Temporary Solution Research Articles

Thermoexpandable Memokath stent: Usage and efficacy in ureteral and urethral strictures in Saudi Arabia.

Double J (DJ) stent is widely used in cases of ureteric strictures as a temporary solution; however, it has certain limitations, such as the need for frequent exchange. Alternatively, a long-lasting thermoexpandable stent (Memokath™ 051) has been used to relieve ureteral obstructions in comorbid patients with multiple reported advantages, such as longer durability which avoids the need of frequent exchanges. In addition, it can be used in certain cases of urethral strictures. Our study is the first in the region to report the experience and outcome of Memokath stent with ureteral and urethral strictures. After local IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed records of 21 patients who underwent insertion of Memokath 051 stent in the ureter and Memokath 045 in the urethra between 2013 and 2021. Indications of insertion, indwelling duration, and causes of removal were collected and analyzed by SPSS. Twenty-one patients received 21 Memokath stents for 11 ureteral strictures and 10 urethral strictures. Fifty-five percent of ureteral strictures were malignant, and 27.3% of the benign ureteric strictures were transplant ureters. Ureteric memokath stents remained functioning for a mean of 16.1 months. Mean indwelling time for transplant ureteric memokath stents was 24.3 months. Total 4 ureteric stents had migrated, 4 stents blocked, and 2 stents were removed as planned and 1 stent removed due to febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Ten urethral stents remained in place for mean of 14 months. Three stents were removed as planned with resolution of stricture, two were removed due to blockage, three stents had UTI, one was removed due to pain, and one stent remained functioning until the patient expired. Our outcome is comparable to other published studies, suggesting that ureteric Memokath stent is a better option with adequate indwelling time, especially in transplant ureters, in comparison with DJ stents. In addition, Memokath stents can be used in selected recurrent urethral strictures where surgical reconstruction is not feasible.

Augmenting Freshman Rural Engineering Students’ Interaction in English Language using Task Based Language Teaching (TBLT)

Abstract— Today’s engineer constantly delivers on both national and international work fronts which gives interaction in English language a key role. This requires teachers to work on their interaction abilities especially for the students who come from rural background. It has been observed that rural students find it difficult to get acclimatized and comfortable with the usage of grammatical concepts in real time situations. This observation necessitates researchers to cater to the needs of these students through proper pedagogical interventions for continuous improvement. Over the years many researchers have used many theories and approaches to enhance interaction skills of rural students but these studies have given temporary solution. Here lies major lacuna thus the current study focuses on how rural freshman engineering students’ interaction can be augmented with the Task based language teaching approach. TBLT is an approach that emphasizes the learning of language through the completion of meaningful tasks. It is based on the belief that language is best learned when it is used to complete a real-world task. It provides students with immersive and engaging learning environment and promotes the practical and effective use of language in real-life situations. The study uses quantitative research approach. A sample of 35 rural freshman students of Technological University is obtained and analyzed. Based on the Pre-Intervention Test and the Post-Intervention Test the results reveal that TBLT strongly augments rural students’ interaction in English language using CEFR’s Common Reference Levels: Self- Assessment Grid. After the intervention, students were requested to evaluate their performance using the assessment grid once again. Encouragingly, there was a clear indication of improvement in their self-assessment outcomes. Keywords—Interaction; Engineers; Pedagogical Intervention; Task Based Language Teaching.

Impact of TBT on Marine Products Exports from Kerala in a Benefits and Foibles Settings Based on Primary Data Inferences

Seafood trade is a major item in the global trade of all products. The GATT has been replaced with the WTO for minimizing trade restrictions, but the irony is that in the ambit of WTO newer trade rules have been introduced in the form of TBT and other quality standards. Though it is possible for the Codex committee to introduce new guidelines and rules connected with trade. But the developed countries might change these stipulation as per their self-interest. The study is based on primary data collected from 30 processing-cum-export firms in the three districts of Kerala by using appropriate statistical techniques to endorse the benefits and foibles of the study. The EU approval has helped the firms to minimize rejections citing the implementation of the TBT standards by the importers. There were several factors that had led to these changes, apart from simple demand-supply dynamics and competitiveness. The impact of TBT on seafood exports of Kerala pointed towards strongness of its influence, particularly generating market diversification as its primary consequence of TBT stipulations. Market diversification, though is seemed a temporary solution, value addition and high unit value realisation are inevitable coping up mechanisms with a view to reducing the present high TBT impact index.

Typological analysis of mobile housing technology in the context of the problem of energy saving

The practice of using structural and functional features of mobile housing technologies is primarily related to migration processes: labour, tourist-recreational, educational, as well as forced ones (caused by militarypolitical and natural-technogenic disasters). In many leading and economically developed countries there is considerable experience in the implementation of landand water-based mobile housing technologies in the creation of socially affordable housing (including as part of an alternative approach to solving overpopulation problems). In modern conditions, new design methods based on the requirements of environmental friendliness and conservation of natural resources are introduced into architectural and construction activities all over the world. In the Ukrainian state, in connection with the existing political and economic situation, the practical development of mobile housing technologies is of particular social significance, taking into account the level of providing the population with housing of various types and quality. The application of mobile housing technologies can be, in particular, a temporary solution to the housing problem, thanks to certain advantages in terms of environmental friendliness and energy saving, in comparison with capital residential buildings. The use of mobile homes in Ukraine today is characterized by limited functional and typological composition. The development of the production of industrial mobile housing technologies has the prospect of their practical application in a wide operational spectrum.

The Problem of Transmitting Church Tradition in the Works by Sergey Fudel

The article is dedicated to one of the most relevant issues in religious thought—the preservation of church tradition. The interest in this issue became particularly acute for Russian religious thinkers of the 20th century, who witnessed radical changes in living conditions and collective consciousness. The article examines the interpretation of the issue in the works by Sergey Fudel (1900–1977), a church writer and carrier of pre-revolutionary Russian culture. He had communication with outstanding spiritual figures spanning the late 19th to the 20th centuries, confessors of faith, and new martyrs. The church and historical context of Fudel’s works is explored, clarifying the connection between the writer’s views on the transmission of church tradition, his own biography, the figures of his mentors, and the existence conditions for the persecuted Church, evidenced in Fudel’s writings. The article sheds light on the writer’s response to changes in the conditions of church life in the mid-20th century and the feeling of a “generation gap” that emerged in him. It reconstructs Fudel’s notion of the “monastery in the world” as an environment where church tradition is preserved. The correlation between Fudel’s concept of church tradition and his ecclesiological views is illuminated. The research findings lead to the conclusion that the phenomenon of the “hidden Church” as an alliance of “two or three” disciples of Christ was not, in Fudel’s view, a temporary solution stemming from the era of persecutions. Instead, the writer regarded such an experience as an exposition of the Church’s original teaching about itself and an enduring model of church relations. Like many others, Fudel acknowledged the providential significance of trials undergone by the Russian Church. However, he insisted that the experience of the “hidden Church” revealed the original teaching of the Church about itself, preserved throughout the ages. The article also considers the relationship between Fudel’s views and other approaches to the “generation gap” problem. Fudel’s evaluation of previous eras, marked by the “external prosperity” of Christianity, allows characterization of his attitude towards various concepts of tradition, both classical, tracing back to the times of the Byzantine Empire, and those contemporary to the writer.

Challenging the Notion that “Refugees Belong in Camps”. Alternative Settlement for Migrants. The Case Study of Ecuador

In the last decades, the migration phenomenon has become one of the greatest humanitarian crises. The generalized solution by the international community has been the reception in refugee camps as a temporary solution to the displacement. Nonetheless, conflicts are frequently prolonged in time and migrants are stagnated in protracted situations. The objective of this project is to explore alternatives to refugee camps, namely, the reception of migrants in cities. The project is centered around the idea that this strategy will not only be beneficial for the migrants, who will be able to break the dependency built in the camps, but also for the development of the economies of the host countries, by creating more employment, generating a more competitive market, and promoting the development of the infrastructures of the cities. This is going to be studied from the perspective of Ecuador, the country of Latin America that hosts more refugees and migrants, without the establishment of camps.

Predictors of Success and Preference for Full Online Distance Education: Insights Moving Forward the New Normal in Education

The study investigated the critical success factors (CSF) influencing the effectiveness of online distance learning delivery. Effectiveness was measured based on overall student satisfaction, intention to re-enroll, intention to recommend the school, and preference for online learning. The study utilized data from a total of 2,703 students, which accounted for 68% of the entire student population of a higher education institution in the Philippines. Students expressed their satisfaction with the school’s online services, including academic (learning outcomes and delivery), academic support, and student services. They regarded these services as indicative of quality, assessed through an instrument constructed from existing literature. A three-factor model was established through confirmatory factor analysis, and path relationships were scrutinized using covariance-based structural equation modeling with AMOS. Effect size analysis was used to confirm the regression weights and P-values. Results show that the delivery of learning had the most influence as a predictor of success and may be the only crucial factor for all indicators of success. Learning outcomes, academic support, and student services provided online did not show any significant effect or register any effect on all success indicators. The latter supports the premise that investing in ICT infrastructure and educational technology tools contributes, but it does not guarantee success. Moving forward, fully online distance learning, if designed appropriately, has the potential to become a prominent method of conventional education, rather than just a temporary solution during a crisis.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INLAND NAVIGATION LAW (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF GERMANY AND UKRAINE)

The article examines the economic and legal issues of inland navigation development based on the materials of Germany and Ukraine. The relevance of the paper of economic and legal aspects of the development of inland navigation and the legal status of a shipowner is due to their importance for science and practice and insufficient development in Ukraine, as well as a significant expansion of inland navigation against the background of curtailment of sea traffic due to Russian military restrictions on the Black Sea. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyse the economic and legal factors that contribute to the improvement of inland navigation. The authors use the methods of analysis and comparison of theoretical concepts and legal norms, and the method of socio-economic statistics is also used to argue proposals on the topic under study. The paper shows the connection between the concepts of inland navigation law and inland waterways law. This work uses German-language works by W. Korioth, J.-H. Krumme, T. Waldstein, H. Holland. The subject and direction of research of Ukrainian scientists P. Kazanski, A. V. Kulko, A. P. Efimenko, E. A. Samoilenko and G. V. Samoilenko are determined. The results of the study allowed to expand the understanding of the subject matter of inland navigation law as a set of predominantly private law provisions regulating relations in the field of navigation use of inland waterways. The research analyses the theoretical and regulatory foundations of the concept of inland waterway and indicators of the level of socio-economic development of Ukraine and Germany, which influence the state and development of concepts and norms of inland navigation law. Economic justification is provided for the limits of possible increase in cargo transportation, which may have a stimulating effect on the development of inland navigation law. It is proposed to adopt the best German experience and a temporary solution to the problem of the lack of regulations in the field of inland waterway transport of Ukraine.

Patient experience of telehealth appointments in head and neck cancer services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in rapid changes to head and neck cancer (HNC) services. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) face-to-face appointments were converted to telehealth appointments (telephone and video-call) to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission. The literature exploring HNC patient experience of these appointment types is limited. To explore patient experience of telehealth appointments at one UK centre during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the variables that may influence patient preference for virtual or face-to-face appointments. A survey-based study design was used, with closed questions and open text options to capture the views of the participants. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Open text data was used to add depth to the findings. A total of 23 participant surveys were returned. Six categories were identified: Usability; Information receiving & giving; Satisfaction; Emotions and comfort; Rapport; and Travel time and cost. Overall, participants gave positive responses to each category and indicated that telehealth appointments met their needs. Areas for clinical consideration are highlighted. Variables such as age, travel distance from hospital site, fear of COVID-19 and information technology (IT) access did not appear to influence patient preference for appointment type. Going forward, telehealth may be considered for use in combination with face-to-face appointments in the HNC pathway. Areas for further development include a 'telehealth screening tool' that may help to identify those patients most appropriate for these appointment types, or who require support to access them. What is already known on this subject The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major disruption to HNC centres across the world. Services adapted to meet the needs of patients with many implementing telehealth into pathways. Studies exploring telehealth in speech and language therapy (SLT) services with the HNC population indicate positive results. It is clear telehealth has a role in modern healthcare and should not be viewed as a temporary solution to the pandemic. It is, however, recognized that embedding telehealth into pathways is not straightforward and requires ongoing review and evaluation, which includes patient and clinician perceptions. What this study adds to the existing knowledge The service evaluation gives insight into HNC patient experience of telehealth appointments for MDT clinics (led by SLT, dietician and clinical nurse specialist) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, patients report a positive experience of telehealth in the HNC pathway and are willing to accept this platform into their healthcare. Areas for clinical consideration are highlighted. What are the actual and clinical implications of this work? This findings of this service evaluation can be used to support the co-design of HNC pathways which embed telehealth as an option for patients. Areas that were important to the participants are highlighted; this includes the timing of telehealth appointments in the pathway, the need to meet the MDT face to face and the positive benefit of cost savings. The authors suggest a telehealth appointment screening tool as an area for future development.

Kendala Penerapan Pembelajaran Daring pada Mahasiswa di Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Khairun

The implementation of online learning was implemented suddenly due to the Covid-19 pandemic that hit in 2019, online learning policies are a temporary solution to stop the spread of Covid-19. However, this policy has had a big impact on the world of education, various problems arise from the factor of implementing the policy. This study aims to examine the obstacles to the implementation of online learning experienced by FKIP students, Unkhair. The method used in this study is a descriptive quantitative approach. Data collection through surveys. The instrument used is an electronic questionnaire via google form. The questionnaire used is a closed questionnaire and an open questionnaire. The correspondents of this study were FKIP Unkhair students as many as 150 correspondents who were representatives of 7 study programs. Based on the results of the research analysis, it can be concluded that there are 4 points of obstacles faced by FKIP students during online learning, namely limited internet quota, inadequate internet network, low understanding of IT and limited infrastructure. However, these obstacles can be anticipated through serious online learning designs by considering the convenience of learning, the readiness factors of lecturers and students and the availability of supporting facilities. In conclusion, there are 4 obstacles to implementing online learning policies. To overcome them, the involvement of all parties is required to design high-quality online learning.

A Critical Study of Draupadi in Disguise in Context to Power Dynamics

Intention and purpose shape an individual’s actions and their results. Social, political, and some personal reasons compel people to disguise their identity. A disguised person begins living in a new form by adopting the respective occupation, name, or fake identity. However, the masked identity could be a temporary solution to problems because it is extremely difficult to hide one’s true identity. True identity reflects one’s principles, ethics, and dispositions. Indian mythology narrates a plethora of cases where Hindu deities or men metamorphose their real identities to serve their purpose. The Mahabharata-the Indian epic also records some such incidents when its characters are bound to act in disguise. However, their intention and purpose justify their actions. Nevertheless, hiding their true identity puts them in a vulnerable position. In VirataParva, we see the five Pandavas along with their common wife Draupadi spend one year at Matsya Kingdom in disguise due to their political tussle with their cousins Kauravas. They adopted different forms and occupations. Draupadi’s disguised identity caused her to work as a maid to the queen of the kingdom. This raises certain questions: By adopting the role, did she face any difficulty as a woman of low rank? How did she deal with the new circumstances? This paper aims to study Draupadi’s character in a new light to the specific narrative in disguise.

Surgical or Nonsurgical Facial Rejuvenation: The Patients' Choice.

Patients seeking a pan-facial rejuvenation may not receive appropriate medical advice on surgical versus nonsurgical treatments, resulting in those who are best-suited for surgery receiving nonsurgical options, and vice versa. Patients who requested total-face, nonsurgical revitalization were surveyed to understand the factors influencing this decision-making. Patients consulting for total facial rejuvenation were surveyed on their reasons for seeking nonsurgical versus surgical interventions by an investigator with 30 years of plastic surgery experience, practicing in a nonsurgical clinic alongside a dermatologist and aesthetic physician. Of the 92 patients surveyed, 78% completed the survey, 47% of whom had considered facelift surgery, and 14% of whom proceeded to inquiries or consultations with a plastic surgeon about facelift surgery. All respondents were women, and age was not an exclusion factor. Forty-four percent would still consider facelifts in later life. Among the most common reasons for choosing nonsurgical approaches were a desire for natural and subtle results, cost, having flexibility in treatment choice, concerns about surgical and anesthesia risks, downtime, the ability to distribute treatments over time, and scarring. Many patients book nonsurgical treatments without prior professional advice, and consider these as a temporary solution, but may desire surgery later in life. Before conducting nonsurgical treatments, doctors should identify this group and avoid interventions that may interfere with optimal surgical outcomes later. Also, some patients desire surgical outcomes when surgery is not a feasible option, and thus seek nonsurgical alternatives. For this group, realistic goals must be set before treatment to avoid disappointment.

ПРО ЗАКОРДОННИЙ ДОСВІД ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ БЕНЗИНОВИХ СУМІШЕЙ ІЗ СЕРЕДНІМ ТА ВИСОКИМ УМІСТОМ ЕТАНОЛУ ЯК АВТОМОБІЛЬНОГО ПАЛЬНОГО (ОГЛЯД)

A retrospective look at the use of alcohol fuel for the propulsion of automotive machinery with internal combustion engines allows us to talk about a rather long world practice in this area. However, a serious interest in etha-nol as a motor fuel began to rise after the world oil crisis of 1973 and especially within the later decades. The field of application of ethanol in road transport is largely determined by its physical and chemical properties, many of which are broadly knowт; but even experts are less acquainted with some others. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of gasoline blends with medium and high ethanol content for motor vehicles, which has caused the need for serious research in this area. In particular, research and testing works are required to determine the influence of ethanol-gasoline blends use on motor vehicle systems and component’s durability, as well as environmental impacе of such fuels broad application. Overall, from the viewpoint of the practice on operating internal combustion engines and motor vehi-cles in general, which may be at least a temporary solution in the strategic development of road transport, the use of gasoline with rather high ethanol content may have its drawbacks. Therefore, in this article it is considered some pro-spects and problems in large-scale usage of motor fuel with medium and high ethanol content in a number of world countries. The regulatory and scientific-and-technological preconditions for the use of such automotive fuel are dis-cussed. Some results of research and tesings in a number of countries regarding the impact of using fuel with medium and high ethanol content on the durability of engines/wheeled vehicles and on the ambient air are also presented. The conclusion is that not only laboratory research, but more comprehensive road testing is required to define the real op-portunities and challenges in this area. Keywords: ethanol, gasoline blends, wheeled vehicle, internal combustion engine. hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO); nitrogen oxides (Nox); particulate matters (PM); thre-way catalytic converter; durability of vehicle’s components.

Emergency Remote Teaching : A Temporary Solution to a Permanent Problem

Emergency Remote Teaching : A Temporary Solution to a Permanent Problem

DAYTONSKI SPORAZUM I DAYTONSKI USTAV KAO OSNOVA ZA BOSANSKI SPORAZUM I BOSANSKI USTAV / DAYTON PEACE AGREEMENT AND DAYTON CONSTITUTION AS THE BASIS FOR THE BOSNIAN AGREEMENT AND THE BOSNIAN CONSTITUTION

In the context of the political philosophy of liberalism, the author analyzes the existence of assumptions that the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina legitimizes itself as a constitutional, democratic and legal state on the basis of the 1995 Constitution. Analyzing the functioning of the state of BiH on the basis of the Constitution from 1995, as well as the conditions and circumstances under which the Dayton Peace Agreement was concluded, the author concludes that there are no elementary assumptions that the state of BiH could be legitimized as a constitutional, democratic and legal state, that is, a state in which implements the principle of the rule of law. It is emphasized that the state of BiH is not an expression of the freely expressed will of the citizens and the people of BiH, as well as that the Dayton Constitution is not a confirmation of the existence of a social consensus of the people and citizens of BiH. In the author's opinion, the Dayton constitution can only represent a temporary and transitional solution, and by no means a permanent basis for the functioning of the state of BiH. In this sense, a constitutional revision is necessary, which would entail the adoption of a completely new constitution of BiH or a thorough reform of the existing one, the so-called of the Dayton Constitution. The Dayton Agreement and the Dayton Constitution are understood only as a basis for the construction of the "Bosnian Agreement" and the "Bosnian Constitution", and by no means as a permanent solution.

NFT w muzeum – wyzwania i perspektywy w świetle art. 2 ustawy o muzeach

This paper aims to analyse challenges and perspectives related to NFTs that Polish museums would need to consider regarding their activities, as described in art. 2 of the Act on Museums of 21 November 1996. These activities include collecting, maintaining, securing, and exhibiting artwork as well as conducting educational and research activities. Therefore, one must con-sider whether NFTs are a long-term opportunity for museums to fulfill their goals and activities or a temporary solution providing financial aid during the post-pandemic crisis. In this paper, the author describes the importance of NFTs for the art world and quotes examples of museums that already collect and exhibit NFTs or organise events about them. The paper also includes the results of a survey conducted among Polish museum professionals to obtain their opinions on this matter.

Targeted partial arthroscopic trapeziectomy with temporary distraction: a retrospective study with 5-year follow-up.

Targeted partial arthroscopic trapeziectomy with temporary distraction is a minimally invasive treatment for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. We performed a retrospective single centre study from March 2011 to May 2022 and included patients with at least 5 years of follow-up. A failure was defined as a patient requiring a second procedure. Of the 28 patients with at least 5 years of follow-up, 23 were reviewed. Five of the 23 patients underwent revision surgery with a 5-year survival rate of 78%. There was a significant improvement in pain and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Q-DASH) score. There were three postoperative complications, one with complex regional pain syndrome, and two with hyperesthesia in the distribution of the sensory branch of the radial nerve. Targeted partial arthroscopic trapeziectomy with temporary distraction is a feasible temporary solution for early stage trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis. However, there remains a 20% risk of failure.Level of evidence: IV.

Praca zdalna po zmianach w Kodeksie pracy

One of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic was the introduction of a remote work system for those employees who could work outside of the workplace. The adoption of such a solution was made possible by the Act of March 2, 2020, on special solutions related to the prevention, counteracting and combating of COVID-19, other infectious diseases and crises caused by them, the Polish Journal Of Laws from 2020, item 374, as amended, commonly referred to as anti-COVID, or anti-crisis, shield. A temporary solution designed to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has become, over time, a regular form of work. Therefore, there was a need to regulate the rules of remote work. The Marshal of the Sejm received the draft of the act amending the Polish Labor Code and certain other acts (print no. 2335) concerning precisely remote work. The purpose of this publication is to present the aforementioned draft of the act concerning remote work, as well as an analysis of the provisions introduced in the Polish Labor Code.

Biofortification: an approach to eradicate micronutrient deficiency.

Micronutrient deficiency also known as "hidden hunger" refers to a condition that occurs when the body lacks essential vitamins and minerals that are required in small amounts for proper growth, development and overall health. These deficiencies are particularly common in developing countries, where a lack of access to a varied and nutritious diet makes it difficult for people to get the micronutrients they need. Micronutrient supplementation has been a topic of interest, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, due to its potential role in supporting immune function and overall health. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), and selenium (Se) deficiency in humans are significant food-related issues worldwide. Biofortification is a sustainable strategy that has been developed to address micronutrient deficiencies by increasing the levels of essential vitamins and minerals in staple crops that are widely consumed by people in affected communities. There are a number of agricultural techniques for biofortification, including selective breeding of crops to have higher levels of specific nutrients, agronomic approach using fertilizers and other inputs to increase nutrient uptake by crops and transgenic approach. The agronomic approach offers a temporary but speedy solution while the genetic approach (breeding and transgenic) is the long-term solution but requires time to develop a nutrient-rich variety.

Alternative Teaching and Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Online learning is a common learning mode for adult learners, but this may not be the case for Malaysian full-time undergraduate learners before the COVID-19 pandemic. Synchronous online learning was introduced as a temporary solution to ensure continuity in learning during the 2020 Movement Control Order (MCO). However, the infrastructure, facilities, and course programs in most mainstream universities in Malaysia are not built for synchronous online learning during MCO. As a result, the effectiveness of synchronous online learning during MCO was affected, especially learners' engagement. Engagement is a very important component of effective learning. Nevertheless, promoting and sustaining a learner's engagement is not an easy task, especially in a synchronous online learning class during MCO. Therefore, how to promote learners' interest and sustain their engagement are two key concerns. This is because the nature of synchronous online learning requires learners to be more committed to independent learning (Kahn et al., 2017) and it also reduces the in-person interaction between learners and their instructors as well as with other fellow learners (Friedman, 2020; Dhawan, 2020). Learning from home has also posed some challenges to learners. Learners find it harder for them to focus on synchronous online learning during MCO due to distractions from unconducive home environments, weak infrastructure (i.e., availability of electronic devices, poor Internet connection) and flexibility to social media (Alam 2020; Vardhaman, 2020; Friedman, 2020). In addition, the sudden migration from physical face-to-face classroom learning to synchronous online learning may also require new pedagogies to ensure learning effectiveness (Flynn-Wilson, 2021). Therefore, two underlying theories related to effective learning namely, engagement theory and interest theory were adopted to understand how to improve the effectiveness of synchronous online learning in the context of Malaysia's private higher learning institutions during MCO. Keywords: Synchronous Online Learning, Engagement, Interest, Higher Learning Institutions