Tensile Shear Tests Research Articles

Metal-polymer friction stir spot welding enhanced by meso-mechanical interlocking

Abstract The main goal of this study is to present an alternative method of pretreating metal surfaces, entitled mechanical grooving, for metal-polymer joining by friction stir spot welding (FSSW). This pretreatment consists of the successive passage of a rotating engraving tip on the metal surface, creating a multilinear textured pattern, being an innovative pretreatment for the production of hybrid structures by FSSW. Mechanical grooving results in the creation of a well-defined serrated profile that, when interacting with the polymer during welding, promotes the mutual anchoring of the dissimilar materials. Mechanically grooved and grinded aluminium were joined to polyamide 6 by FSSW, and the welds were characterised based on cross-section morphology, fractography, tool axial force, and tensile-shear testing. FTIR-ATR characterization demonstrated that the chemical degradation is not significant during welding and that at the metal/polymer interface, there is adhesion between the materials. The axial force during the plunging stage of welds produced with the mechanically grooved aluminium is around 900 N, while for the welds produced with grinded aluminium is close to 1900 N. Furthermore, the resulting meso-mechanical interlocking mechanism provides superior mechanical performance (4.00 kN ± 82 N) compared to welds executed using grinded aluminium (3.02 kN ± 420 N). Finally, different fracture modes were observed depending on the surface pretreatment used. For instance, while adhesive failure was observed in the grinded aluminium welds, a mixed adhesive-cohesive failure was observed in the mechanically grooved aluminium welds. The cohesive failure is mainly attributed to the good performance of the interlocking mechanism.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar resistance spot welds of TBF and HSLA300 steel sheets

Abstract The welding behavior of the resistance spot welded dissimilar TBF–HSLA300 steel joints under different welding parameters was investigated. TBF steels were used as galvanized or ungalvanized. Microstructural characterization and mechanical tests were performed. Higher heat input resulted in the higher possibility of shrinkage cavities at the weld nugget and also increased the risk of liquid metal embrittlement (LEM) crack in the heat affected zone (HAZ) on galvanized TBF steel sheets. A partial melting zone was observed on HSLA300 side. The welds with ungalvanized TBF sheets had the higher nugget size and indentation. The highest hardness values (over 500 HV0.1) were observed in HAZ on TBF side. The lowest hardness values (below 300 HV0.1) on TBF side were observed in a very narrow softening zone between tempered zone and base metal. The fractures of all spot welds in the tensile shear test occurred on the TBF steel side with the thinner thickness. Low-strength steel sheet have to be sufficiently thicker in order to achieve higher welding strength. Higher welding time led to higher weld strength in the ungalvanized TBF combination. In the galvanized TBF combination, higher heat input led to the drastic decrease in weld strength due to LEM cracks.

Spinning waste as reinforcement for epoxy composites: mechanical performance

The present research work studies the feasibility of using waste cotton fibres from carding machines as a reinforcing material in epoxy resin matrix for composite fabrication. Waste cotton fibres were utilized to produced thick paper with an areal density of 150 g/m2. The physico-chemical properties of the produced papers were evaluated by X-ray diffraction methods, chemically and tensile testing. Composites samples were prepared using modified paper with epoxy resin, maintaining with different fibre content (20%, 30% and 40 wt%). The mechanical properties of the composite were evaluated by the tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear test. The tensile fracture behavior of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile strength, flexural strength and inter laminar shear strength (ILSS) of 40% fibre content composite in the machine direction were found to be 48, 54 and 6.1 MPa respectively. The results indicate that waste cotton fibers can be an excellent reinforcing material for composite production.

A coupled non-orthogonal hypoelastic constitutive model for woven fabrics

Wrinkling, a common manufacturing-induced defect, can be delayed in dry woven fabrics by applying tension during processing. Such a known solution in industrial practice, is still not sufficiently implemented in the modeling and simulation of woven fabrics. This study proposes a new constitutive model considering fabric’s inherent coupling, non-orthogonality, and non-linearity. First, the intrinsic coupling in question is distinguished from the typical coupling presented by the Hook’s law. Then, the most influential forms of coupling are chosen and introduced to the model. Moreover, via experimental evidence, we reveal that the concept of inherent coupling raises a new issue: the load history dependency of the fabric. Accordingly, the base model was evolved to a hypoelastic form to capture this dependency. The stiffness functions of the introduced model are determined, considering the mechanical behavior of a typical polypropylene (PP)/glass plain weave and the underlying meso-scale sources of the coupling. An inverse method was employed to identify the unknown model parameters. While the basic loading modes such as the uniaxial tension and picture frame tests are utilized for model calibration, the more complex loading conditions such as the simultaneous biaxial tensile-shear test, which would be more comparable to actual forming processes, are selected as the independent datasets to validate accuracy of the model. Comparisons with the experimental results demonstrated that the coupled model predicts the behavior of the fabric more accurately than the uncoupled model.

A novel approach for improving formation of soft zone in 22MnB5 and DP600 materials by resistance spot welding

In this study, 1.5-mm thick Al-coated hot formed boron alloy 22MnB5 with martensitic structure and Zn-coated DP600 with dual phase structures, which are frequently used together in the automotive industry, were used. Instead of traditional alternating current (AC), a new generation medium–frequency direct current (MFDC) resistance spot welding method was utilized in the joining process. The uniqueness of this work is that it aims to improve the properties of the soft zone formed in the heat effect zone (HAZ) of 22MnB5 materials during resistance spot welding (RSW). For this purpose, a fixture was designed and manufactured for regional rapid cooling (RRC) of the HAZ following the welding process. During RSW, 6.5 kA welding current, 3.6 bar electrode force and 500 ms welding time were used. This RRC method aims to reduce defects in the joint strength caused by hardness changes. Welding processes were carried out in molds designed and produced in accordance with tensile-shear and cross-tension tests. Afterwards, tensile-shear, cross-tension, and fatigue tests were applied to the welded samples. In addition, the effects of the developed system on the weld zones of these samples were examined by microstructure and hardness studies. The tensile-shear and cross-tension results revealed that the regional cooling exhibited approximately 4–6% higher strength, respectively. As a result of the hardness tests, it was observed that the hardness of the tempered soft zone in the 22MnB5 HAZ of the joint increased by 6% with RRC. However, it was determined that through this developed system, RRC in fatigue tests decreased in the fatigue life of the samples at all loads.

Resistance spot welding of die-cast and wrought aluminum alloys: Improving weld spot quality through parameter optimization

Welding aluminum castings is known for a high sensitivity for hydrogen-induced weld porosity. Research has shown that the porosity detected in mixed material resistance spot welds between die-cast and wrought aluminum is predominantly classified as solidification porosity. But, nugget penetration depths into the wrought aluminum alloy are low. In this work, the effect of a forging electrode force during welding current time ti or after the welding current is shut off on weld spot characteristics is investigated, when resistance spot welding (RSW) mixed material joints between EN AC-43500-T6/T7 and EN AW-6082-T6. A current cut-off test based on a welding profile according to VDA 238–401 reveals a welding current time ti between 60 ms ≤ ti ≤ 80 ms as relevant for porosity detection in cross-section analysis. Based on this, different welding profiles are tested, and resulting weld spot characteristics are analyzed when applying chisel tests, cross-section analysis, quasi-static shear tensile tests, and scanning electron microscopy. The application of a forging electrode force reduces weld spot porosity in RSW significantly, while a current downslope leads to an increase. Further, the application of a forging electrode force during welding current time leads to a significant decrease in the standard deviation of s = 1.07 kN to s = 0.08 kN in shear tension force, although the mean shear tension force is increased marginally from 7.07 kN to 7.15 kN. Yet, an increase in weld penetration depth ≥ 20% into EN AW-6082-T6 is only achieved when reducing the initial electrode force to 5 kN and initiating forging electrode force during ti.

The effect of RSW technological parameters to the properties of aluminium/steel hybrid joints

To reduce fuel consumption and costs, the lightweight construction of car bodies is a very important aspect. This is achieved by using high-strength steel and aluminium alloy base materials. The latest car bodies contain both steel and aluminium alloy, so it is necessary to develop a reliable joining technology between them. Several joining technologies were investigated, such as mechanical joining, adhesive joining, and welding too. Resistance spot welding (RSW) is typically used to join car body parts and can be used for aluminium/steel hybrid joints. During welding, a very brittle intermetallic compound (IMC) is formed, which basically determines the properties of the joint, which is particularly influenced by the thickness and phases of the IMC. EN AW 5754 H22/ DP600 dissimilar joints were made with RSW, using different welding parameters. The joints were tested by shear-tensile tests and the effect of the IMC layer was determined.

PENGARUH INTERLAYER PASTA (ZINC+TAPIOKA) PADA SAMBUNGAN FSSW MATERIAL ALUMUNIUM PADUAN

Aluminum metal is widely applied in the industrial sector because it has many advantages. FSSW welding is a method that can be used to join aluminum. The microstructural test results show the flow distribution of the zinc interlayer in the welding area. The flow of zinc material looks dominant in the steering zone area. The hardness test results for the connection with zinc interlayer had the highest value of 147HV. Highest shear tensile testing on joints using zinc interlayer. The use of zinc interlayer has been proven to significantly improve connection capabilities.

Interface Characterization of Fusion Bonded Composites Made from Laser-Pretreated Steel and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Material-hybrid designs made of metal and plastic are becoming increasingly important in the automotive and aerospace industries. They place new demands on joining technology in particular. One promising process is the fusion bonding of metals and fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. In this process, the thermoplastic matrix material of the fiber-reinforced composite component is melted and a direct adhesive bond is created with the metallic joining partner. This joining technology has already been extensively studied in the past. In particular, the interface between the joining partners has been identified as a critical factor for the long-term quality of the joint. The interface can be altered by influences during production, such as e-coat process or the effects of harsh environmental conditions during operation like corrosion and thermomechanical loads. Determining the extent of these influences on the interface condition and thus the quality of the joint is difficult, but it is essential to support the use of the joining method in safety-critical areas. Previous investigations of this joining method have mostly been carried out destructively using tensile shear tests and non-destructively using fiber optic and piezo ceramic sensors, but all approaches have only shown limited significance with regard to the metal-plastic interface in detail. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a very sensitive measurement method could represent an almost non-destructive and at the same time very sensitive alternative which is currently not reported for this use case in the literature. In previous internal investigations, we found that EIS can be used to measure layer thicknesses of up to 3.5 mm, contrary to the usual use of this test method for characterizing the properties of thin coatings, corrosion behavior and battery performance. In fusion bonding applications, typical material thicknesses of thermoplastics above the interface are around 1.5 mm and are thus well above the usual layer thicknesses of approx. 20 µm to 100 µm for typical EIS applications.This study aims to examine how EIS can be used advantageously for the interface characterization of fusion bonded specimens and up to which extent the EIS can provide a statement about the metal-plastic interface. In this study, a joint of a laser-pretreated steel and a glass fiber-reinforced PA6 is investigated. We measured specimens directly after production, after a treatment similar to an automotive e-coat process and after certain intervals of a salt spray test. Using the Kramers-Kronig transformation, the EIS data was validated and qualitatively analyzed with Nyquist and Bode diagrams, the impedance at 0.1 Hz, the maximum impedance and equivalent circuits. Tensile shear and edge shear test serve as destructive reference tests to determine strength parameters of the joints and evaluate the respective fracture patterns. This opens up the possibility to correlate the results of EIS and destructive measurements. In summary, EIS is suitable for characterizing the metal-plastic interface, even with polymer thicknesses of 1.5 mm, which are comparatively high for EIS. Due to the very low phase angle and the resulting low dielectricity of the glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastic, changes in the impedance data are directly related to the interface condition. The measured impedance spectra could be differentiated with Nyquist and Bode diagrams, the impedance at 0.1 Hz and the maximum impedance.

Real‐Time Observation of Strain Evolution in Lap Shear Test of BH220 Steel Resistance Spot‐Welded Joints via a Digital Image Correlation Method

This article presents an investigation of the real‐time deformation and strain field changes of baked hardening (BH) 220 steel plate resistance spot welds in the lap tensile shear tests via digital image correlation (DIC) technology. 2D DIC analysis can be used to provide a quantitative assessment of the strain competition between the weld nugget and the surrounding metal. The data obtained from the DIC technique indicate that the shear strain is primarily concentrated in the outer metal of the weld, consistent with a nugget pull‐out failure (PF) mode. In contrast, if the welding parameters are inappropriate, for example, if the welding current is 7.2 kA, the welding time is 10 cycles and the electrode pressure is 0.35 MPa, a significant shear strain appears in the nugget of the BH220 weld. This subsequently causes the weld to fail in an unfavorable interface failure mode in the shear test. Calculations show that if the failure mode is nugget pull‐out, the mean failure strength is 13.5 kN, while the value for interface failure is 6.55 kN. The PF mode is characterized by ductile failure, whereby the material yields and necks through the base material. This failure mode is not associated with the notch region.

Study on Effects of Pulsed Current Treatment on Ultrasonic Welded Joint of Al5052‐H32 Alloy

The effect of pulse current on the mechanical properties of ultrasonic welded joints of 5052‐H32 aluminum alloy (Al5052‐H32) plate with a thickness of 2 mm is investigated experimentally. First, ultrasonic lap welding is performed to prepare the welded joint. Then, the pulsed current with different current densities and durations is applied to the welded joint. The impact of pulsed current on the properties of the welded joints is evaluated through tensile lap shear testing, observation using a metallographic microscope, and hardness testing. In the results, it is indicated that the tensile lap shear strength, elongation, and hardness of the welded joints can be improved by applying pulsed current properly. However, excessive input of electrical energy can lead to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the welded joints. Compared to the joint without pulse current treatment, the microstructure shows significant healing of the weld seam under the action of pulsed current. The feasibility of enhancing the mechanical performance of ultrasonically welded joints through the utilization of pulsed current is highlighted by these findings.

The Study and Application on Ductile Fracture Criterion of Dual Phase Steels During Forming

High-strength steel exhibits complex fracture behavior due to the interplay between shear and necking mechanisms during stamping and forming processes, posing challenges to achieving the dimensional accuracy and reliability demanded for automotive body panels. Existing prediction methods often fail to simultaneously account for both tensile and shear fracture characteristics, thereby limiting their predictive accuracy under diverse stress conditions. To address this limitation, we propose a ductile fracture criterion that integrates both tensile and shear mechanisms, calibrated using a single tensile–shear test to facilitate practical engineering applications. This study investigates the fracture characteristics of DP780 dual-phase steel through numerical analysis and tensile–shear experiments. The findings establish a relationship between stress triaxiality and ultimate fracture strain across varying stress states, represented by the B–W curve. Simulations reveal distinct stress triaxiality behaviors under different loading conditions: under uniaxial tensile loading, triaxiality ranges from 0.33 to 0.6, with fracture strain decreasing monotonically as triaxiality increases. Under shear loading, triaxiality ranges from 0 to 0.33, with fracture strain increasing monotonically as triaxiality rises. Additional bending simulations validate that this criterion, along with the B–W curve, reliably predicts the fracture behavior of DP780, offering an effective tool for predicting fracture in dual-phase steels during stamping and forming processes.

Investigation of Laser Surface Texturing and Injection Molding Parameters in Advanced High‐Strength Steel‐Polyamide Direct Joining

This study investigates the joining of dissimilar materials, specifically galvannealed advanced high‐strength steel (AHSS) and glass fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6 (PA 6) to achieve lightweight automotive. AHSS and PA 6 are widely used in the automobile industry; however, a direct joining of those two materials is difficult owing to their great difference in physical properties. Therefore, laser surface texturing (LST) and plastic injection molding are adopted to join AHSS and PA 6, which can create a strong mechanical interlock between AHSS and PA 6, resulting in an excellent joint strength compared to other joining techniques. The effects of LST parameters (groove depth and hatch distance) and injection molding temperatures on the joint strength are examined. The maximum AHSS‐PA 6 joint strength is measured at 72.3 MPa. Additionally, the microstructure and mechanical properties of recast, which develops over the original metal surface by melting and resolidifying, are analyzed. Compared to the base metal, the recasts exhibit higher hardness due to smaller grain sizes. PA 6 fills the laser‐textured grooves and spaces between the recasts, acting as a mechanical interlock that enhances joint strength under tensile shear testing.

Analysis of aging effects on the mechanical and vibration properties of quasi-isotropic basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites

Eco-friendly natural fiber composites, such as basalt fiber composites, are gaining traction in material science but remain vulnerable to environmental degradation. This study investigates the mechanical and vibrational properties of quasi-isotropic basalt fiber composites subjected to aging in two different environments: ambient (30 ºC) and subzero (-10 ºC), both in distilled water until moisture saturation. Aged specimens absorbed 8.66% and 5.44% moisture in ambient and subzero conditions, respectively. Mechanical testing revealed significant strength reductions in tensile, flexural, impact, and short beam shear tests, with ambient-aged specimens showing the largest decline (up to 31.7% in flexural strength). Vibrational analysis showed reduced natural frequencies, particularly under ambient conditions (27.27%). Sound absorption tests showed that pristine specimens had the highest transmission loss, while moisture-rich ambient-aged specimens had the lowest. SEM analysis confirmed surface degradation, with fiber pull-out and matrix debonding contributing to property loss. This research provides valuable insights into the environmental limitations of basalt fiber composites, emphasizing the need for enhanced durability in eco-friendly materials.

Physical Heat Cycle Measurement of Resistance Spot Welding

Resistance spot welding (RSW) is still the ideal joining method in the automotive industry. Mostly steel sheets are used in the car body, so overlap and layering are required for welding or riveting, as spot welding provides simultaneous clamping force with interfacial welding to ensure the required strength and quality. A fundamental understanding of heating and cooling rates in thermal distributions is essential for predicting microstructure formation in the weld and the heat-affected zones (HAZ) of RSW joints. The ability to measure the heat cycle in the RSW process can be valuable in weld control and welding parameter optimization. RSW parameters can be optimized through tensile shear tests and microscopic investigations. Heat cycle measurement (HCM) demonstrates the welding consequences in terms of the change in mechanical properties and microstructural formations. The accuracy of cooling rate measurements including t8/5 cooling time is very important to predict the microstructural evolution in the HAZ, however, the thermocouple measurement raises numerous challenges due to the high temperature gradient and small weld and HAZ size. During our investigations heat cycle measurement has been conducted experimentally by a K-type thermocouple. The data logger is connected to the output of the thermocouple for recording the voltage to measure the temperature distributions as a function of both time and position during the welding process. Measurement results of 1 mm thick martensitic MS1400 steel overlapped RSW joints are discussed, and the HCM curve of heating and cooling rates of the spot-welding process is presented. The heat cycle during RSW was measured with two different welding parameter combinations. In addition to welding current, welding time, and electrode force, pulsation has shown disparate curves. Numerous experiments have been attempted to measure the heat cycle in HAZ sub-zones due to the difficulty of positioning the thermocouple accurately, uppercritical HAZ, intercritical HAZ, and subcritical HAZ were investigated and measured in both welding parameter combinations. Difficulties were encountered in the experimental work as a result of the instantaneous welding time and the vibration resulting from the passage of alternating electrical current between the two electrodes. A magnetic field is generated that affects the thermocouple measurement and appears as a noisy curve that is filtered out and smoothed. Joule heat, interfacial heat generation, and cooling effects of electrodes are also considered in the experiment.

Influence of the material properties on the clinching process and the resulting load-bearing capacity of the joint

This study focuses on the phenomenological change in material strength caused by a specific heat treatment and the subsequent analysis of the influence on the clinching process and the resulting joint properties. For this purpose, three series of tests were performed. In the first series of tests, the influence of heat treatment up to 340 °C on the mechanical properties of an age-hardenable AlMgSi alloy was investigated. Holding time and temperature were varied and the material strength was evaluated by tensile and hardness tests. Two strength-increasing and two strength-reducing heat treatment parameters were identified. In the second series of tests, selected heat treatment parameters were applied to a larger number of specimens and the joint strength was investigated by shear and head tensile tests. In the shear tensile test, mainly the properties of the punch-side material have an influence on the resulting joint strength. A change in strength of the die-side material can be neglected. In contrast, the properties of both sheets are important in the head tensile test. The strength of the joint will only increase if the strength of both sheets is increased. In general, a strength increasing heat treatment resulted in higher joint strength. In the third series of tests, the factor of punch displacement was considered, which was demonstrated to directly influence the formation of the clinched joint geometry.

Improving the joint strength of thermoplastic composites joined by press joining using laser-based surface treatment

Fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites (TPC) provide an automated and cost-effective solution for their use in lightweight structures in series production. The combination of different material configurations allows the design of highly stress tolerant components. Previous studies demonstrated that the combination of TPC sheets, TPC hollow profiles and injection moulding compounds is even suitable for crash-relevant automotive parts. All three components are combined during the injection moulding process. To prevent collapse, the part must remain in a consolidated state and cannot be preheated. However, this results in poor adhesion between the hollow profile, the bulk material, and the TPC sheet. Previous studies have shown that the bonding strength between the hollow profile and the injection moulding compound can be increased by surface pre-treatment using laser structuring and plasma technology. In this work, laser structuring is employed to enhance the bonding strength between the hollow profile and the TPC sheet. Microscopy analysis is used to investigate the resulting surface morphology. Subsequently, single-lap-shear (SLS) specimens are produced by pressing the TPC sheets onto the flat part. The resulting bonding strengths are then evaluated by tensile shear tests. The study analyses the impact of various pre-treatment parameters on the bonding strength. Furthermore, it investigates the effect of sheet temperature on the bonding strength, including specimens without pre-treatment. Finally, the results of the surface treatment of hollow composite profiles are discussed.

Indentation-Free Resistance Spot Welding of SUS301L Stainless Steel

Paint-free bodywork has become an attractive alternative for rail vehicles, in the direction of easy maintainability and low manufacturing costs. However, conventional resistance spot welding inevitably leaves indentation marks to detrimentally reduce the optical homogeneity of the paint-free bodywork. In light of this, indentation-free resistance spot welding is proposed for joining SUS301L stainless steel sheets in order to achieve superior surficial integrity. A tiny SUS301L steel ball with a diameter of 1.5 mm was chosen as the intermediate filler between two steel sheets to avoid the formation of surficial indentation. The influence of welding current and welding time on the mechanical properties of joints was studied. The optimal parameters of the mechanical properties were obtained when the welding current was 8.0 kA, the welding time was 150 ms, the electrode pressure was 0.35 MPa, and the electrodes were cylindrical planar electrodes, which was determined by comparing the tensile shear test results. The surficial indentation depth was less than 1% of the plate thickness, and no observable indentations were seen on the surface of the optimized welding spots.

A Study on the Green Laser Weldability of Copper-aluminum Battery Materials

Copper is widely utilized in electric vehicle batteries due to its excellent electrical conductivity, lightweight, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, copper has a high reflectivity of about 97% for infrared lasers, which makes it difficult to achieve stable welding quality. This study investigated using a green laser to weld nickel-coated copper and aluminum materials. After performing welding by changing the laser power and scan speed, the weld cross-section was observed with an optical microscope, and it was confirmed that the welding penetration depth and bead width increased as the heat input increased. The spatter on the bead surface and defects such as pores and cracks in the weld were caused by excessive heat input. Analysis of the weld cross-section using SEM-EDS showed that high heat input increased the formation of intermetallic compounds including CuAl2 and Cu9Al4. The mechanical properties of the weld were examined using a shear tensile test. The analysis results showed that intermetallic compounds caused brittleness in the weld joint, which lowered mechanical properties and caused defects such as pores and cracks. P60 (1.2 kW, scan speed: 250 mm/s), P80 (1.6 kW, scan speed: 375 mm/s), and P100 (1.2 kW, scan speed: 375 mm/s) were examples of excellent mechanical quality. The fastest welding condition, P100 (power: 2 kW, scan speed: 450 mm/s), was suggested as the most efficient welding condition.

A study on the feasibility of friction stir welding in joining dissimilar metals for SS400 and Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract This study designed friction stir multi-pass welding machine to conduct friction stir welding on carbon steel/titanium alloy clad sheets. The experimental process utilized the pin and pinless tools. The results demonstrate that the two dissimilar materials can be welded using the assembly-embedded rod pinless tool under the following welding conditions: a rotational speed of 1200 rpm, a downward force of 4 kN, a welding speed of 15 mm/min, and tool offset distances of 5 and 10 mm. Furthermore, this study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld. In addition, the peak temperature measured at the joint interface exceeded the β phase transition temperature of the titanium alloy and surpassed 1000°C. The shear tensile test shows the weld’s failure load was about 4300 N. The intermetallic compound at the welding interface has a microhardness value of approximately 400 Hv. According to the results of SEM observations and EDS composition element analysis, the elements of low carbon steel and titanium alloy at the interface of the clad sheet diffused and formed Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds.