Ten-year Experiment Research Articles

No-tillage with straw retention influenced maize root growth morphology by changing soil physical properties and aggregate structure in Northeast China: A ten-year field experiment

Conservation tillage, particularly the implementation of no-tillage and straw retention (NTS), has been proposed as an effective practice to enhance soil structure and improve soil quality in Northeast China. However, the impact of NTS on maize (Zea mays L.) root growth morphology and the influence of tillage practices on maize root morphology through soil physical properties and structure in Northeast China remain understudied. To address this knowledge gap, a continuous ten-year experiment was conducted to assess the effects of NTS on soil physical properties, aggregate structure, maize root morphology, and their interconnections. Our findings demonstrate that the NTS treatment significantly increased soil water content and soil bulk density at depths of 0–5 cm (1.6%) and 5–10 cm (2.2%), while decreasing soil porosity at depths of 0–5 cm (1.4%) and 5–10 cm (2.0%) compared to conventional tillage (CT). Additionally, NTS resulted in a higher content of soil macro-aggregates (> 0.25 mm) and improved soil aggregate stability compared to CT. Notably, root length, root surface area, root volume, and root biomass in the NTS treatment were 6.04%, 22.15%, 10.04%, and 9.29% higher than those in CT, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in root diameter between the two tillage practices. These results reveal that NTS induces alterations in soil physical properties, aggregate size distribution and aggregate stability, thereby affecting maize root growth morphology.

Plasticity of wheat yield components in response to N fertilization

Nitrogen fertilization is one of the major issues of crop productions in west-Europe. Every year, large quantities of synthetic nitrogen are used to fertilize crops, such as winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), and ensure them high yielding conditions. In return, substantial amount of nitrogen ends up in the environment where it generates pollutions. The combination of strategic and tactical approaches has been suggested to improve the accuracy of nitrogen fertilization decisions and their implementation. Combining strategic and tactical approaches requires a detailed understanding of the dynamic of nitrogen use by the plant to both anticipate and adapt fertilization practices. Inspired by the concept of yield component phenotypic plasticity, this study aimed to analyze the influence of nitrogen fertilization dynamics on yield elaboration and infer strategic decision rules dedicated to wheat yield optimization in a Belgian context. The analysis, implemented from ten-year experiment, was conducted in two different steps. (1) We characterized the effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield components when the crop was submitted to different agro-pedo-climatic contexts, (2) we analyzed the specific influence of nitrogen fertilization dynamic on yield elaboration, normalizing the variables of the experiment to exclude genetic and environmental influences. The study revealed that highest nitrogen fertilization did not automatically lead to the highest yields. High nitrogen fertilization contributed to increase the negative trade-offs between yield components, which limited the efficiency of nitrogen supplies. Conversely, a balanced dynamic of nitrogen supplies was essential to reach high yields while supplying effective amount of nitrogen. From this Belgian dataset, optimal nitrogen fertilization strategies supposed early nitrogen supplies split in two applications to support the initiation phases of grains per m² and another nitrogen supply at flag leaf stage to maintain components of grain per m² while still allowing grain filling. This fertilization structures, adapted to different pedoclimatic contexts would support strategic approach in crop nitrogen nutrition.

Alleviating Soil Acidification and Increasing the Organic Carbon Pool by Long-Term Organic Fertilizer on Tobacco Planting Soil

Long term tobacco planting leads to soil acidification. A ten-year experiment with various fertilization treatments (no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (OCF), and organic fertilizer (OF)) was carried out between 2010 and 2020 in a continuous cropping system of Nicotiana tabacum in the brown soil of eastern China, to assess the effects of organic fertilizer on the improvement of tobacco planting soil acidification. The results indicated that treatments OCF and OF reduced the soil exchangeable acid content, of which the exchangeable aluminum showed the largest reduction by 51.28% with the OF treatment. In contrast, treatment CF showed more significant increases in exchangeable aluminum (Al) and Al saturation, and also apparently increased soil NO3−-N, NH4+-N and nitrification potential (NP) than other treatments. Treatments of OCF and OF significantly increased the total amount of exchangeable base (EBC) by 37.19% and 42.00% compared with CF, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that NP, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N were the important factors indicating soil acidification, while EBC and exchangeable K were the significant factors restricting soil acidification. Inevitably, OCF could improve the soil organic carbon pool and labile organic carbon pool. The structural equation model (SEM) showed that OCF treatment increased the soil organic carbon pool mainly by inhibiting soil nitrification and reducing the content of exchangeable Al. In conclusion, both OF and OCF treatments were effective methods to alleviate tobacco planting soil acidification, however OCF had more advantages in improving soil organic carbon pool.

Peculiarities of Informing Parents about Mental Disorders of Their Minor Children

The law enforcement agencies of Ukraine conduct preventive work on psychological and pedagogical support with both minors from socially problematic families and parents whose children need enhanced psychological attention and support. This work is accomplished by juvenile prevention employees. The subject matter of this article is the features of informing parents about the mental illness of their minor children. We aim to provide clear recommendations to juvenile prevention employees or psychologists on increasing their psychological competence in working with families as part of preventive measures. It is applied not only to minors who are registered with neurologists and psychiatrists. These are children with residual-organic cerebral inefficiency of the central nervous system. These are the so-called residual manifestations of the transferred harms in the course of the formation of the central nervous system of a child. The difficulty is that most parents do not agree with the need to take action on their children with residual organic problems, hoping that the child will outgrow over time the minor symptoms, from their point of view, that are manifested now. But, unfortunately, our observations indicate that a child with these features has a deformed character without proper care, which, in turn, can affect his or her future life. Therefore, juvenile prevention employees and psychologists need to carry out such explanatory work in order to facilitate the process of adaptation of minors to the conditions of the social environment without the risk of embarking on an illegal way of life.
 During a ten-year experiment in observing families who were informed about the condition of their children’s central nervous system, received clear recommendations on the proper adaptation of minors to social conditions, we came to certain conclusions that such work was extremely important for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Therefore, we emphasize the need to disseminate these recommendations among juvenile prevention employees and psychologists in order to continue their work with parents whose children have residual-organic cerebral insufficiency of the central nervous system.

Soil quality assessment to compare tillage systems in Cukurova Plain, Turkey

Agricultural practices should be carefully monitored for long-term impacts on soil quality to avoid further deterioration in ecosystem services provided by soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two conventional (CT), three reduced (RT) and two no-till (NT) tillage practices on soil quality of a clayey soil in a ten-year experiment using Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). The field experiment was established in 2006 with six tillage methods, and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean (Glycine max. L.) – grain corn (Zea mays L.) crop rotation. The NT plots were divided into two parts, i.e., half of them were plowed with a moldboard plow during November 2015, and this practice was defined as strategic tillage (ST), while the remaining half was left undisturbed (NT). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at three depths (0−10, 10−20 and 20−30 cm) from experimental plots in 2016. Fourteen soil quality indicators, including physical, chemical and biochemical properties were determined to assess soil quality. Soil productivity, water relations (WR), resistance and resilience (RR), and physical stability and support (PSS) functions defined in SMAF were calculated. The RR and PSS function scores were significantly higher at 0−10 cm depth under conservational tillage methods (RT and NT) compared to CT methods. Low nutrient content, compaction, aggregate size and stability values in 10−30 cm depth decreased the functioning potential. The RR function at 0−10 cm depth in NT method was 103 % and 72 % higher than CT-1 and CT-2, respectively. All soil functions under RT and NT methods decreased with depth. The ST significantly increased PSS and WR functions in all sampling depths and overall soil quality in 10−20 and 20−30 cm depths compared to long-term NT method. The comparison of soil functions and overall soil quality indices helped to identify the effects of different tillage practices on functional potential of the soil. Furthermore, soil quality assessment using soil functions provides an overview to distinguish the pros and cons of tillage practices on sustainability of the crop production.

10-Years Studies of the Soil Physical Condition after One-Time Biochar Application

The ten-year experiment on the soil physical properties of biochar-amended Podzol was studied. Biochar was applied to the soil in the following rates: treatment BC10—10 Mg × ha−1, treatment BC20—20 Mg × ha−1, treatment BC30—30 Mg × ha−1 and treatment BC0—Control (soil without the addition of biochar). Biochar was mixed the soil arable layer (0–20 cm). Soil samples were collected ten times, once a year—after harvest rye. They were taken from layers: 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, in six replicates, using 100 cm3 metal cylinders. The soil physical properties were determined: particle size distribution, particle density, bulk density, total porosity, air capacity and permeability (at −15.5 kPa), water content at sampling, field water capacity (at −15.5 kPa), available and unavailable water content, and the ratio of field water capacity and total porosity was calculated. It was found that biochar application causes changes in the soil physical condition. The soil density decreased, while the porosity, aeration and water retention increased; the ratio of field water capacity and total porosity was favorable. These changes cannot be considered as permanent. Most of the analyzed properties showed a durability of no more than 3–4 years. We found that biochar incorporation into soil is a good method for environmental management of waste biomass.

In-situ immobilization of cadmium-polluted upland soil: A ten-year field study

In-situ immobilization is an effective and economically viable strategy for remediation of soil extensively polluted with heavy metals. The long-term sustainability is critical for the remediation practice. In the present study, a ten-year experiment was performed in a Cd-polluted agricultural field to evaluate the long-term stability of lime, silicon fertilizer (SF), fused calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (FCMP), bone charcoal, steel slag, and blast furnace slag with one-off application. All amendments had no significant effect on biomass but significantly reduced Cd uptake by Artemisia selengensis at higher dose. Among them, SF and FCMP applied at 1% could reduce Cd uptake by more than 40% to meet the Chinese maximum permissible limit for Cd content in food products (50 μg kg−1). These amendments stimulated high Cd immobilization by increasing the soil pH and decreasing the soil acid-extractable Cd content, which were closely associated with Cd uptake. In addition, the two amendments altered the soil microbial structure and stimulated metabolism pathways, including amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, which are beneficial for soil function and quality. The results proved that SF and FCMP at 1% are stable and ecologically safe amendments, suitable for long-term Cd immobilization, and provide a strategy to mitigate the risk of food product contamination in heavy-metal-polluted soil.

Commemorating Failure: The Four Hundredth Anniversary of England’s Trading Outpost in Japan

Commemorating FailureThe Four Hundredth Anniversary of England’s Trading Outpost in Japan Adam Clulow (bio) On 11 June 1613, a strange vessel sailed into the port of Hirado on the western island of Kyushu. Dispatched more than two years earlier by the English East India Company, the Clove brought with it seventy-one mariners, a varied collection of trading goods, and grand ambitions to establish a foothold in the rich Japanese market. After initial negotiations with the local lord, the leader of the expedition, John Saris, set off for central Japan in search of an audience with the retired shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616), the last of Japan’s three great unifiers and the founder of a regime that had succeeded in entrenching its power over a fractious archipelago. Arriving at Ieyasu’s headquarters of Sunpu (in modern-day Shizuoka prefecture) in early September, Saris set about obtaining generous trading concessions from Tokugawa authorities. The product of these negotiations was the so-called English factory in Japan, which was established in Hirado in 1613 and placed under the direction of Saris’s trusted deputy, Richard Cocks. There the outpost remained for just over a decade, until December 1623, when Cocks’s superiors made the decision to formally abandon it. The result was the virtual suspension of English contact with Japan until the nineteenth century, when the government that had been founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu began first to totter and eventually to collapse. This year, 2013, marks the four hundredth anniversary of the English factory in Japan. Although all anniversaries are essentially arbitrary, and although the lapse of exactly four centuries since the outpost’s establishment has no particular significance, such occasions do have their uses, prompting if nothing else a moment of reflection on the current state of research concerning the history of the English experience in Japan. They can also be used, perhaps more productively, as opportunities to consider possible directions for future investigation. The starting point for such an exercise is with two incontrovertible, albeit somewhat paradoxical, facts that underpin the history [End Page 207] of the English factory. First, there can be no question that this particular experiment ended in abject failure.1 Unlike the Dutch presence in Japan, which lasted until the opening of the country in the nineteenth century, the English stay ended in what can only be described as a hasty retreat. Ludwig Riess (1861–1928), the Prussian-born professor of Tokyo University who penned one of the most important early studies of the English factory in 1898, noted that the “establishment of the East India Company in Japan was a failure,” while subsequent scholars have dismissed the venture even less charitably as an “unmitigated disaster” or as a “fiasco.”2 A ten-year experiment involving a handful of staff and producing no enduring impact either on Japan or on the parent organization’s balance sheet might have been expected to fade into obscurity. What saved the factory from this fate is the fact that it produced one of the most complete archives of the early modern trading world. In the words of one prominent archivist, “The English factory at Hirado in Japan was a minor episode in the history of the East India Company’s struggle . . . and yet it has left an archive of more than four hundred items which is unrivalled in depth and coverage at this date.”3 While the existence of these materials (the vast majority of them preserved in the India Office Records in London) is striking enough, it is also the case that they are, through the tireless work of staff at two key institutions, almost uniquely accessible. Between 1978 and 1980, the Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo published the complete version of Richard Cocks’s diary, a detailed and highly informative account of the factory’s daily workings covering the years 1615–1616, 1617–1619, and 1620–1622.4 And then in 1991 this already-useful resource was massively augmented by the British Library’s publication of the vast majority of the extant correspondence, journals, account books, and other records related to the factory. Compiled and edited with great skill by Anthony Farrington, The...

The Formation of a Post-Peronist Generation: Intellectuals and Politics in Argentina through the Lens of Contorno (1953-1959)

A significant segment of the Argentine intelligentsia experienced the Revolution of September 1955, which overthrew General Juan Domingo Perón, as a moment of liberation. With some exceptions, such as Arturo Jauretche and Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz among others, the cultural politics of Peronism had not managed to gain many followers in the course of its ten-year experiment. During the two consecutive Perón governments (1946-1955) the often implicit, and occasionally explicit, opposition between intellectuals and Peronism only intensified. I contend that an analysis of this opposition is indispensable for understanding the redrawing of crucial definitions within the intellectual field at that time. Due to its profound social and cultural impact, the experience of Peronism compelled Argentine intellectuals, whether or not it was their original intention, to enter the political arena, not so much because their interests shifted from culture to politics, but rather because they came to conceive the cultural world as political.

Canopy Behavior of Three Milkvetch (Astragalus) Species in Acclimation to a New Habitat

Empirical data on functional growth dynamics are extremely limited for herbaceous plants and do not exist for milkvetch (Astragalus) species, although they are essential to an understanding a plant's ability to acclimate to a new habitat, which we need to know in order to predict its performance in future climate scenarios. The paper examines how species spread to a habitat in which they do not initially occur. It presents results on changes in growth, canopy behavior, competition ability and morphological traits of Cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), Sweet milkvetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos L.) and Russian milkvetch (Astragalus falcatus Lam.) from a ten-year experiment. They successfully acclimated to a new habitat and presented clearly similar growth dynamics and similar strategies for establishing and maintaining populations. Developmental and reductional perennial phases were noted. The developmental phase showed slow and fast subphases. Canopy cover area peaked at the height of the developmental phase. Morphological parameters measured from parts of plants growing outside the experimental plot were greater than for plants growing inside it. Milkvetch species are good competitors. Unlike invasive species, their expansion strategy is not colonization-oriented. The data suggest that systematic and evolutionary studies on these species should pay attention to morphological changes.

The Formation of a Post-Peronist Generation: Intellectuals and Politics in Argentina through the Lens of <i>Contorno</i> (1953–1959)

A significant segment of the Argentine intelligentsia experienced the Revolution of September 1955, which overthrew General Juan Domingo Peron, as a moment of liberation. With some exceptions, such as Arturo Jauretche and Raul Scalabrini Ortiz among others, the cultural politics of Peronism had not managed to gain many followers in the course of its ten-year experiment. During the two consecutive Peron governments (1946-1955) the often implicit, and occasionally explicit, opposition between intellectuals and Peronism only intensified. I contend that an analysis of this opposition is indispensable for understanding the redrawing of crucial definitions within the intellectual field at that time. Due to its profound social and cultural impact, the experience of Peronism compelled Argentine intellectuals, whether or not it was their original intention, to enter the political arena, not so much because their interests shifted from culture to politics, but rather because they came to conceive the cultural world as political.

Assessment of phytomass changes in an alpine Geranium-Hedysarum meadow after the removal of dominants: The results of a ten-year experiment

Changes in the aboveground phytomass of a Geranium-Hedysarum meadow community and its constituent species after the removal of dominants, Geranium gymnocaulon and Hedysarum caucasicum, over ten years have been studied in the Northwestern Caucasus. Responses of individual species to this intervention have been revealed. It has been shown that the phytomass of nondominant species increases under such conditions, but this cannot fully counterbalance the loss of phytomass resulting from the removal of dominants. Dominant species of Geranium-Hedysarum meadows exert different influences on the community structure and also compete with each other. However, this competition is fairly weak, which is probably due to considerable divergence of these species with respect to resource consumption.

Sector-Neutral Accounting Standards: A Ten-year Experiment

In 1992, New Zealand adopted a sector neutral approach to standard setting - where the difference in accounting treatment is driven by differences in the nature of transactions and not by ownership or the objectives of the reporting entity. In the process of adopting International Financial Reporting Standards, New Zealand standard setters are currently struggling to maintain sector neutrality in financial reporting because international standards are primarily developed for profit oriented entities. With the possible loss of sector neutral financial reporting, it is appropriate to review the outcome of ten-year experiment. In particular, we focus on the impact that transactions that are common to a number of public benefit entities have on accounting standards that apply to profit orientated entities. The results of this review may be useful to future standard setters and to the joint FASB/IASB convergence project.

Agronomic impacts on maize (Zea mays L.) yield formation

Introduction Some researchers PETHE (1817), CSERHATI (1901) brought the attention to the importance of sowing time even in the early 19lh and 20th century. Earlier sowing and the use of sowing seed of good quality ensure higher and more safety yield. Moreover, maturation is due to happen earlier. l'S6 (1959, 1969) and PASZTOR (1966) stated that two main factors affect the initial development of maize: precipitation and temperature. Earlier sowing resulted in slow emergence, however, yield was higher. Yields of hybrids at late sowing time were significantly lower. According to SARVARI (2005), hybrids with good resistance to cold at germination can be sowed 10-15 days earlier than the classical sowing time (15 April5 May). Evaluating the results of a ten-year long experiment, BERZSENYI and DUNG (2001) pointed out that environmental factors at the reproductive period of maize are more unfavourable when sowing at late or at very late time. SARVARI and FUTO (2001) found that the seed moisture content at harvest can be significantly lower at the early sowing time, thus the costs of drying can also be reduced.

Qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo avaliada pela dinâmica da matéria orgânica e atributos relacionados

A matéria orgânica tem sido sugerida como um indicador-chave da qualidade do solo (QS), considerando sua influência nos demais atributos essenciais para que o solo desempenhe suas funções. Visando investigar o potencial desse indicador na avaliação de sistemas de manejo, foram utilizados dois experimentos de longa duração em Argissolos no Sul do Brasil. No primeiro, com dez anos, localizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS), foram selecionados cinco tratamentos, sendo três sistemas de cultura (pousio/milho, azevém + vica/milho e mucuna/milho) estabelecidos sob sistema plantio direto, acrescidos de um tratamento mantido permanentemente sem plantas (solo descoberto) e mais um tratamento-referência mantido em campo natural. No segundo, com 15 anos, situado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul (RS), foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: o sistema de cultura aveia/milho em preparo convencional sem adubação nitrogenada, o mesmo sistema (aveia/milho) em três diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo (convencional, reduzido e plantio direto) e o sistema de cultura aveia + vica/milho + caupi em plantio direto, todos os últimos quatro tratamentos com adubação nitrogenada (144 kg ha-1 ano-1 ). Neste experimento, foram ainda utilizados, como referência, uma área de campo natural e um tratamento com elevada adição de resíduos (guandu/milho). Inicialmente, os tratamentos foram hierarquizados em ordem crescente de QS, com base nos resultados disponíveis e na experiência acumulada pelos pesquisadores responsáveis pelos experimentos. Foram analisados os teores de Carbono Orgânico Total (COT) e Nitrogênio total (NT), COT e NT nas frações superiores e inferiores a 53 µm, potencial de mineralização do C e N do solo e C da biomassa microbiana. Somente as camadas de 0-5 e 0-20 cm foram utilizadas neste trabalho. A QS foi alterada pelos manejos adotados em ambas as áreas experimentais. O COT e NT, avaliados na camada de 0-5 cm, mostraram-se eficientes em discriminarem o impacto de sistemas de manejo sobre a QS, reproduzindo, em ambas as áreas, a ordenação proposta. Dentre as frações avaliadas, a > 53 µm foi a mais sensível em detectar os impactos dos sistemas de manejo.

The introduction ofCornus stolonifera and its propagation techniques

Cornus stolonifera is a ornamental tree species which was introdced to China in 1982. During the period of ten-year experiment a complete and systematic study on its botanical features, biological charcteristics, growth rhythm and propagation techniques was carried out on basis of the comparison withthe native speciesCorrns alba. The research results showedthatCornus stolonifera has many advantages overCornus alba in those such as fast growing, cold endurance, drought resistance, easy propagation.disease and pest-resistance, beautiful tree form, bright colour branches, long florescence, persistant fruits and integrate visual effects. Practice has proved that it is reslly a fine species for tree-planting. Not only does it have the function of water conservation, but also its branches can be used as a fine weaving material. Up to the present, about ten thousand plant stocks have been planted by more than 30 units in 11 cities of 6 provinces and it has been well recieved by people.

Granivory and Competition as Determinants of Annual Plant Diversity in the Chihuahuan Desert

In the Chihuahuan Desert of southeastern Arizona, we monitored the responses of three seasonal classes of annual plants (winter, summer and biseasonal species) to experimental removal of seed-eating rodents and ants over a ten-year period (1978 through 1987). Rodent removal led to increased dominance of the winter annual flora by initially rare, but competitively superior, large-seeded annuals. The greater densities of these plants eventually suppressed populations of small-seeded annuals. In contrast, ant removal produced higher densities of small-seeded species, whose increases had no measurable effect on populations of large-seeded winter annuals. Competition between large-seeded and small-seeded winter annuals is highly asymmetric and consistently favors species with greater seed reserves. As selective predators of large-seeds, rodents behave as keystone consumers, differentially suppressing the dominant competitors and helping to maintain the diversity of winter annuals. The population dynamics of winter and summer annuals were linked through interactions with biseasonal annuals early in the study but not in later years when densities of the biseasonal annuals declined sharply in response to summer droughts. Nevertheless, the periodic abundance of biseasonal annuals (and some herbaceous perennials) during germination of summer annuals might help to explain the insignificance of large-seeded annuals in the summer flora. Large-seeded summer annuals were rare and showed little response to rodent removal, and both rodents and ants used the seeds of small-seeded summer plants. Although rodent predation on winter annuals may facilitate harvester ants indirectly by increasing the availability of small seeds, ants and rodents appear to compete exploitatively through populations of summer annuals. The conflicting influence of rodents on ant populations through the two seasonal classes of annuals may help to explain why ant populations have shown little response to rodent removal during the ten-year experiment. Results here contrast with earlier experiments in the Sonoran Desert, where ants and rodents interacted principally through populations of winter annuals, and increasing dominance of large-seeded annuals on rodent-removal plots eventually led ant populations to decline. However, the climatic and biotic differences between the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts fail to mask the importance of rodents as keystone consumers of winter annuals. This strong indirect pathway is the most prominent feature of

Molding Catheterism in the Treatment of TB Ureter Stenoses: A Ten-Year Experiment

The authors describe their experience with molding catheterism for the treatment of TB ureter stenoses, both primitive and secondary after using chemotherapy. 85% of the cases treated with this method proved to be successful, which led the authors to recommend it prior to proceeding to any surgical treatment.

Is Primary French Really in the Balance?

Editor's Note. A ten-year experiment in the teaching of French in the elementary schools of Britain (ages 8 to 11), called the Pilot Scheme, was concluded in 1974. For further information on the Pilot Scheme, the reader is referred to Towards F.L.E.S. in Britain, Parts I and II, in The Modern Language Journal (Volume 56, No. 1, January 1972, pp. 13-20, and Volume 56, No. 2, February 1972, pp. 80-86). In the article below Mr. Buckby criticizes the report of the results of the Pilot Scheme, Primary French in the Balance by Clare Burstall et al. and published by the National Foundation for Educational Research (Windsor, 1974, 304 pp.).

Ten-year experiment with chemistry students

The author shares an account of a program in which students are engaged in practical operations as a part of their training to become professional employees in the chemical industry.