Temporary Recovery Research Articles

Case Study on Damage and Recovery of Water Supply Related Facilities Damaged by Recent Flood Disasters

In recent years, several large-scale flood disasters occurred in Japan. The large-scale flooding causes not only direct damage but also indirect damage due to the closure of lifelines such as water, electricity, roads, and railways, and both impact the affected region’s resilience. Therefore, it is important to understand the current level of disaster resilience and consider non-structural measures accordingly to prepare for the next disastrous event. To assess current disaster resilience requires understanding how each building or lifeline structure is damaged in a disaster and the recovery time. In this study, water supply related facilities are selected from various kinds of lifelines, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate facility damage and recovery after being affected by major flood events occurring in Japan after 2015. A comprehensive study on the damage and recovery of water supply related facilities due to flood has never been conducted, not only in Japan but also worldwide. This is because of difficulty in collecting enough data from many facilities, and thus, there have been reports of damage and recovery of an individual facility, but not more. However, occurrence of several severe flooding disasters in recent years in Japan made it possible to do so. This study dug into not only facility-level damage and recovery but also component level ones based on the quantity of data collected (97 components from 61 facilities) through the questionnaire survey. We found that control panels are most likely to be damaged by flood, and the number of days required for temporary recovery strongly depends on how quikly replacement equipment/parts for failed equipment can be procured.

Guar gum nanoparticles ameliorate inflammatory damage in a preclinical mouse model of collagen II-induced arthritis

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a bone disorder causing inflammation of synovial lining followed by production of proinflammatory cytokines at the same site. The synovial hyperplasia is also mediated by the infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages and other inflammatory cells. The available drugs for RA shows temporary recovery and some are associated with side effects. Here we have used surface functionalized guar gum nanoparticles (GN) to ameliorate disease pathology using collagen II (CII) induced arthritis model in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: The systemic as well as the bone damage was assessed by the total count, differential count, clonogenic potential, flow cytometry and histological studies. The migration of inflammatory cells was assessed by flow cytometry of cells from the bone marrow, blood, spleen and the synovial tissue. The joint inflammation was assessed both by visible presentation in terms of thickness and corroborated with the H&E staining of the knee joint sections. Results: Synovitis was observed in the diseased group while GN controlled the synovial inflammation. Post sacrifice, the total number of cells and the immune cells were increased significantly in the diseased group and decreased on GN treatment. The clonogenic potential of cells was also restored on GN administration. The elevated level of NO was also decreased by GN administration. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and the signaling molecules were also restored on GN treatment. Conclusion: The results provide insights to understand the therapeutic effect of GN in CII induced arthritis for translational outcomes. Through this study we investigated the signaling mechanism involved in the pathology of disease to examine the role of GN in preventing the disease progression.

Therapeutic Potential of Low-Intensity Magnetic Field Stimulation in 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease: From Inflammation to Motor Function.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the aged population. Transcranial magnetic field (MF) stimulation has shown to provide temporary motor recovery in neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism of low-intensity MF stimulation (17.96 µT; 50Hz; 2 h/day, four weeks) in a rat model of severe PD. A clinically relevant, bilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat model of severe PD was employed to test the efficacy of low-intensity MF stimulation in the management of motor symptoms. The mechanism of action of MF was dissected by assessing the microglial activation, tissue ultrastructure, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolomics using microdialysis. We observed a significant improvement in the postural balance and gait after MF exposure with a significant reduction in the number of activated microglia. There was an improvement in striatal dopaminergic innervation and glutamate levels but it did not reach a level of statistical significance. MF stimulation helped ameliorate the motor deficits and reduced inflammation but was unable to provide a significant change in terms of dopaminergic innervation and metabolic profile in the severe 6-OHDA PD rat model.

Step-by-step CO2 injection pressure for enhanced coal seam gas recovery: A laboratory study

With the objective of achieving an ‘emission peak and carbon neutrality’, the injection of CO2 into deep unmineable coal seams or abandoned mines can enhance the methane recovery from coalbeds and can realise CO2 geological sequestration. Traditionally, Constant CO2 injection pressure method（Const-CO2） is expensive and low injection capacity of coal seam. Therefore, this study proposes an SBS-CO2 method that steps the CO2 injection pressure. The results revealed that compared with const-CO2 method, the total recovery rate of CH4 was increased by 9.148% by SBS-CO2 method, with the largest increase (7.933%) in the stage II. The injection-production ratio of SBS-CO2 injection method was always smaller than Const-CO2. At the stage I, CO2 injected amount was reduced by 9.54%. CO2 injection amount of unit mass coal was reduced by 1.211 mL/g. The lower the injection pressure was, the higher was the permeability. In the proposed method, each pressurisation was followed by a temporary recovery in permeability, and the critical CO2 injection time of 140.83 min. The SBS-CO2 injection method can effectively improve the recovery efficiency of coalbed methane and CO2 injection efficiency, greatly reduce the risk of CO2 consumption and outburst, and significantly reduce the injection and time cost.

Impact of Delayed Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Therapy Due to the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on the Prognosis of Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

This study estimated the outcome of delayed intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic on the prognosis of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). This study retrospectively enrolled 57 nAMD patients whose intravitreal anti-VEGF injections were delayed for >2 weeks between February and June 2020. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), and anatomical characteristics were evaluated before (baseline), on the day, and at 2, 4, and 6 months after the delayed injection, and risk factors were identified. The average injection interval before and after treatment delay was 3.05 ± 1.45 and 2.41 ± 1.46 months, respectively (p = 0.002). The CST at baseline and on the day of delayed injection was 227.82 ± 62.46 and 267.26 ± 77.74 µm, respectively (p < 0.001). The average BCVA decreased from 0.29 ± 0.29 logMAR (baseline) to 0.38 ± 0.31 logMAR (6 months) (p = 0.001). The maximum subretinal fluid (SRF) height increased from 84.32 ± 89.33 µm (baseline) to 121.38 ± 103.36 µm (6 months) (p = 0.027). A higher baseline maximum SRF height was associated with less SRF height deterioration 6 months later (p < 0.001). Delayed intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has worsened BCVA and residual SRF in nAMD patients after a temporary recovery. The baseline SRF reduce the degree of SRF height deterioration.

Serotonin 1A Receptor Pharmacotherapy and Neuroplasticity in Spinal Cord Injury.

Spinal cord injury is associated with damage in descending and ascending pathways between brainstem/cortex and spinal neurons, leading to loss in sensory-motor functions. This leads not only to locomotor reduction but also to important respiratory impairments, both reducing cardiorespiratory engagement, and increasing cardiovascular risk and mortality. Moreover, individuals with high-level injuries suffer from sleep-disordered breathing in a greater proportion than the general population. Although no current treatments exist to restore motor function in spinal cord injury (SCI), serotoninergic (5-HT) 1A receptor agonists appear as pharmacologic neuromodulators that could be important players in inducing functional improvements by increasing the activation of spared motoneurons. Indeed, single therapies of serotoninergic 1A (5-HT1A) agonists allow for acute and temporary recovery of locomotor function. Moreover, the 5-HT1A agonist could be even more promising when combined with other pharmacotherapies, exercise training, and/or spinal stimulation, rather than administered alone. In this review, we discuss previous and emerging evidence showing the value of the 5HT1A receptor agonist therapies for motor and respiratory limitations in SCI. Moreover, we provide mechanistic hypotheses and clinical impact for the potential benefit of 5-HT1A agonist pharmacology in inducing neuroplasticity and improving locomotor and respiratory functions in SCI.

Public Health Regulations and Policies Dealing with Preparedness and Emergency Management: The Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy.

Worldwide, the management of health emergencies requires a high degree of preparedness and resilience on the part of governments and health systems. Indeed, disasters are becoming increasingly common, with significant health, social, and economic impacts. Living in a globalized world also means that emergencies that occur in one country often have an international, in some cases global, spread: the COVID-19 pandemic is a cogent example. The key elements in emergency management are central governance, coordination, investment of resources before the emergency occurs, and preparedness to deal with it at all levels. However, several factors might condition the response to the emergency, highlighting, as for Italy, strengths and weaknesses. In this context, policies and regulation of actions to be implemented at international and national level must be up-to-date, clear, transparent and, above all, feasible and implementable. Likewise, the allocation of resources to develop adequate preparedness plans is critical. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission proposed the temporary recovery instrument NextGenerationEU, as well as a targeted reinforcement of the European Union’s long-term budget for the period 2021–2027. The pandemic highlighted that it is necessary to interrupt the continuous defunding of the health sector, allocating funds especially in prevention, training and information activities: indeed, a greater and more aware public attention on health risks and on the impacts of emergencies can help to promote virtuous changes, sharing contents and information that act as a guide for the population.

Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs).DesginProspective cohort study based on constantly recruiting patients with SDAVFs in two...

La ricerca di sinergie tra fondi strutturali e piani di ripresa e resilienza.

The approval of the temporary recovery instrument “Next Generation EU” and of the Multi Financial Framework for the 2021-2027 period has provided an unprecedented volume of financial resources to the EU Member States. As such, it is crucial for all the actors involved to define appropriate institutional and administrative coordination mechanisms between the resources allocated by the Recovery and Resilience Facility and the cohesion policy’s structural funds, as these funds represent almost one third of the resources granted by the EU long term budget. The purpose of this paper is to identify and to describe the integration strategies that Member States may pursue to ensure the maximization of synergies between the two European instruments. The research has been furtherly deepened by employing a qualitative comparative analysis of the experiences of two Members States, Italy and Spain, with the aim of identifying potential best practices and areas for improvement in the definition of coordination measures adopted by the two countries.

Impact of Cyclone Yaas 2021 Aggravated by COVID-19 Pandemic in the Southwest Coastal Zone of Bangladesh

The severe tropical Cyclone Yaas hit on 26 May 2021 in 16 coastal districts of Bangladesh and affected 1.30 million people. Moreover, the study areas are highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased the vulnerability of the people. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the impact of cyclone Yass aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic in the southwest coastal zone of Bangladesh. COVID-19-aggregated Cyclone Yaas impact data at the household level were collected from Kalapara Upozilla of Potuakhali district, the area most affected by Cyclone Yaas. A total of 196 households were surveyed, and a quantitative approach was applied to analyse the data. The results show that households in the study area were severely affected by Cyclone Yaas in terms of income, housing, food consumption patterns, and water sanitation and hygiene. The outcome also revealed that the affected households received relief from the government, international/non-government organizations, donor agencies, as well as adopted coping strategies such as obtaining credit, selling assets, reducing daily meal intake, and tapping into savings. These strategies may be useful for a temporary recovery but not for the long term. The results of the study will help policymakers to reform policies.

Nano‐metal oxide fillers in thermo‐responsive polycaprolactone‐based polymer nanocomposites smart materials: Impact on thermo‐mechanical, and shape memory properties

AbstractThe present study introduces the properties of three thermo‐responsive shape memory polymer nanocomposites (SMPCs), viz. SMPC–NiO (SMP with nickel oxide), SMPC‐Fe2O3 (SMP with iron oxide), and SMPC‐Fe2NiO4 (SMP with iron nickel oxide) along with the neat SMP blend. Styrene‐Butadiene rubber and poly ε‐caprolactone (PCL) polymer are the vital part, which forms the backbone of polymer‐elastomer blend matrix. This study helps to understand the effect and influence of these metal oxide nanofillers' integrated blend on their different inbuilt properties. The tensile test and dynamic mechanical analysis studies confirmed that SMPC‐Fe2NiO4 holds a large elastic modulus value and very rigid compared to other SMPCs. Thermal decomposition studies using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and TG‐gas chromatography and mass spectrometry results show that the nanocomposites undergoes a two‐stage decomposition process. The shape memory test reveals that the time taken for temporary shape recovery is high for SMPC‐Fe2NiO4 because of its rigid nature and low for SMPC‐Fe2O3. The results revealed that, from this exploratory study, the integration of metal oxide nanopowder fillers, especially Fe2O3 with neat SMP, showed better properties.

The Effect of Sodium Hyaluronate on the Corneal Biomechanics of Patients with Cataract and Dry Eye Before Operation.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the artificial tear drop administration time on the regularity of the corneal surface in patients with dry eye.MethodsPatients with cataract who were admitted to the hospital from January 2018 to December 2018 were divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D) based on their grade of noninvasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) and the concentration of the eye drops used. Groups A and C were classified as NIBUT grade 1 (NIBUTf of 6–9 s and NIBUTav of 8–13 s), and groups B and D were classified as NIBUT grade 2 (NIBUTf of <5 s and NIBUTav of ≤7 s). Groups A and B received 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops, and groups C and D received 0.3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops.ResultsIn group A, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the surface regularity index (SRI) and the surface asymmetry index (SAI) measured 1 s after eye drop administration. In group B, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the SRI and the SAI measured 1 s and 5 and 10 min after eye drop administration. In group C, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the astigmatism degree, SRI, SAI, and irregular astigmatism index (IAI) measured 1 s after eye drop administration. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in potential visual acuity (PVA). In group D, there was a significant increase in the IAI and Q value (parameters of aspheric characteristics of cornea, corneal Q value) measured 1 s after eye drop administration as well as a significant decrease in PVA (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe use of 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops in patients with dry eye aid the temporary recovery of corneal surface regularity and the stability of tear film. The 0.1% sodium hyaluronate had a significant effect for the first 10 min after treatment.

FC 041TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELL POLYPLOIDY IS ESSENTIAL TO SURVIVE AKI BUT IT CONTRIBUTES TO CKD PROGRESSION

Abstract Background and Aims Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a syndrome characterized by an acute deterioration of renal function. Due to its high prevalence and poor short-term outcomes, AKI represents a global healthcare issue. Many epidemiologic studies have indicated that the development of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) features prominently among the numerous long-term complications of AKI. The pathophysiological basis for this phenomenon has remained unclear so far. Recently, we found that tubular epithelial cells (TEC) undergo endoreplication-mediated hypertrophy after AKI. Endoreplications are incomplete cell cycles that lead to the formation of polyploid cells. Physiologically, polyploidy offers several advantages such as rapid adaptation to stress, compensation for cell loss and enhanced cell function. However, as renal epithelial cells are massively lost after AKI, TEC polyploidy may constitute an effective strategy to sustain a temporary functional recovery of the kidney without restoring tissue integrity potentially leading to CKD. Therefore, we hypothesized that: 1) polyploid TEC are an adaptive stress response required to maintain kidney function after AKI; 2) polyploid TEC are involved in the AKI to CKD progression. Method To address these hypotheses, we employed a series of in vitro and in vivo transgenic models based on the Fluorescence Ubiquitin Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) technology to monitor cell cycle phasing in combination with YAP1 overexpression or downregulation. In the in vivo models, YAP1 overexpressing mice and YAP1 knock-out mice were subjected to unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) or glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis to induce AKI. Polyploid cells have been then characterized by single cell-RNA sequencing analysis, cell sorting, super-resolution STED microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in both mouse and human. Results In vitro, human renal tubular cells undergo polyploidization. The fraction of polyploid cells significantly decreases when YAP1 nuclear translocation is blocked, indicating a possible involvement of YAP1 in regulating TEC polyploidy. After AKI in mice, YAP1 expression and nuclear translocation are significantly enhanced. The inhibition of YAP1 following AKI, reduces the number of polyploid cells impairing kidney function and causing a dramatic reduction of mouse survival. In contrast, YAP1 overexpression leads to an increase in the number of polyploid cells even in the absence of kidney damage (healthy mice). Strikingly, these healthy mice, despite having an increased percentage of polyploid cells, present an unexpected decline of renal function suggesting an association between increased polyploidy and CKD development. Indeed, they develop tubulointerstitial fibrosis acquiring a marked senescent phenotype triggering CKD. Isolation of polyploid cells proved that these cells actively transcribe and secrete pro-fibrotic factors thus confirming their role in CKD progression. Conclusion Collectively, these data suggest that: 1) polyploidization after AKI is required to maintain kidney function allowing survival; 2) polyploid cells are pro-fibrotic leading in the long run to CKD progression.

Influence of Dopant Elements on Degradation Phenomena in B‐ and Ga‐Doped Czochralski‐Grown Silicon

The response of lifetime samples made from boron‐ and gallium‐doped Czochralski‐grown silicon from the same producer to light‐ and elevated temperature‐induced degradation (LeTID) conditions (varying illumination at 75 °C), to dark anneals (DAs) at 175 °C, and the temporary recovery (TR) reaction under different conditions is investigated. It is found that Ga‐doped samples behave very differently than their B‐doped counterparts: while the carrier lifetime remains at a high level if an illumination equivalent to 1 sun at 75 °C is applied, strong carrier lifetime degradation occurs at low light intensities. A capture cross‐sectional ratio in degraded Ga‐doped samples of ~26 is found, which is typical for the LeTID defect. TR of this degraded state is observed on Ga‐doped samples when the illumination intensity is increased at 75 °C and when samples are illuminated at 25 °C with intermediate intensity. During DA of B‐doped samples, a bulk‐related degradation and a subsequent surface‐related degradation are observed. In contrast, degradation of Ga‐doped samples during DA only occurs on long timescales, and its cause is not clear, yet. It is concluded that the specific dopant species plays an active role both during LeTID and for surface‐related degradation—possibly as a result of differences in the acceptor–hydrogen pair properties.

The Dynamic Response of Nitrogen Transformation to the Dissolved Oxygen Variations in the Simulated Biofilm Reactor.

Lab-scale simulated biofilm reactors, including aerated reactors disturbed by short-term aeration interruption (AE-D) and non-aerated reactors disturbed by short-term aeration (AN-D), were established to study the stable-state (SS) formation and recovery after disturbance for nitrogen transformation in terms of dissolved oxygen (DO), removal efficiency (RE) of NH4+-N and NO3−-N and activity of key nitrogen-cycle functional genes amoA and nirS (RNA level abundance, per ball). SS formation and recovery of DO were completed in 0.56–7.75 h after transition between aeration (Ae) and aeration stop (As). In terms of pollutant REs, new temporary SS formation required 30.7–52.3 h after Ae and As interruptions, and seven-day Ae/As interruptions required 5.0% to 115.5% longer recovery times compared to one-day interruptions in AE-D and AN-D systems. According to amoA activity, 60.8 h were required in AE-D systems to establish new temporary SS after As interruptions, and RNA amoA copies (copy number/microliter) decreased 88.5%, while 287.2 h were required in AN-D systems, and RNA amoA copies (copy number/microliter) increased 36.4 times. For nirS activity, 75.2–85.8 h were required to establish new SSs after Ae and As interruptions. The results suggested that new temporary SS formation and recovery in terms of DO, pollutant REs and amoA and nirS gene activities could be modelled by logistic functions. It is concluded that temporary SS formation and recovery after Ae and As interruptions occurred at asynchronous rates in terms of DO, pollutant REs and amoA and nirS gene activities. Because of DO fluctuations, the quantitative relationship between gene activity and pollutant RE remains a challenge.

A revision of the Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) used in the European Drought Observatory (EDO)

Abstract. Building on almost 10 years of expertise and operational application of the Combined Drought Indicator (CDI), which is implemented within the European Commission's European Drought Observatory (EDO) for the purposes of early warning and monitoring of agricultural droughts in Europe, this paper proposes a revised version of the index. The CDI conceptualizes drought as a cascade process, where a precipitation shortage (WATCH stage) develops into a soil water deficit (WARNING stage), which in turn leads to stress for vegetation (ALERT stage). The main goal of the revised CDI proposed here is to improve the indicator's performance for those events that are currently not reliably represented, without altering either the modelling conceptual framework or the required input datasets. This is achieved by means of two main modifications: (a) use of the previously occurring CDI value to improve the temporal consistency of the time series and (b) introduction of two temporary classes – namely TEMPORARY RECOVERY for soil moisture and vegetation greenness, respectively – to avoid brief discontinuities in a stage. The efficacy of the modifications is tested by comparing the performances of the revised and currently implemented versions of the indicator for actual drought events in Europe during the last 20 years. The revised CDI reliably reproduces the evolution of major droughts, outperforming the current version of the indicator, especially for long-lasting events, and reducing the overall temporal inconsistencies in stage sequencing of about 70 %. Since the revised CDI does not need supplementary input datasets, it is suitable for operational implementation within the EDO drought monitoring system.

Nutritional Status and Diet Style Affect Cognitive Function in Alcoholic Liver Disease.

Malnutrition and cognitive dysfunction are typical features of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and are correlated with the development of complications. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of nutritional state and diet on cognitive function in ALD. A total of 43 patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis were enrolled, and a neuropsychological test was assessed according to body mass index (BMI, <22 and ≥22). In the ALD animal study, mice were divided into five groups (n = 9/group; normal liquid, 5% EtOH + regular liquid, 5% EtOH + high-carbohydrate liquid, 5% EtOH + high-fat liquid, and 5% EtOH + high-protein liquid diet) and fed the same calories for eight weeks. To assess cognitive function, we performed T-maze studies weekly before/after alcohol binging. In cognitive function (BMI < 22/≥22), language score of Korea mini-mental state (7.4 ± 1.4/7.9 ± 0.4), Boston naming (11.7 ± 2.7/13.0 ± 1.8), forward digit span (6.7 ± 1.8/7.5 ± 1.6), Korean color word stroop (24.2 ± 26.5/43.6 ± 32.4), and interference score (33.9 ± 31.9/52.3 ± 33.9) revealed significant differences. In the T-maze test, alcohol significantly delayed the time to reach food, and binge drinking provided a temporary recovery in cognition. The alcohol-induced delay was significantly reduced in the high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet groups. Synaptic function exhibited no changes in all groups. Cognitive dysfunction is affected by nutritional status and diet in ALD.

Reform of the EU's Own Revenues and Covering ahe Expenditures Incurred by the Corona Crisis

This contribution focus on the revenue side of the EU budget, which consists of own resources, divided into traditional resources, income in the form of a share of value-added tax, and gross national income. On 21 July 2020, the European Council agreed on a multiannual financial framework for the period 2021-2027, and in response to the pandemic situation associated with Covid-19, a temporary recovery instrument for the next generation of the EU was agreed. At the same time, from which it was apparent that it is necessary to find new own resources for the EU, and how the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) could be used to the consequences of the corona crisis. The author will focus mainly on issues on the revenue side of the Union budget and the role of the ESM. Within the ongoing debates when the result was the coronavirus response the question arises of whether it would be appropriate and effective to introduce a common tax for the EU. The main aim of the contribution is to use the descriptive method, the method of analysis and synthesis the revenue side system of the EU budget, and the reform efforts that culminated in the reform of own resources. In the last part of the article, the author using a descriptive method on how the ESM was activated as one of the walls to maintain the stability of the euro area. Including the view of introducing a common European tax as a fiscal instrument to cover the expenditures (debt) incurred related to coronavirus response i.e. recovery instrument Next Generation.

LID and LETID evolution of PV modules during outdoor operation and indoor tests

Light Induced Degradation (LID) and Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation (LETID) manifest with carrier injection due to light or forward bias and can lead to performance losses during the first months or years of operation in the field. We are investigating the effects of common LETID indoor test conditions and the module temperature under outdoor exposure on the evolution of BO LID and LETID over time. The investigations are based on experimental data from twelve structurally identical mono-crystalline and two multi-crystalline PERC PV modules, which underwent a detailed experiment including five different indoor test sequences and an outdoor test. Changes in the module performance are discussed based on the current knowledge on state transitions of the BO defect and LETID. Temporary recovery of the LETID defect was used to distinguish LETID from other degradation mechanisms. Our results confirm the importance of BO stabilization prior to LETID tests as it is included in the current IEC TS draft for LETID detection. We also show that too strong acceleration of the processes can lead to misinterpretation of LETID test results. Under dark storage conditions, destabilization of BO defects was found to already evolve at temperatures as low as 75 °C and a likely alteration of subsequent LETID was observed. The performance changes under outdoor exposure can be explained with the same mechanisms as investigated under indoor experiments and reveal reversible seasonal recovery effects. Furthermore, the influence of different module operating temperatures on the evolution of both, BO LID and LETID is presented and evaluated.

Instantaneous Networking Service Availability for Disaster Recovery

Networking services may be broken down in a disaster situation while people in the disaster area(s) strongly demand networking services for both communication and information sharing among users. This requires the fast restoration of networking services to fulfil the demand–supply gap. Although there are a number of studies on restoring communication and networking in disasters, few studies have explicitly examined the service availability during the temporary and partial recovery process of network restoration. From the perspective of users in the disaster area, it is important to be able to communicate or share information with people whenever they want/need to do so. Therefore, partial and local recovery of the networking services also plays an important role for improving service availability in the disaster situations. To assess the restoration effectiveness of networking services with a measure of user satisfaction level, we propose to use instant networking service availability (I-NSA), a novel metric, and we examine the effectiveness of networking service restoration solutions using the metric. I-NSA allows us to clearly express the instant availability of networking services that drastically changes with the elapsed time from the disaster occurrence in disaster areas. This paper examines the effective improvement of I-NSA when Local-and-Instant Clouds (LI-Clouds) are applied to the disaster situation. LI-Cloud has been designed and practically developed to provide deployable networking services to users. We verify that LI-Cloud enables significant improvement on the I-NSA performance in the fast restoration of networking services.