claim in the substantive sense, which makes it possible to enforce the debtor’s obligation in case of its breach by the latter. The concepts of equitable rights and legal obligations are analyzed within the framework of the theory of legal relations. Conclusions. It is proven that equitable rights are a measure of permissible behavior by a person. This is the possibility of positive behavior by the authorized person himself; the opportunity to demand the behavior from the obligor; the opportunity to resort to state coercion. It is established that the social attitude is primary, and equitable right and legal obligation constitute its elements, due to the fact that the transformations of the legal regulation of equitable right and legal obligation are directly dependent on the socio-economic transformations of the social order and are objectively subject to evolutionary processes.

A Low-Profile Broadband Dual-Polarized Omnidirectional Antenna for LTE Applications

In this letter, a broadband dual-polarized antenna with a very low profile and omnidirectional gain patterns is designed for 1.7-2.7 GHz Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile communications. The designed antenna is constituted by a miniaturized tapered monopole for vertical polarization (VP) and four planar dipoles arranged in a ring for horizontal polarization (HP). The HP antenna is used as the metal ground of the VP antenna, which can avoid the feeding intersection and solve the problem of impedance matching degradation when distance between the HP antenna and the metal ground of the VP antenna is close. By sharing the partial structure, the designed antenna achieves a compact size of 110 mm × 110 mm × 13 mm and an extremely low height of 0.07 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> is the free-space wavelength at the minimum operating frequency). The design achieves an overlapping bandwidth of 45% (1.7-2.7 GHz) with an isolation higher than 20 dB. High efficiency, low cross polarization and good omnidirectivity in the horizontal plane are obtained. The designed antenna is fabricated and measured, and it performs a great consistency between the simulation and measurement.

COST ANALYSIS OF DEPLOYING FEMTOCELLS IN SPEED TRAINS IN NIGERIA TO IMPROVE INDOOR COVERAGE AND CAPACITY OF LTE NETWORK

The cost analysis of deployment of femtocells in speed trains along Abuja-Kaduna standard gauge railway line to improve the coverage and capacity of Long Term Evolution (LTE) network for 5000 commuters using that route daily is presented in this paper. Additional cost will include the cost of femtocells procurement, license, installation, backhaul, operation &amp; maintenance. The cost analysis is carried out using techno-economic model to determine the business viability of embarking on such a project by LTE network providers in Nigeria. The estimated capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX) as well as the projected revenues accrues from this project form the cash outflows and cash inflows used to simulate the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) in MS Excel environment on a discount rate and tax rate of 22% and 30% respectively to determine the feasibility of the investment. The results of their NPV values which are positive show that the macro-femtocell arrangement in speed train plying AbujaKaduna railway route is cost effective for a life time of 10 years and is feasible up to an IRR 40% which exceeds the estimated discount rate of 22%. The value of the payback period indicates that it will not take long for any LTE network provider in Nigeria to recover their investment. The result of the NPV sensitivity analysis shows how various cost and non-cost parameters affect the costeffectiveness of such investment.

Exploiting Radio Fingerprints for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is paramount for unmanned systems to achieve self-localization and navigation. It is challenging to perform SLAM in large environments, due to sensor limitations, complexity of the environment, and computational resources. We propose a novel approach for localization and mapping of autonomous vehicles using radio fingerprints, for example wireless fidelity or long term evolution radio features, which are widely available in the existing infrastructure. In particular, we present two solutions to exploit the radio fingerprints for SLAM. In the first solution—namely Radio SLAM, the output is a radio fingerprint map generated using SLAM technique. In the second solution—namely Radio+LiDAR SLAM, we use radio fingerprint to assist conventional LiDAR-based SLAM to improve accuracy and speed, while generating the occupancy map. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system in three different environments, namely outdoor, indoor building, and semi-indoor environment .

Allopolyploidy: An Underestimated Driver in Juniperus Evolution.

Allopolyploidy is considered as a principal driver that shaped angiosperms' evolution in terms of diversification and speciation. Despite the unexpected high frequency of polyploidy that was recently discovered in the coniferous genus Juniperus, little is known about the origin of these polyploid taxa. Here, we conducted the first study devoted to deciphering the origin of the only hexaploid taxon in Juniperus along with four of its closely related tetraploid taxa using AFLP markers with four primers combinations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 10 studied species belong to 2 major clusters. J. foetidissima appeared to be more related to J. thurifera, J. sabina, and J. chinensis. The Bayesian clustering analysis showing a slight variation in genetic admixture between the studied populations of J. foetidissima, suggesting an allopolyploid origin of this species involving J. thurifera and J. sabina lineages, although a purely autopolyploidy origin of both J. thurifera and J. foetidissima cannot be ruled out. The admixed genetic pattern revealed for J. seravschanica showed that the tetraploid cytotypes of this species originated from allopolyploidy, whereas no clear evidence of hybridization in the origin of the tetraploid J. thurifera and J. chinensis was detected. This study provides first insights into the polyploidy origin of the Sabina section and highlights the potential implication of allopolyploidy in the evolution of the genus Juniperus. Further analyses are needed for a more in-depth understanding of the evolutionary scenarios that produced the observed genetic patterns.

Analysis of LTE Network Quality of Service on Streaming Application

QoS (Quality of Service) measurement of LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks is carried out using the Telkomsel provider. Measurements were made in Perawang, Riau at night. QoS measurements are carried out at Perawang to evaluate and monitor network quality in accessing vidio streaming services provided by the Telkomsel network in the Perawang, Riau. Measurements were aimed at 5 streaming applications, namely YouTube, RCTI+, Online Radio, Twitch, and Vidio. The reason 5 applications are used for QoS measurement is that these applications are popular applications used in the category of Vidio streaming applications. Measurements were carried out for 160 seconds. The measurement results will be analyzed for quality based on the TIPHON standard. The results were obtained by calculating the data that has been obtained by Wireshark. The data will be calculated using the existing equations. Twitch is the only application that has a value of four in the QoS parameter index category and has a QoS value with an excellent index category. 4 other applications have a QoS value with a good index category. This is due to the low value of the throughput index category. Online Radio and Vidio applications have an index category value of 0. YouTube and RCTI+ applications have a throughput index category value of 1 and 2 respectively. For jitter, packet loss, and delay values, 5 streaming applications have an excellent index category with a value of 4. The measurement results that have been obtained would be displayed in the form of tables and graphs.

Transmission system model in the track-vehicle relationship based on Long Term Evolution technology

Because of degradations of the wired infrastructure connecting the element of railroad control systems, and related primarily to their destruction, the use of the radio transmission medium for independent management of rail-road traffic control devices is increasingly being considered. An undoubted problem in implying such solutions is the security of transmission in such systems. It should be noted that security at a certain level of transmission is currently already offered by the radio transmission systems themselves, which has also been used in the GSM-R standard. The creation of a separate dedicated system for railroads involves huge expenditures for the design, testing, certification and, finally, construction and implementation of such technology. Therefore, in the opinion of the author of this dissertation, it is possible to use public open radio networks for the needs of railroads, which significantly reduces costs, since such a system is based on existing infrastructure. It is necessary to develop a way of transmitting information that meets the requirements of secure transmission in the sense of railroad traffic control systems. The task is to develop a general model for open radio transmission in traffic control systems based on the latest public radio standard, which is LTE, 5G or Future Railway Mobile Communications System (FRMCS). The article will present the concept of data transmission in the track vehicle relationship with the use of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It will show the concept of transmission based on the PN-EN50159:2011 standard and the results of the tests conducted during control trips on the railway route. The main element that will be subject to the research will include the transmission safety and its delay. The impact of a type of transmission encryption on its delay will be estimated with the assumed blocks of data sent during the transmission. A probability distribution and density functions of the transmission delay probability distribution with the message sizes in the range from 16B to 10 kB with four ways of the signal encoding according to the PN-EN50159:2011 standard will be also analysed.

The expression of the concepts of dolus and culpa in Chinese legal language: distinctive features and criticalities

The ‘migration’ of concepts from one language to another, which takes place in cultural exchange, frequently gives rise to changes in the target language, primarily involving the lexical field. The reception of the Romanist legal tradition in China has led to the formation of a specialized lexicon which, along with the translation and production of Roman law-related works, has been subject to constant growth. This kind of terminological transposition has often resulted in the emergence in Chinese of more than one translatant for the same Latin word. As a concrete example of this phenomenon, this paper aims at providing a synoptical overview of the rendering in Chinese of the concepts of dolus and culpa, two legal institutions also largely connected to the field of commercial law. The sources analyzed from a diachronic and contrastive perspective range from the earliest manuals of Roman law published in China at the beginning of the twentieth century to recent documents, translated or directly composed in Chinese. More specifically, this paper will try to answer the following questions: what is the historical evolution of the main terms used in Chinese to express the concepts of dolus and culpa? What are the criteria adopted by Chinese translators/authors in choosing these terms? What are the main features and issues related to the linguistic rendering of the two legal institutions?As for the results of this study, attention will be paid to one of the peculiarities of the linguistic rendering of the concept of culpa, that is the use of two different translatants: guoshi 过失 and guocuo 过错. At the same time, another aspect on which this paper will shed light is the existence of a plethora of translatants related to the concept of dolus (qizha 欺诈, guyi 故意, zhaqi 诈欺, etc.). In this sense, on the one hand, it will be shown how the presence of multiple translatants is acceptable and useful when they are used to express the different shades of meaning conveyed by dolus and culpa that cannot be rendered by means of one single translatant for each of these two notions; on the other hand, this paper will highlight the necessity of a higher homogeneity and standardization of the Chinese Romanist lexicon.

Performance of Downlink Channel Equalization in Various Modulation Mappings for Long Term Evolution Systems

Performance of Downlink Channel Equalization in Various Modulation Mappings for Long Term Evolution Systems

Cylindrical void growth vs. grain fragmentation in FCC single crystals: CPFEM study for two types of loading conditions

The crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) is used to investigate the coupling between the cylindrical void growth or collapse and grain refinement in face-centred cubic (FCC) single crystals. A 2D plane strain model with one void is used. The effect of the initial lattice orientation, similarities, and differences between stress- and strain-driven loading scenarios are explored. To this end, boundary conditions are enforced in two different ways. The first one is based on maintaining constant in-plane stress biaxiality via a dedicated truss element, while the second one is imposing a constant displacement biaxiality factor. Uniaxial and biaxial loading cases are studied. For the uniaxial loading case a special configuration, which enforces an equivalent pattern of plastic deformation in the pristine crystal, is selected in order to investigate the mutual interactions between the evolving void and the developed lattice rotation heterogeneity. Next, biaxial loading cases are considered for three crystal orientations, one of which is not symmetric with respect to loading directions. It is analysed how stress or strain biaxility factors and initial lattice orientation influence the void evolution in terms of its size and shape. Moreover, the consequences of variations in the resulting heterogeneity of lattice rotation are studied in the context of the grain refinement phenomenon accompanying the void evolution. Scenarios that may lead to more advanced grain fragmentation are identified.

Metal Mobility in Embryonic-to-Proto-Ni-Laterite Profiles from Non-Tropical Climates

We evaluated the mobility of a wide suite of economic metals (Ni, Co, REE, Sc, PGE) in Ni-laterites with different maturities, developed in the unconventional humid/hyper-humid Mediterranean climate. An embryonic Ni-laterite was identified at Los Reales in southern Spain, where a saprolite profile of ~1.5 m thick was formed at the expense of peridotites of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. In contrast, a more mature laterite was reported from Camán in south-central Chile, where the thicker (~7 m) weathering profile contains well-developed lower and upper oxide horizons. This comparative study reveals that both embryonic and mature laterites can form outside the typical (sub)-tropical climate conditions expected for lateritic soils, while demonstrating a similar chemical evolution in terms of major (MgO, Fe2O3, and Al2O3), minor (Ni, Mn, Co, Ti, Cr), and trace (REE, Y, Sc, PGE, Au) element concentrations. We show that, even in the earliest stages of laterization, the metal remobilization from primary minerals can already result in uneconomic concentration values.

Solidarity and Individualism in the Gender Relations – the Dilemma of the Power Relations within the Contemporary Couple

The general idea regarding the relations between the contemporary marital partners describes the marital relations through a fair and modern attitude. Thus, the idea of marital modernity seems already certain and well assimilated in most marital environments. However, the national statistical data do not validate the same balance in terms of marital role equity, the relationships between partners or in terms of the distribution of power within the couple. The culture in which the young people have grown has a greater influence upon them than the glitter of the new values of equity and marital balance. In the 2000 Gender Barometer, 63% of the respondents believed it was a woman's duty to take care of the household chores, while in 2018, their share was 58%. We can therefore speak of a modernity of mentalities, but a very slow one, as in almost 2 decades, the general evolution in terms of role equity is only 5% and regarding the superior ability of the man to lead the family, the indicators note an evolution of 9.8%. (Grünberg, 2019). The contemporaneity surprises the young couple at the intersection between the traditional system and the modern system or at the intersection between the marital modernity and the postmodernity; in both situations, the strategy of managing the solidarity and the access to power is a priority. The study starts from the premise of the fact that the new valences of the marital modernity managed to produce obvious changes in the declared behavior rather than in the actually played behavior.

Depletion-driven thermochemistry of molten salt reactors: review, method, and analysis

Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are innovative advanced nuclear reactors that utilize nuclear fuel by dissolving it in a high-temperature liquid salt. This unique feature differentiates MSRs from other types of reactors and allows for enhanced safety and economic performance. The liquid fuel also entails several multiphysics effects that can complicate reactor design and operation. One primary effect termed here as depletion-driven thermochemistry is a driving force in altering the multiphysics behavior of the reactor. Essentially, depletion-driven thermochemistry is the effect that fuel depletion has on changing the chemical redox potential of the fuel salt over time. As the fuel is consumed, the redox potential shifts toward a more oxidizing state. Without active control, the changing chemistry due to depletion increases corrosion thereby limiting reactor component lifetimes. Additionally, the changing redox potential of the fuel salt alters the vapor pressures of chemical species dissolved in the fuel salt. Changing vapor pressures of species in the fuel salt is an important parameter to understand when off-gassing volatile species during normal reactor operation, and for source term characterization during accident scenario transients. The present work represents a fundamental step toward modeling and coupling the driving physics (i.e., neutronics and chemistry) involved in altering the redox potential in an MSR. Here, the neutronic code Griffin models the depletion of the fuel-salt system, while the chemical equilibrium code Thermochimica calculates the thermochemical state of the isotopic inventory, using the Molten Salt Thermodynamic Database - Thermochemical (MSTDB-TC). These two codes are tightly coupled to predict the impact of fuel depletion in altering the chemistry in MSR systems. Redox potential control methods are discussed and can be modeled using this multiphysics approach. The vapor pressures of chemical species that could be extracted to an off-gas system, as determined by the reactor’s thermochemical state, are examined. The neutronics-chemistry coupling developed in this work is expected to have potential application for analyzing corrosion, source term evolution, and material safeguards in MSR systems. Lastly, suggestions for areas of further improvements of the models to expand these capabilities by incorporating other coupled physics effects is provided.

Performance analysis of pulse shaping rectangular pulse through frequency selective fading transmission channel in OFDM system

- Long Term Evolution or LTE is a fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology that uses OFDM as its multiplexing technique for fast and effective wireless communication services. OFDM uses the concept of orthogonality for bandwidth efficiency by multiplexing overlapping subcarriers. But in its implementation, this system will have problems in the transmission channel. In addition, OFDM has the major drawback of being susceptible to frequency offset between the transmitter and receiver. This offset frequency will cause the orthogonal character built in the OFDM system to experience a decrease in performance. This decrease in performance is due to the occurrence of ICI. To overcome this, a method is needed to improve system performance. The method used in this research is Rectangular Pulse. Therefore, this research is made to combine the advantages of OFDM and pulse shaping and is expected to produce a superior system and can contribute to the improvement of 4G-LTE implementation. The approach method in this research applies a quantitative descriptive approach to analyze system performance and in this research uses the simulation method as a reference to obtain research data using the Matlab application.

Towards 5G new radio sidelink communications: A versatile link-level simulator and performance evaluation

Sidelink in cellular networks enables direct exchange of data packets between devices without the need for network infrastructure, resulting in various benefits, including communication in out-of-coverage areas and possible decrease in latency by a considerable extent. Thus, sidelink is a favorable choice for applications like public safety communications and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. As 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) advanced to 5G New Radio (NR) under the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), several new features were introduced to sidelink, such as two-stage Sidelink Control Informations (SCIs), data and control multiplexing, and feedback-based Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) with a configurable maximum number of transmissions. To conduct extensive NR sidelink link-level evaluations, a comprehensive simulation platform is essential. In this paper, we introduce the first publicly accessible 5G NR Link-Level Simulator (LLS) that supports major 5G NR sidelink features and complies with the 3GPP standards. This MATLAB-based simulator allows for flexible control over various Physical Layer (PHY) configurations, facilitating customized simulations on algorithm development and performance evaluations. We discuss the simulator’s structure and the sidelink features implemented in detail and evaluate the 5G NR sidelink performance using the developed simulator. Our simulation results indicate that the Block Error Rate (BLER) curves are insensitive to error-prone 2nd-stage Sidelink Control Information (SCI2) and number of Resource Blocks (RBs) allocated; however, the sidelink communication range is sensitive to the deployment environment. We also highlight the need for a careful choice of numerology, device power class and HARQ configuration to balance performance metrics for a variety of services based on 5G NR sidelink deployment scenarios.

Metal-rimmed eight-element tri-band multiple-input multiple-output system with high efficiency for modern 5G smartphones

Abstract For future fifth-generation (5G) smartphones, a high-efficiency multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system capable of operating in Long Term Evolution (LTE) 42/43/46 is suggested. A pair of small microstrip-fed slot antenna and inverted F antenna is part of the single antenna design structure. They are positioned on the longer side of the FR-4 printed circuit board. In an effort to lessen the mutual coupling, two antenna elements have a U-shaped rectangular slot inserted between them. The detailed study of the suggested MIMO system includes measurement of the reflection parameter, analyzing the radiation performance, performing envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and channel capacity calculations, and analyses of the effects of user’s hand in the vicinity of the antenna array. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate the required performance of the proposed design, that is, greater than 80% of total efficiency, isolation &gt;12 dB, and ECC &lt;0.15. The suggested antenna has the benefits of multiband operation, high efficiency, good isolation, and a small footprint.