Temporary Office Research Articles

An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a public-facing office in England

Abstract Background An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with an attack rate of 55% (22/40 workers) occurred at a public-facing office in England from August to September 2021. Published evidence regarding outbreaks in office workplaces remains limited. Aims To describe an investigation of workplace- and worker-related risk factors following an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a public-facing office. Methods The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) Outbreak Investigation to Understand Transmission (COVID-OUT) study undertook an investigation of the outbreak. This included surface sampling, occupational environmental assessment, molecular and serological testing of workers, and detailed questionnaires. Results Despite existing COVID-19 control measures, surface sampling conducted during a self-imposed 2-week temporary office closure identified viral contamination (10/60 samples, 17% positive), particularly in a small, shared security office (6/9, 67% positive) and on a window handle in one open-plan office. Targeted enhanced cleaning was, therefore, undertaken before the office reopened. Repeat surface sampling after this identified only one positive (2%) sample. Ventilation was deemed adequate using carbon dioxide monitoring (typically ≤1000 ppm). Twelve workers (30%) responded to the COVID-OUT questionnaire, and all had been vaccinated with two doses. One-third of respondents (4/12) reported direct physical or close contact with members of the public; of these, 75% (3/4) reported a divider/screen between themselves and members of the public. Conclusions The results highlight the potential utility of surface sampling to identify SARS-CoV-2 control deficiencies and the importance of evolving, site-specific risk assessments with layered COVID-19 mitigation strategies.

한국전쟁기 국립국악원 개원 전후의 상황과 김동민 가(家)의 관계 연구

This study examines the history of the National Gugak Center, which opened in
 Busan, the temporary capital during the Korean War. Due to a lack of historical
 records in this period, it analyzes the oral records about Kim Dongmin, who
 provided a temporary office for Guwanggung aakbu (舊王宮雅樂部) for about three
 months right after evacuation, to establish the influence of the Kim Dongmin's
 family that affected the birth of the National Gugak Center.
 The oral materials of Kim Dongmin and Son Jaesook, which serve as the basic
 material for this study, were recorded by the folk music scholar Lee Bohyeong in
 1991. They show in detail the relationship between Kim Dongmin and the early
 days of the National Gugak Center. Based on them, this study summarizes the
 circumstance at that time by reviewing Kim Cheonheung's book, the National
 Gugak Center's 50th and 70th anniversary collections, and newspaper articles.
 Then, an oral interview was conducted with Kim Dongmin's eldest daughter, Kim
 Ongyeong, to cross-verify the facts.
 The results of this study are as follows. First, the National Gugak Center was
 provided with a temporary office at Kim Dongmin's house at 6 Toseong-dong 3ga,
 Seo-gu, Busan, from the end of December 1950 until its official opening in April
 1951. Second, after the opening of the National Gugak Center, the first dance
 class for beginners was held by Kim Dongmin's Folk Dance Research Institute.
 Third, in 1952, when Busan's first dance play, Chunhyangjeon, was performed on
 'the 1st Folk Dance Presentation', the musicians of the National Gugak Center,
 including Sung Kyungrin and Kim Chunheung, were in charge of the commentary and accompaniment. This fact played an important role in the birth of the
 National Gugak Center, and can be seen to be due to the passion and support of
 Kim Dongmin, a lover of Korean traditional music and instigator of the Korean
 traditional music enlightenment movement.
 In summary, Kim Dongmin greatly influenced the development of the National
 Gugak Center in Busan by providing a place for dance lessons and holding
 collaborative performances. This study is meaningful in that it newly established
 the situation before and after the opening of the National Gugak Center, which
 has not been well known so far, and shed new light on its historical significance.

Cost-benefits of relocatable modular buildings (RMB) for  construction site offices: the case of Sri Lanka

Relocatable Modular Building (RMB) technology is widely utilised worldwide as a versatile solution for temporary shelter needs, including site offices. The substantial cost benefits associated with RMBs have been acknowledged globally. Nevertheless, the lack of empirical data hampers the ability to substantiate the cost advantages of utilising RMB technology. Therefore, the study aimed to find the cost benefits of RMB technology for temporary offices on construction sites in Sri Lanka through Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). From a methodological perspective, the research adopted a case study strategy. Data was mainly collected through semi-structured interviews, document reviews, and market surveys while following LCCA as the analysis method to derive findings. The findings disclosed that the initial cost of an RMB site office is 32% higher than a conventional site office, but the annual cost saving is 23%. Hence, it is worth investing in RMB because of its yearly cost saving due to its long life span and higher salvage value. Sensitivity analysis further established that employing an RMB is more cost-effective for contractors even at different discount rates, functional lifetimes, and project durations. This study enlightens construction industry practitioners about the cost-effective utilisation of RMBsin their projects.

Assessment of the Territorial Concentration of Remotely Employed Workers According to Coworking Data

The paper examines information on the number of coworking spaces in various cities of Russia as an indirect indicator of the relative concentration of remotely employed workers who use specially organized places to work both on a permanent basis and as a temporary office, including during business trips or vacations. The results obtained reflect the current trends in the geographical spread of remote employment and emphasize the need for further study of this issue.

Interrogating the Myths of Education: Dorothy Bryant'sElla Price's JournalandMiss Giardino

Interrogating the Myths of Education: Dorothy Bryant's<i>Ella Price's Journal</i>and<i>Miss Giardino</i>

THE REGENERATION OF USUAL CONCEPTS ABOUT THE COMFORT OF THE OBJECT-SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT DURING A PANDEMIC

The global pandemic has affected our usual way of life, made us rethink the ob-ject-spatial environment for a comfortable stay. Previously, the house for us was a break between working hours. During the pandemic, a house or apartment has become everything for us: a tempo-rary office, a gym, a place of study, a place of rest, etc. With well-designed architecture, we can slow down or even contain the spread of infectious diseases and create a resilient environment. Architectural design and health have a very deep relationship.

Challenges and problems in the recruitment of ad hoc workers of election management body at the local level: Evidence from Banyumas

The prevailing national regulation on the recruitment of PPK, PPS, and KPPS staff sets forth that those temporary officers can be of service for only two periods of general election and cannot be involved afterwards. This regulation actually has positive aspect, but is not easy in its implementation. This article aims at examining the challenges and problems faced by the election management body at local level (Regency KPU) in preparing the human resource of ad hoc staff for the 2019 general election in Indonesia. This article was based on a qualitative research conducted in 2020 in Banyumas Regency, Central Java. This article shows that challenges that had to be faced by Regency KPU in the recruitment of ad hoc employees were the duration of screening and the way village leaders socialized the information regarding the recruitment. Whereas, the involvement of young generation and women as general election ad hoc workers in Banyumas was still low because of a number of factors, from know-how of general election to having lack information of the recruitment. This study concludes that actor’s action choice is limited by a number of matters, such as the path previously taken, rules regulating the agency, and social-political context.

THE AUTHORITY OF THE TEMPORARY HEAD OF VILLAGE IN SILANGGE VILLAGE GOVERNMENT SYSTEM, DOLOK DISTRICT, NORTH PADANG LAWAS REGENCY

The appointment of the Silangge village head official was due to the permanent dismissal of the previous village head who died, then the District Head. North Padang Lawas appointed the sub-district head of Dolok sub-district as a temporary office in Silangge Village, district. Dolok Kab. North Padang Lawas until 2016. The approach method used to research the discussion of this thesis is an empirical juridical approach, namely the research in this thesis was carried out by field studies at the Dolok Subdistrict Head Office, North Padang Lawas Regency. This study was carried out concerning the applicable laws and regulations. The Temporary Village Head's authority in running the Silangge village administration is the same as the village head, the Silangge Temporary Village Head in 2013 has the main task of carrying out village head elections, then the next Silangge Village Head in 2015 also has the main task of organizing village head election. The term of office of the Silangge Village Head from 2015 to 2016 carried out village infrastructure development through village funds in 2015 and 2016 and carried out the Silangge village head election in 2016.The Authority of the Temporary Head of Village in Silangge Village Government System, Dolok District, North Padang Lawas Regency

Bombing and the geography of Admiralty administration in two world wars

ABSTRACT The construction of so many temporary Admiralty offices in St James's Park during the First World War, despite the threat of enemy bombing, shows that British naval administrative efficiency then depended significantly on the close physical proximity of offices, albeit supplemented where necessary by additional liaison mechanisms. Subsequently, however, changing office practices, and advances in communications infrastructure and technology, made it possible for the administration to stretch itself very considerably. That was fortunate, since developments in warfare, including a great increase in the accuracy and weight of bombing attacks, demanded dispersion. By the Second World War, it can be argued there were four different Admiralties in the country, London, Bath, and Western Approaches and Rosyth Commands. They were not quite separate, however, but functionally linked with each other and with numerous other naval establishments, to the degree one could no longer identify Admiralty headquarters geographically; instead, it existed wherever there were officials and officers who carried out Admiralty functions.

A Path to Resume Aesthetic Care: Executive Summary of Project AesCert Guidance Supplement-Practical Considerations for Aesthetic Medicine Professionals Supporting Clinic Preparedness in Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak.

A Path to Resume Aesthetic Care: Executive Summary of Project AesCert Guidance Supplement-Practical Considerations for Aesthetic Medicine Professionals Supporting Clinic Preparedness in Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak.

Nearly zero energy - construction site temporary office buildings

In the UAE temporary offices and buildings utilised during the construction phase of a project are not connected to the grid electricity. Thus, leaving on site generation as the only option to power these buildings. On-site generation for these temporary buildings in the UAE is, more often than not, through diesel generators. Diesel generators are not the most efficient nor environmentally friendly source of power generation and produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. These temporary buildings have a continuous power consumption throughout the construction period of a project and this can lead to significant amounts of carbon emissions to the atmosphere and detrimental environmental impacts. To alleviate the issue, we have identified a typical site office building in Dubai and analysed its consumption and how to offset or reduce the reliance on diesel generation thus increasing the efficiency and sustainability of the site office by trying to target a near zero energy building. Through dynamic energy modelling simulations of the existing site office we were able to meet the nearly zero energy requirements by implementing envelope improvements, mechanical system efficiencies and on-site renewable energy generation. A financial feasibility assessment was conducted on the improvements determined to achieve the nearly zero energy target. This ensured that a holistic approach was taken upon selection of the improvements.

TECH

TECH: Transportable Emergency Cardboard House was a project involving shelters for people in difficult housing situations. The TECH project was based on previously conducted research. The fundamental research on paper, presented in Chapter 2, focused on the material itself, its mechanical properties, its chemical and physical structure, its production methods and elements mass-produced by the paper industry. Next, research was conducted on the applications of paper products in design and architecture. The sixteen realised structures, in which paper was employed as a building material, were analysed for their structural systems, the paper products used, the connections made between the structural elements, the connections with the ground, the impregnation methods deployed and the design and implementation processes involved. Lastly, the paper emergency structures realised in the form of prototypes, in which different paper products and structural systems were examined, resulted in the further guidelines for paper emergency shelters presented in Chapter 6. A column-and-beam structural system was chosen as it is a simple system that can be built quickly without professional construction workers and without special equipment and tools. The chosen structural system consists of slender elements in the form of columns and beams. To build that system cardboard U- and L-shapes were used. Paper tubes, which were an alternative for the U- and L-shapes, are hard products to connect to other types of building components due to their geometry. Either the paper tubes are placed inside a building, taking up space that may already be limited, or they are incorporated into the envelope, where they are subject to external conditions. For this reason, it is more practical to use paper products such as L- and U-shapes as structural elements. The TECH project was targeted at forcibly displaced and homeless people. Please refer to Chapter 5 to read more research on motivations and guidelines for emergency and relief shelters. The number of forcibly displaced people was estimated to be 65.6 million at the end of 2016. [2] Forcibly displaced people are people who had to flee their houses and cities because of persecution, conflicts, generalised violence or human rights violations. Three different categories of forcibly displaced people can be distinguished: • Internally displaced people (IDPs) • Refugees • Asylum seekers The number of homeless people living rough or in shelters or hostels provided by aid organisations in developed countries was 1,777,308 in 2015. Asylum seekers who come to Europe but are not granted refugee status run the risk of becoming homeless. Each of the aforementioned groups requires different types of support, including housing. As far as accommodation is concerned, the support they receive may come in the form of mass shelters, dispersed settlements, hosting families or spontaneous or planned camps. TECH is an acronym for Transportable Emergency Cardboard House. The designations ‘TECH 01’, ‘TECH 02’ and ‘TECH 03’) refer to successive versions of the project where structural parts and building components and impregnation techniques were improved. There are three generations of TECH. While TECH 01 was prepared as an unbuilt project and only the prototype of the wall structure was executed, TECH 02 and TECH 03 were executed as 1:1 scale prototypes. TECH 02 was exhibited at the campus of TU Delft’s Faculty of Architecture for several days. TECH 03 was built in September 2016. Since then it has been at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology’s Faculty of Architecture, where it is exposed to natural conditions and changing weather conditions. In general it can be said that TECH is a group of solutions for emergency and temporary housing, which can be used to serve people in difficult housing situations. However, TECH 03, also known as ‘the House of Cards’, may also serve as a commercial structure. It can be used as a garden or summer house, as an extension of existing buildings, shed, temporary office building, hotel room or storage space for events like trade fairs, exhibitions, major sporting events, etc. TECH 03 was designed to meet European architectural standards, especially with regard to thermal insulation. This chapter is mainly concerned with the structural system of the TECH solutions, as well as the paper products used as building components, the usability and feasibility of the shelters and their production methods.

A President in Indian Country: Calvin Coolidge and Lakota Diplomacy in the Summer of 1927

A President in Indian CountryCalvin Coolidge and Lakota Diplomacy in the Summer of 1927 Eric Steven Zimmer (bio) Key Words Black Hills, Coolidge, diplomacy, Lakota, Pine Ridge On the morning of August 17, 1927, a caravan of sleek dark automobiles bumped along a dusty gravel road in South Dakota’s rural southwestern corner. One carried the famously stoic President Calvin Coolidge, who just fifteen days earlier had declared from his temporary office in Rapid City that “I do not choose to run for president in nineteen twenty-eight.” The move stunned the nation and surprised even his wife, Grace, who had accompanied Coolidge to the Black Hills along with their adult son, John. Questions about this decision’s bearing on national politics abounded.1 But on that hot August day, few members of Coolidge’s entourage probably concerned themselves with the coming election or the microscopic fractures that had already begun to weaken the roaring economy that had so far blessed their administration. For the second time in as many weeks, Coolidge would make history as he crossed a series of significant cultural and political thresholds. When his motorcade arrived at its destination on the Pine Ridge Reservation, it would be the first time in the nation’s history that a sitting American president had made an official visit to Indian Country.2 The summer of 1927 straddled two eras in the histories of federal Indian policy and local struggles over Native politics in South Dakota. American Indians across the nation had good reason to wonder whether Coolidge would help improve their situation. In 1924 he had signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which naturalized Native peoples across the country. Two years later his secretary of the Interior, Hubert Work, commissioned a nationwide study of Native communities and Indian policy. Published in 1928, this “Meriam Report” provided a blueprint for what would later become the Indian New Deal. It abolished the destructive policy of allotment, which had ravaged Indian Country and cultures nationwide since the late nineteenth century. By breaking up reservations [End Page 215] into small individually owned parcels and selling the remainder to non-Indians, allotment slowly dispossessed Native peoples of more than eighty million acres of their land. The Indian New Deal also made initial moves against the long-term project of assimilation, which aimed to stamp out American Indians’ cultural, economic, and political systems by empowering tribes to reclaim some of their rights to self-governance under a prescriptive, democratic model.3 Yet these changes rested far on the horizon in 1927. So what significance to the history of federal Indian policy do Calvin Coolidge and his historic visit to Pine Ridge hold? The historian Kenneth R. Philp has shown that “it is a mistake to view the 1920s as simply a conservative interlude between two eras of reform—the Progressive movement and the New Deal.”4 Yet aside from studies of reformers like John Collier, the Meriam Report, or the activities of Indian activist organizations like the Society of American Indians, which was active from 1911 until 1923, historians have—until very recently—generally overlooked Native roles in the formation of 1920s Indian policy, which is also true for much of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era.5 In order to combat this problem, Boyd Cothran and C. Joseph Genetin-Pilawa have called for a reinvigoration of scholarly interest in indigenous history during these periods.6 This essay evaluates Lakota interactions with Calvin Coolidge during his time in the Black Hills in 1927, which culminated in his visit to Pine Ridge. It reveals how several prominent Lakota capitalized on their presidential visits and launched a diplomatic strategy aimed at pushing Coolidge, who—despite his reputation for political conservatism and personal disengagement—had occasionally shown an unusual interest in Indian affairs. In short, Lakota leaders like Henry Standing Bear and Chauncey Yellow Robe capitalized on this presidential moment and the media frenzy that accompanied it. They made several public overtures to Coolidge, asking him to improve federal–tribal relations. But these Lakota also had specific and local objectives in mind: they had been trying, since the 1890s, to have the treaty-protected Black Hills, which...

TECH: Transportable Emergency Cardboard House

TECH: Transportable Emergency Cardboard House was a project involving shelters for people in difficult housing situations. The TECH project was based on previously conducted research. The fundamental research on paper, presented in Chapter 2, focused on the material itself, its mechanical properties, its chemical and physical structure, its production methods and elements mass-produced by the paper industry. Next, research was conducted on the applications of paper products in design and architecture. The sixteen realised structures, in which paper was employed as a building material, were analysed for their structural systems, the paper products used, the connections made between the structural elements, the connections with the ground, the impregnation methods deployed and the design and implementation processes involved. Lastly, the paper emergency structures realised in the form of prototypes, in which different paper products and structural systems were examined, resulted in the further guidelines for paper emergency shelters presented in Chapter 6. A column-and-beam structural system was chosen as it is a simple system that can be built quickly without professional construction workers and without special equipment and tools. The chosen structural system consists of slender elements in the form of columns and beams. To build that system cardboard U- and L-shapes were used. Paper tubes, which were an alternative for the U- and L-shapes, are hard products to connect to other types of building components due to their geometry. Either the paper tubes are placed inside a building, taking up space that may already be limited, or they are incorporated into the envelope, where they are subject to external conditions. For this reason, it is more practical to use paper products such as L- and U-shapes as structural elements. The TECH project was targeted at forcibly displaced and homeless people. Please refer to Chapter 5 to read more research on motivations and guidelines for emergency and relief shelters. The number of forcibly displaced people was estimated to be 65.6 million at the end of 2016. [2] Forcibly displaced people are people who had to flee their houses and cities because of persecution, conflicts, generalised violence or human rights violations. Three different categories of forcibly displaced people can be distinguished: Internally displaced people (IDPs) Refugees Asylum seekers The number of homeless people living rough or in shelters or hostels provided by aid organisations in developed countries was 1,777,308 in 2015. Asylum seekers who come to Europe but are not granted refugee status run the risk of becoming homeless. Each of the aforementioned groups requires different types of support, including housing. As far as accommodation is concerned, the support they receive may come in the form of mass shelters, dispersed settlements, hosting families or spontaneous or planned camps. TECH is an acronym for Transportable Emergency Cardboard House. The designations ‘TECH 01’, ‘TECH 02’ and ‘TECH 03’) refer to successive versions of the project where structural parts and building components and impregnation techniques were improved. There are three generations of TECH. While TECH 01 was prepared as an unbuilt project and only the prototype of the wall structure was executed, TECH 02 and TECH 03 were executed as 1:1 scale prototypes. TECH 02 was exhibited at the campus of TU Delft’s Faculty of Architecture for several days. TECH 03 was built in September 2016. Since then it has been at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology’s Faculty of Architecture, where it is exposed to natural conditions and changing weather conditions. In general it can be said that TECH is a group of solutions for emergency and temporary housing, which can be used to serve people in difficult housing situations. However, TECH 03, also known as ‘the House of Cards’, may also serve as a commercial structure. It can be used as a garden or summer house, as an extension of existing buildings, shed, temporary office building, hotel room or storage space for events like trade fairs, exhibitions, major sporting events, etc. TECH 03 was designed to meet European architectural standards, especially with regard to thermal insulation. This chapter is mainly concerned with the structural system of the TECH solutions, as well as the paper products used as building components, the usability and feasibility of the shelters and their production methods.

Mixed High-Speed, Conventional and Metro Central Rail Stations as Places to Work: The Case Study of Naples

According to the innovation in services theory any substitution or addition of characteristics to a service is considered as incremental innovation with the objective of improving the final client’s utility. Moreover by service relationship, it is meant the establishment of relationships between the client and the provider with the objective of producing the final product. In the light of this theory stations are here conceived as a set of services and the added characteristics as temporary offices designed inside and around High Speed Rail stations. Therefore, the traditional concept of a station as a node changes since stations can be also considered as workplaces. The objective of this contribution is to identify the characteristics of the clients renting temporary offices and the role of High Speed Rail and more generally transport in this respect. A survey was employed, interviewing clients renting flexible offices inside the Garibaldi station in Naples in Italy. Data were collected concerning the clients’ socioeconomic characteristics, the transport mode chosen to reach these offices and the services used.

Ambient exposure to coarse and fine particle emissions from building demolition

Demolition of buildings produce large quantities of particulate matter (PM) that could be inhaled by on-site workers and people living in the neighbourhood, but studies assessing ambient exposure at the real-world demolition sites are limited. We measured concentrations of PM10 (≤10 μm), PM2.5 (≤2.5 μm) and PM1 (≤1 μm) along with local meteorology for 54 working hours over the demolition period. The measurements were carried out at (i) a fixed-site in the downwind of demolished building, (ii) around the site during demolition operation through mobile monitoring, (iii) different distances away from the demolition site through sequential monitoring, and (iv) inside an excavator vehicle cabin and on-site temporary office for engineers. Position of the PM instrument was continuously recorded using a Global Positioning System on a second basis during mobile measurements. Fraction of coarse particles (PM2.5–10) contributed 89 (with mean particle mass concentration, PMC ≈ 133 ± 17 μg m−3), 83 (100 ± 29 μg m−3), and 70% (59 ± 12 μg m−3) of total PMC during the fixed-site, mobile monitoring and sequential measurements, respectively, compared with only 50% (mean 12 ± 6 μg m−3) during the background measurements. The corresponding values for fine particles (PM2.5) were 11, 17 and 30% compared with 50% during background, showing a much greater release of coarse particles during demolition. The openair package in R and map source software (ArcGIS) were used to assess spatial variation of PMCs in downwind and upwind of the demolition site. A modified box model was developed to determine the emission factors, which were 210, 73 and 24 μg m−2 s−1 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively. The average respiratory deposited doses to coarse (and fine) particles inside the excavator cabin and on-site temporary office increased by 57- (and 5-) and 13- (and 2-) times compared with the local background level, respectively. The monitoring stations in downwind direction illustrated a logarithmic decrease of PM with distance. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess physicochemical features of particles. The minerals such as silica were found as a marker of demolition dust and elements such as sulphur coming from construction machinery emissions. Findings of this study highlight a need to limit occupational exposure of individuals to coarse and fine particles by enforcing effective engineering controls.

Learning from Accidents – Reporting is not Enough

The fire and explosion at the Nypro Works, Flixborough, UK in 1974 led to the setting up of a court of inquiry which reported in 1975. In the closing paragraphs of the report (Department of Employment, 1975) various lessons are listed as well as issues to be referred to other bodies. Two aspects are worth highlighting, as they have to a certain extent been lost in the mists of time. Firstly, “that the management structure should be so organised that the feedback from the bottom to the top should be effective.” This is not only to ensure that instructions are effectively carried out, but also that those responsible for certain tasks are competent, that top management has a clear understanding of the responsibilities and demands placed on individuals including the potential for overloading. The second issue which was raised, but referred to other bodies for urgent consideration, is that of the siting of offices, laboratories and the like well removed from hazardous plants and the construction of control rooms on block-house principles. This was then addressed further in their 2nd report to the UK’s Health and Safety Commission by the Advisory Committee on Major Hazards (HSC, 1979) On 23 March 2005 an explosion occurred at BP America’s Texas City refinery killing 15 workers and injuring 170 others. All of the fatalities occurred in a temporary office container located adjacent to the ISOM-plant, but not associate with the start-up operations of this plant. The lessons learned and conclusions drawn from the various investigations regarding the location of temporary buildings as well as the feedback within the management structure bear stark similarities to those of thirty years before. The fact that the analogy between the vulnerable buildings listed in the Flixborough report and the temporary buildings for contractors had not been drawn is an indicator of the limits of the learning achieved.This is not an isolated case, but has been repeated many fold. The chemical process world needs to make learning the lessons, i.e. taking action where appropriate, a fundamental aspect of process safety in the coming years.This paper shows examples of the failure to learn or limits of learning achieved in the past. It raises the need to establish learning organisations not only in the chemical processing industry, but also within public authorities and academia. It confirms the requirement that learning from accidents be firmly anchored in the safety management system and that leadership and corporate governance are essential to achieving this and preventing as far as possible the disasters of the past being repeated (be it in a modified form) in the future.

Examination of Job-site Layout Approaches and their Impact on Construction Job-site Productivity

In all forms of construction project delivery, job-site layout is routinely developed and designed after bid award and prior to the contractors’ receipt of the notice to proceed or letter of commencement. Job-site layout decisions are made to locate temporary offices, sanitary facilities, worker rest areas, crane locations, storage and workshop areas, access points and access roads, utilities and other critical features. These jobsite design decisions affect the operational capabilities of the site and have a direct influence on both the costs and schedule through productivity. This paper will examine the various approaches utilized in practice and proposed through research for jobsite layout design and site optimization. Factors and variables considered in the identified approaches are discussed and evaluated with respect to the impact on jobsite productivity and successful contract delivery. Important factors for job-site layout are further explored through a survey of working professionals within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Survey results are summarized, examined and discussed in relation to the variables and critical parameters identified and their effect on job-site performance and contract success. The paper concludes with a discussion of future directions for job-site benefits.

Energy Saving Property of Heat-Reflective Coatings on Temporary Buildings

The energy saving of temporary buildings used heat-reflective coatings in cold region has been paid growing attention. Surface temperature and energy consumption were calculated by the temporary office building and factory building in Beijing. The buildings are color steel plate structure in this paper. The roofs and exterior walls of buildings were painted with heat-reflective coatings. The general solar reflectivity of roofs and exterior walls were about 26% and 22%; after the application of heat-reflective coatings the reflectivity increased to about 84% and 72%. Results demonstrated that the roofs have the best cooling effect, with the average surface cooling reaching 23.32°C in summer. The estimated energy savings of roof was about 9.95Wh/m2 per day and the energy consumption reducing rate was up to 67.7% in summer. Considering the energy consumption increased in winter, heat-reflective coatings were only strongly advised to paint on roofs in cold region.

Catch and Release

Catch and Release