Term Evolution Research Articles

HISTORICAL EVENTS INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF MILITARY VOCABULARY IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS)

The paper deals with the influence of various historical events on the emergence, evolution and adaptation of military terms in the Ukrainian language. The object of research is the military vocabulary of the Ukrainian language, and the subject is the processes of its formation under the influence of historical circumstances. The study focuses on the identification and analysis of specific military terms that arose in different historical periods, namely, during the First and Second World Wars. The article examines the reasons and circumstances of the appearance of certain lexemes or word combinations, their consolidation in the military terminology system, as well as how these terms are defined and described in modern dictionaries. The methodological basis of the research includes historical-comparative analysis, methods of semantic and etymological analysis, as well as a contextual approach to the study of terminology. Special attention is paid to how social and political circumstances influenced the transformation of military lexicon and its adaptation to the modern linguistic environment. The study also investigates the preservation and relevance of these terms in today’s usage, particularly in military literature, official documents, and mass media. A complex analysis model of the influence of historical events on the formation of the term system of military vocabulary in the Ukrainian language is proposed. As a result of the research, several possible options for changing the initial meaning of the military term will be demonstrated. The research conclusions are interesting not only from a linguistic point of view, but also contribute to a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical processes that influenced the development of the language. These results can be useful for linguistic studies, creation of dictionaries, for teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language, and development of educational materials for foreign students studying the Ukrainian language.

Investigation on cellular LTE C-V2X network serving vehicular data traffic in realistic urban scenarios

The need for reliable vehicular communication is an essential precondition of future Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS). The C-ITS applications and their diverse requirements necessitate a hybrid approach that combines ad hoc and cellular networks to support seamless and robust connectivity. While the research showed tremendous potential, the successful adaptation of the hybrid approach depends on the optimal understanding of its impact on network and protocol performance in an actual reference scenario. This work, which has practical implications for the field, focuses on creating a realistic representation of the dual-link-enabled Hybrid Vehicular Network (HVN) in the simulator. Several enhancements were implemented into a network simulator, including multiple Radio Access Technologies (multi-RAT) support, models for path loss predictions, static subscribers, background interference, and SINR throughput mapping within a multi-cell environment. We then presented a parameterized data traffic steering algorithm that enables switching between Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) RAT based on channel congestion and cell load conditions. The simulation result shows the high potential of a dual-link-enabled hybrid approach and its implications on both networks under realistic vehicular networking conditions. The investigations reveal that an intelligent decision to steer traffic can target balanced connectivity and highly reliable vehicular communication at a reduced network load.

Optimal Guard Channel Reservation and its Comparison with Fractional Channel Policies in Mobile Cellular Network

In the current communication era, 2G voice services coexist with higher generation mobile network voice services like Voice over Long Term Evolution (VoLTE) in 4G and Voice over New Radio (VoNR) in 5G. Subscribers registered in the 5G network, but their voice option is in 4G so voice calls can be handled through the Evolved Packet System (EPS) Fallback or Radio access technology (RAT) Fallback. Similarly, subscribers register in a 4G network, but their voice option is in 3G or 2G so voice calls can be handled through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB). To provide uninterrupted voice service in such wireless networks usually handoff calls (HCs) receive higher priority than new calls (NCs). So, some guard radio resources (i.e., channels in 2G or RBs in 4G or 5G) may be reserved in each cell to handle this type of HCs. If more channels are reserved for HCs, then the handoff call-dropping probability (HCDP) will be decreased and at that time the new call-blocking probability (NCBP) will be increased. So, by considering the target HCDP if channels are reserved for HC, then HCDP will remain below the target and NCBP will be minimum. In this paper first, we proposed an optimal channel reservation (OCR) policy that reserves guard channels according to the given target HCDP. Second, we compared our OCR policy with fractional channel (FC), limited fractional channel (LFC), and uniform fractional channel (UFC) policies. Finally, we observed the performance of all these policies considering the Global System for the Mobile Communication (GSM) network.

Data set terminology of deep learning in medicine: a historical review and recommendation.

Medicine and deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) engineering represent two distinct fields each with decades of published history. The current rapid convergence of deep learning and medicine has led to significant advancements, yet it has also introduced ambiguity regarding data set terms common to both fields, potentially leading to miscommunication and methodological discrepancies. This narrative review aims to give historical context for these terms, accentuate the importance of clarity when these terms are used in medical deep learning contexts, and offer solutions to mitigate misunderstandings by readers from either field. Through an examination of historical documents, including articles, writing guidelines, and textbooks, this review traces the divergent evolution of terms for data sets and their impact. Initially, the discordant interpretations of the word 'validation' in medical and AI contexts are explored. We then show that in the medical field as well, terms traditionally used in the deep learning domain are becoming more common, with the data for creating models referred to as the 'training set', the data for tuning of parameters referred to as the 'validation (or tuning) set', and the data for the evaluation of models as the 'test set'. Additionally, the test sets used for model evaluation are classified into internal (random splitting, cross-validation, and leave-one-out) sets and external (temporal and geographic) sets. This review then identifies often misunderstood terms and proposes pragmatic solutions to mitigate terminological confusion in the field of deep learning in medicine. We support the accurate and standardized description of these data sets and the explicit definition of data set splitting terminologies in each publication. These are crucial methods for demonstrating the robustness and generalizability of deep learning applications in medicine. This review aspires to enhance the precision of communication, thereby fostering more effective and transparent research methodologies in this interdisciplinary field.

A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF CHINESE MILITARY TECHNICAL TERMS

The study of military technical terms is essential for understanding the evolution of military science and technology. Chinese military terminology has a long and complex history that reflects the development of Chinese military strategy, tactics, and technology. This article explores the historical evolution of Chinese military technical terms, tracing their origins, development, and impact on modern military lexicon. By examining ancient texts, historical records, and contemporary usage, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the linguistic and cultural significance of Chinese military technical terms.

Loom: A Modular Open-Source Approach to Rapidly Produce Sensor, Actuator, Datalogger Systems.

In the face of rising population, erratic climate, resource depletion, and increased exposure to natural hazards, environmental monitoring is increasingly important. Satellite data form most of our observations of Earth. On-the-ground observations based on in situ sensor systems are crucial for these remote measurements to be dependable. Providing open-source options to rapidly prototype environmental datalogging systems allows quick advancement of research and monitoring programs. This paper introduces Loom, a development environment for low-power Arduino-programmable microcontrollers. Loom accommodates a range of integrated components including sensors, various datalogging formats, internet connectivity (including Wi-Fi and 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE)), radio telemetry, timing mechanisms, debugging information, and power conservation functions. Additionally, Loom includes unique applications for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. By establishing modular, reconfigurable, and extensible functionality across components, Loom reduces development time for prototyping new systems. Bug fixes and optimizations achieved in one project benefit all projects that use Loom, enhancing efficiency. Although not a one-size-fits-all solution, this approach has empowered a small group of developers to support larger multidisciplinary teams designing diverse environmental sensing applications for water, soil, atmosphere, agriculture, environmental hazards, scientific monitoring, and education. This paper not only outlines the system design but also discusses alternative approaches explored and key decision points in Loom's development.

Electromagnetic field exposure monitoring of commercial 28-GHz band 5G base stations in Tokyo, Japan.

Fifth generation (5G) wireless communication is being rolled out around the world. In this work, the latest radio frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure measurement results on commercial 28-GHz band 5G base stations (BSs) deployed in the urban area of Tokyo, Japan, are presented. The measurements were conducted under realistic traffic conditions with a 5G smartphone and using both omnidirectional and horn antennas. First and foremost, in all cases, the electric-field (E-field) intensity is much lower (<-38 dB) than the exposure limits. The E-field intensities for traffic-off cases do not show any significant difference between the two antennas with the maximum being 3.6 dB. For traffic-on cases, the omnidirectional antenna can undesirably capture the radio wave from the smartphone in some cases, resulting in a 7-13 dB higher E-field intensity than that using the horn antenna. We also present comparative results between 4G long term evolution BSs and sub-6-GHz band and 28-GHz band 5G BSs and provide recommendations on acquiring meaningful EMF exposure data. This work is a further step towardthe standardization of the measurement method regarding quasi-millimeter/millimeter wave 5G BSs.

A Compact GaN Power Amplifier Module for New Generation Cellular Basestations

This paper presents a compact class-AB Power Amplifier Module (PAM) designed for new generation massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MiMo) cellular base stations. The module is designed at the center frequency of 3.5GHz targeting Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) bands. The module is a hybrid design that incorporates a Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Mobility-Electron Transistor (HEMT) die, discrete components-based input, and output matching networks. The entire design is realized on an 8.5 x 5.2 mm, 2-layer Rogers4003C substrate. The module is assembled on a PCB as an open-top for post-characterization tuning. The small signal and large signal measurements are in quite good agreement. The measurement results show that the amplifier is unconditionally stable, the input return loss is 12.2 dB, the output return loss is 7.7 dB, and the small signal gain is 13.4 dB. The saturated output power is 33.3 dBm with a Power Added Efficiency of 20.1%. The small signal gain drops to 11.2 dB at around 22 dBm of input power due to GaN technology’s intrinsic soft compression characteristics.

Trust region framework-based design of sub-6 GHz m-MIMO antenna and evaluation of SAR

PurposeCurrently, massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO) antennas are typically designed using complex trial-and-error methods. The purpose of this study is to determine an effective optimization method to achieve more efficient antenna design processes.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the design stages of a m-MIMO antenna array compatible with 5G smartphones operating in long term evolution (LTE) bands 42, 43 and 46, based on a specific algorithm. Each antenna element in the designed 10-port m-MIMO antenna array is intended to perfectly cover the three specified LTE bands. The optimization methods used for this purpose include the Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm, covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy, particle swarm optimization and trust region framework (TRF).FindingsAmong the primary optimization algorithms, the TRF algorithm met the defined objectives most effectively. The achieved antenna efficiency values exceeded 60.81% in the low band and 68.39% in the high band, along with perfect coverage of the desired bands, demonstrating the success of the design with the TRF algorithm. In addition, the potential electromagnetic field exposure caused by the designed m-MIMO antenna array is elaborated upon in detail using computational human models through specific absorption rate analysis.Originality/valueThe comparison of four different algorithms (two local and two global) for use in the design of a 10-element m-MIMO antenna array with a complex structural configuration and the success of the design implemented with the selected algorithm distinguish this study from others.

Saffron corm sorting and rot treatment strategy for productivity enhancement for precision agriculture

One of the most economical and precious spices ever known is saffron. It has innumerable pharmaceutical applications, and its cultivation is limited to certain topographic regions throughout the world. Although efforts are continuously being made to increase productivity and increase the area under cultivation, there are multiple factors leading to its low production. Corm size is one of the major factors affecting the quality and production of saffron. The more the corm size for a plantation, the better the yield of the crop. This can pose a serious threat to saffron cultivators who are not able to get good quality corms and sort quality corms from infected ones. Additional factors affecting saffron cultivation include attack by fungus leading to corm rots and sclerotineal disease. In this paper, IoT (Internet of Things) has been used to provide an energy-efficient, ready-to-use, reliable, and user-friendly solution for corm sorting and treatment before sowing to promote quality, better yield and minimized wastage due to corm rots. After sorting the corms, they are treated with 0.2% of tiabendazole fungicide solution and dried, before sowing and for long-term storage. Firstly, sorting and treatment system for the saffron corms processing as per weight is proposed. First two-layer cleaning mechanism to remove foreign substances, then three-step treatment has been applied to remove microorganisms. An automated conveyor system equipped with IoT devices was used for sorting and treating saffron corms. Different energy efficient LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) technologies used in the framework, for communication are NB-IoT (Narrow Band IoT) and LoRa (Long Range Radio).

PAPR reduction techniques optimization-based OFDM signal for wireless communication systems

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a widely used modulation technique in many standards such as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), LTE (Long Term Evolution), and 4 G. It allows for high transmission data rates and excellent spectral efficiency. However, one of the main limitations of OFDM is its high PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio). In this paper, we will first describe some methods to reduce the PAPR associated with OFDM signal. We will discuss some methods such as the clipping, the Selective mapping SLM, the Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), and the Tone Reservation (TR). Let's list their advantages and disadvantages before focusing on the TR method which we will detail. This work aims to improve the performance of the TR method in terms of speed of convergence and reduction of the PAPR, using the conjugate different algorithms while respecting the frequency specifications of the IEEE 802.11a standard. The proposed algorithm which is based on the gradient method, Conjugate gradient methods, and Quasi-Newton method shows good performance regarding PAPR reduction and speed of convergence. The choice of an appropriate technique depends on several factors: required PAPR reduction, acceptable complexity, and performances (spectral efficiency, latency, etc.). A trade-off must be found in practice between these different criteria. It has been shown that the Quasi-Newton method algorithm with its two variants converges more quickly.

“Morton’s Neuroma” — Term Etymology: A Review

Background. The urgency of the problem is explained by a high morbidity rate and the need to verify the diagnosis with related specialists (ultrasound physicians, radiologists, trauma surgeons, pathologists), as well as by significant difficulties in patient routing and high probability of primary referral to neurologists, neurosurgeons, and general practitioners. In modern Russian literature, neuromas of all interdigital spaces are identified with Morton’s neuroma.&#x0D; Aim of the review was to determine the accuracy of modern medical terminology, in particular of the term «Morton’s neuroma», to reveal the spectrum of eponyms unacceptable for communication with related specialists and patients, to fill the historical gap and to attract the scientific medical community to discussion on this topic.&#x0D; Methods. We identified 40 articles on this topic published from 1845 to 2022. The search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE and eLIBRARY databases.&#x0D; Results. Evolution, history, and etymology of several terms used for intermetatarsal neuroma are covered in the study, based on the analysis of literature sources. It has been found that a number of eponyms used to designate neuromas are historically inaccurate. In addition, we have discovered that the reports of «nerve fibrosis» were encountered prior to the introduction of the term «neuroma». However, most authors have popularized the nominal term «Morton’s neuromas».&#x0D; Conclusions. An obvious contradiction between the etiopathogenesis of neuroma and the term itself can be confusing for clinicians and diagnosticians. In our opinion, the disease known nowadays as «Morton’s neuroma» should be named «fibrosis of the plantar nerve of the third toe», and the name terms denoting the number of the corresponding interdigital space should be replaced by the number of the corresponding common plantar digital nerve.

近百年中国法律术语研究

With the accelerated pace of legal globalization, the study of Chinese legal terms has received great attention and promotion. As an important part of legal research and practice, the accuracy and standardization of Chinese legal terms directly affect the effective implementation of laws and the smoothness of international cooperation. This study analyzes the development process, usage context and evolution rules of Chinese legal terms in the last hundred years (from 1923 to 2023), excavates the connotation and evolution path of legal terms, explores the core factors affecting the change of legal terms, and discusses the correlation between the process of Chinese legal reform and the evolution of legal terms. The development of Chinese legal terms is closely related to the reform of China's legal system, which reflects the gradual improvement and internationalization trend of China's legal system. Based on the comprehensive use of comparative legal language and semantics methods, this study predicts the possible trends and challenges of the future development of legal terms, and provides a theoretical basis for the standardization and international exchange of legal terms in China, provides valuable theoretical data for the field of legal linguistics, and expands a new perspective for the study of legal terms.

Methodological and analytical basis of construction enterprises in the cycle of public-private partnership projects

Public-private partnership (PPP) is a strategically important management tool that allows the state and the private sector to jointly implement projects in various fields, such as infrastructure, health care, education, and others, to promote economic development. However, the successful implementation of PPP requires a clear understanding of the basic definitions and concepts underlying it. This research work is devoted to working out the content of basic definitions in the context of the establishment and development of PPPs. It examines the main terms, such as "public-private partnership", "public-private partnership", "infrastructure projects" and others, including their definition, essence and role in the formation of an effective model of cooperation between the state and the private sector. The conducted research is based on the analysis of scientific literature, legal acts and practical experience of PPP implementation in different countries of the world. It is aimed at revealing the essence and meaning of each of the definitions, highlighting the key aspects that affect their interpretation and use in practice. In addition, the work draws attention to the evolution of concepts and terms in the context of the establishment and development of PPPs over time. Taking into account the dynamics of the global market and changing economic conditions, the work analyzes the impact of new factors on the understanding and use of basic definitions in PPP practice.The main results of the study provide a clear and concrete understanding of the basic definitions of PPPs, which will contribute to improving the quality of planning, implementation and management of PPP projects. In addition, they can become the basis for further research in this area, including the development of new theoretical models and methods for assessing the effectiveness of PPPs.All this indicates the relevance of the topic and the importance of further research in order to improve PPP practice and promote sustainable economic development .

A holistic model for microplastic dispersion in a free-surface wetland flow

The holistic model for microplastic dispersion is essential to conserving natural wetlands and enhancing the sewage treatment efficiency of constructed wetlands. A holistic mode is presented to analyze the microplastic transport caused by a continuous point-source discharge of substances into a wetland with an exposed water surface. The microplastic cloud's total quantity and centroid movement over each streamline are rigorously derived using the method of separation of variables and integral transform, and its longitudinal dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis are numerically analyzed using the finite difference method. Three dimensionless groups for the microplastic movement in wetland are presented. The relative importance of autonomous movement to the vertical diffusion coefficient can noticeably influence the mass center velocity and the longitudinal spread of the microplastic cloud, and its augments can enhance the amplitude of skewness and kurtosis in the initial transport stage. For the transient stage of transport during which microplastic cloud develops, the pulsating term of emission intensity shows little effect on skewness and kurtosis. The oscillation of skewness and kurtosis show less obvious for the long term evolution of microplastic cloud when the time scale across the water depth by diffusion is much larger than the oscillatory period.

Analysis of the changes in the management of preterm newborns born in a Spanish third-level hospital in the past 10 years.

Preterm newborns require the use of the best and most current strategies to treat and prevent both acute pathology and associated sequelae. This study aimed to compare the differences in the management of preterm newborns over 10 years in a tertiary hospital in Spain and its impact on height, weight, and neurological development in the medium term. We conducted a retrospective, observational, and analytical study examining the management and clinical variables in preterm newborns under 32 weeks of gestational age who were born in our hospital in 2011 and 2021. Twenty-six newborns were included in the study. Significant differences in magnesium sulfate use, continuous positive airway pressure immediately after birth, and non-invasive mechanical ventilation during hospitalization were observed. Differences were found in the use of parenteral nutrition and the timing of initiation of enteral feeding. We did not observe differences in the neurological or weight evolution in the medium term. Significant differences in managing preterm newborns in these 10 years were observed. Lower mortality and alterations in central nervous system ultrasound and, significantly, less growth retardation during admission in 2021 have been observed; however, it does not manifest with improvement in long-term somatometrics or neurological prognosis.

Multi-factor optimized mobile sink data collection framework for hybrid WSN-LTE assisted IoT network

The convergence of wireless sensor network-assisted Internet of Things has diverse applications. In most applications, the sensors are battery-powered, and it is necessary to use the energy judiciously to extend their functional duration effectively. Mobile sinks-based data collection is used to extend the lifespan of these networks. But providing a scalable and effective solution with consideration for multi-criteria factors of quality of service and lifetime maximization is still a challenge. This work addresses this problem with a hybrid wireless sensor network-Long term evolution assisted architecture. The problem of maximizing lifetime and providing multi-factor quality of service is solved as a two-stage optimization problem involving clustering and data collection path scheduling. Hybrid meta-heuristics is used to solve the clustering optimization problem. Minimal Steiner tree-based graph theory is applied to schedule the data collection path for sinks. Unlike existing works, the lifetime maximization without QoS degradation is addressed by hybridizing multiple approaches of multi-criteria optimal clustering, optimal path scheduling, and network adaptive traffic class-based data scheduling. This hybridization helps to extend the lifetime and enhance the QoS regarding packet delivery within the proposed solution. Through simulation analysis, the introduced approach yields a noteworthy increase of at least 6% and reduces packet delivery delay by 26% compared to existing methodologies.

Converging Towards Open Radio Access Networks – A Comprehensive Review

Radio Access Networks (RAN) have been an integral part of the cellular mobile communication systems since the deployment of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks and later for the legacy Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. However, due to increasing demands of the users, throughput, ultra-lower latency, virtualization of the network and to cater the seamless connectivity of millions of wireless devices with the cellular networks, the advent of RAN needs to be brought under consideration. In this paper the traditional RANs are discussed with the necessity for their transition into the Open RAN (ORAN), considering all its essential parameters. The constraints of the legacy RAN architectures are explored with an overview of the RAN intelligent controllers, ORAN and its types. This paper additionally examines the function of artificial intelligence in Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), enhanched CPRI, and xApps in terms of use cases along with the challenges associated with their deployment. The paper also present challenges and future of ORAN.

A dielectric‐loaded broadband single‐ and dual‐polarized slot antenna with low profile and low cross‐polarization

AbstractA dielectric‐loaded slot antenna with the characteristic of broadband, low profile, and low cross‐polarization is presented. The antenna incorporating a low permittivity () and multiple high permittivity () rectangle dielectric is fed by two rectangle slot, which generates three slot modes and achieves measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 88 from 1.57 to 4.04 GHz covering the long term evolution (1.71–2.69 GHz) and sub‐6G (3.3–3.6 GHz). Furthermore, the presented slot antenna with a footprint of 0.81 × 0.56 and a low profile of 0.09 ( is the wavelength in the air region at the center frequency) appears the performance of measured peak gain of 9 dB without using any dielectric resonator mode. On the basis of the single‐polarized design, the dual‐polarized design with a profile of 0.09 is investigated and fabricated. According to the measured results, the dual‐polarized prototype achieves a 10‐dB impedance of 60 from 1.6 to 3 GHz.

A reconfigurable switching diode loaded patch antenna for S, C, X, Ku, and K bands applications

A reconfigurable patch loaded via a switching radio frequency (RF) diode has been designed, investigated, and fabricated. The fabricated microstrip is able to adjust among several frequencies. A spectrum analyzer is used to test and measure different modes of operations. The proposed antenna is offered a new solution of uncomplicated and incomplex design via eliminating the biasing circuit while maintaining the finest performance. Two fast-switching diodes have been inserted as a new electrical reconfiguration technique. Thus, the suggested antenna is skilled to function in different bands. An ultra-small size antenna of 31×21 mm2 has offered various operating frequencies such as S-band at 2.4 GHz, C-band at 4.97 GHz, 5.06 GHz, 5.18 GHz, 5.1 GHz, and 7.94 GHz, X-band at 10.73 GHz, 10.91 GHz, and 11.9 GHz, Ku-band at 13.52 GHz, 14.78 GHz, 14.97 GHz, 15.63 GHz, 16.4 GHz, 17.3 GHz, and 17.48 GHz, and K-band at 19 GHz. The manufactured reconfigurable patch antenna is proficient for several wireless technologies for instance industrial scientific medical band (ISM): Bluetooth, wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi), ZigBee, internet of things (IoT), WiMAX, and smart power meters. Also, long term evolution (LTE), 5G applications, fixed wireless systems (FWS), and satellite communication applications.