Temporary Line Research Articles

Analysis of landfill design variables based on scientific computing

The optimal design of waste landfills is a complex, still unsolved issue. Each design variable influences the rest and it is difficult to quantify their interactions. Recent advances in scientific computing, however, allow this problem to be approached from a new perspective.Thus, in this paper a new method is proposed for the analysis and optimization of design variables in waste landfills. This method is based on the computer simulation of multiple models and the systematic analysis of the resulting data to extract knowledge. It can be extended to the optimization of other complex systems with a direct impact on the environment.Its efficacy is tested by studying the effect of five common design variables on landfill hydrology. The main results show the benefits of temporary surface lining and intermediate covers on the volume of leachate generated. Intermediate covers, however, may jeopardize landfill stability and significantly affect the variability of the leachate flow.The case studied demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed method to improve the design and operation of waste landfills. It also shows the need to analyse multiple scenarios in order to generalize the conclusions obtained.

Driving performance at lateral system limits during partially automated driving

This study investigated driver performance during system limits of partially automated driving. Using a motion-based driving simulator, drivers encountered different situations in which a partially automated vehicle could no longer safely keep the lateral guidance. Drivers were distracted by a non-driving related task on a touch display or driving without an additional secondary task. While driving in partially automated mode drivers could either take their hands off the steering wheel for only a short period of time (10s, so-called ‘Hands-on’ variant) or for an extended period of time (120s, so-called ‘Hands-off’ variant). When the system limit was reached (e.g., when entering a work zone with temporary lines), the lateral vehicle control by the automation was suddenly discontinued and a take-over request was issued to the drivers. Regardless of the hands-off interval and the availability of a secondary task, all drivers managed the transition to manual driving safely. No lane exceedances were observed and the situations were rated as ‘harmless’ by the drivers. The lack of difference between the hands-off intervals can be partly attributed to the fact that most of the drivers kept contact to the steering wheel, even in the hands-off condition. Although all drivers were able to control the system limits, most of them could not explain why exactly the take-over request was issued. The average helpfulness of the take-over request was rated on an intermediate level. Consequently, providing drivers with information about the reason for a system limit can be recommended.

Optimization of GFRP reinforcement in precast segments for metro tunnel lining

The possibility of replacing the traditional steel reinforcement with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) cages in precast concrete tunnel segmental lining has been shown by the authors in previous papers. The use of GFRP rebars as structural reinforcement in precast tunnel segments, allows several advantages in terms of structural durability or in cases of temporary lining that will have to be demolished later. Furthermore, this reinforcement type can be a suitable solution to create dielectric joints, ensuring the interruption of possible stray currents, which often lead to corrosion problems. Nevertheless, this peculiar application requires curvilinear shape of the reinforcement, and then different production process and rebar geometries. In the present work, a suggestion for the optimization of the GFRP reinforcement for tunnel segment is given. Four different GFRP cage typologies are analysed and applied as a reinforcement in full-scale tunnel segments. Both bending and point load tests are developed and the structural performances of the specimens are compared and discussed. Finally, the best solution, in terms of cost-benefit analysis is proposed.

Analysis of Permanent Lining of Branisko Tunnel

Structural layouts of the tunnel concrete linings are dictated by various factors; to name the most influential ones: geology and hydrological conditions, overburden depth, size and shape of the tunnel and the method of excavation and support. Varying tunnel lining thicknesses and loading conditions, imposed by the above factors, require multiple computations to represent typical and critical cross sections and which are relevant for the structural designs. In contrast to the temporary (primary) lining, where some failures of the lining can be tolerated and may be used in the lining design, a permanent concrete lining has to be designed for a maintenance-free life of 50 or more years. Consequently, all the loads that may occur during the operational life of the tunnel have to be taken into account. This article deals with analysis of the geotechnical monitoring results from the Branisko tunnel which was carried out during 2003 – 2013. One part of geotechnical monitoring was checking of cracks which were created during construction of the permanent lining. Measured data are utilized for comparison of static calculations of the supposed load cases of permanent lining with real state of stresses. The static analysis has been performed in two different models developed for different static patterns.

The politics of minoritarian becomings: a Deleuzian approach to Macbeth and Othello

This paper intends to bring together the plots of Shakespeare’s Othello and Macbeth through examining their leading Shakespearean figures under the light of Deleuzian thought. A Close study of the two texts reveals these two Shakespearean plays as sites for excessive barbarism recited in form of verbal achievements in which a series of minoritarian becomings/mutations take place to consequently dislocate and disturb the majoritarian tradition by depicting identities that are open to change and mutation, and to show the majoritarian system, along with its Oedipalizing forces, as unorganized and faulty. Findings indicate that in the two plays, the identities of the two leading characters of Macbeth and Othello undergo various stages of metamorphosis through which both try to form their temporary lines of flight and have their specific mode of liberation and deterritorialization from majoritarian forces that are dominant in either of the two hegemonic domains to which they belong. Also discussed is Shakespeare’s writing which, in this sense, qualifies as minor literature in that it depicts such a series of transformations and becomings against the long-held belief of stable identity, and lets the readers become one with the process of reading and hence challenge the identities that are forced upon them.

Transurethral incision of ureterocele: Does the time of presentation affect the need for further surgical interventions?

Ureterocele management is considered to be one of the famous debates in pediatric urology. Despite some considering transurethral ureterocele incision (TUI) as a temporary line of treatment, others have reported good results in terms of being a definitive treatment. The present study evaluated the feasibility of TUI as a definitive line of management. Moreover, it studied the impact of presentation on the outcomes. The charts of patients who had ureteroceles from 1995 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had undergone initial TUI were included. The initial presentation and timing were recorded. All ultrasounds, voiding cystourethrograms (VCUG) and dimercaptosuccinic acid scans (DMSA) pre-TUI and post-TUI were reviewed. Moreover, the occurrence of febrile urinary tract infections (FUTI) and any secondary surgical intervention were recorded. RESULTS (FIG. A): A total of 51 patients with 53 ureteroceles were included. Of these, 51% presented antenatally, while others had FUTI at the time of presentation. Thirty-nine ureteroceles were associated with duplex system ureterocele (DSU), while the remaining ones had single system ureterocele (SSU). The median follow-up was 44 months. The incidence of de-novo reflux into ureterocele was 44% of SSU and 23% of DSU (P=0.22). Reflux into ureterocele after TUI (four SSU and seven DSU) carried a high risk of surgical interventions (3/4 SSU and 6/7 DSU). Hydronephrosis was improved in 64% of both DSU and SSU patients. Secondary surgery was performed in 51% of DSU and 35.7% of SSU. Twelve patients (67%) presented postnatally with DSU and had subsequent interventions after incision in comparison with 38% (eight patients) of those who presented antenatally. The DSU had improved renal function (by DMSA) in 26%, while the remaining had stable renal function. All patients with delayed ureterocele presentation had FUTI, while 1/3 of antenatally presenting patients had FUTI during follow-up. Notably, the age at subsequent interventions was apparently the same despite different ages at presentation. Study limitations included the retrospective chart review. Additionally, the pre-operative and postoperative investigations, such as laboratory and radiological results, were present and reviewed in most, but not all, patients. Two thirds of SSU and approximately half DSU patients had no surgical intervention after TUI. However, those who presented antenatally had a lower risk of FUTI and lesser probability of being re-operated. VUR into ureterocele, regardless the system duplicity, had a high re-operation rate. After ureterocele incision, 26% of DSU patients had renal function improvement.

Comunidades campesinas y reforma agraria en Huancavelica

Este artículo presenta a través de hechos protagonizadas por las comunidades campesinas del departamento de Huancavelica, las luchas por la tierra durante el proceso de reforma agraria. La línea temporal sigue desde la constitución de la SAIS Huancavelica hasta 1980, año en que Sendero Luminoso irrumpe en la región, iniciando de este modo un nuevo capítulo en la historia de los Andes.

Special-Color Pavement Marking for Highway Work Zones: Literature Review of International Practices

Roadway lanes are often repositioned to accommodate highway work operations; as a result, pavement markings need to be altered. Although there are various methods for removing or obscuring existing pavement markings, “ghost” markings often remain at the locations of the old lane lines. These ghost markings can be quite conspicuous under certain lighting conditions, creating the potential for road user confusion. The Canadian province of Ontario and several European countries routinely use a special marking color (orange or yellow) to increase the salience of temporary lane lines. Special-color markings have also been used experimentally in Australia; New Zealand; Quebec City, Canada; and the United States. As a first step toward identifying the benefits and risks of special-color markings, existing practices from several countries are reviewed and summarized. The review identified a significant policy difference among jurisdictions: in some jurisdictions special-color markings override existing markings (so that the old markings are left in place), whereas other jurisdictions use special-color temporary marking but also attempt to remove old lane lines. The recent special-color marking demonstration projects in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States have been on major freeways, but European practice suggests that special-color marking could have significant benefit for urban arterial streets.

Annoyance due to railway noise before and after the opening of the Kyushu Shinkansen Line

The development of the Shinkansen railway network in Japan has continued since 1964; however, associated noise and vibration have seriously affected communities located beside the lines. The Kyushu Shinkansen Line (KSL) was opened in 2011 and a second temporary conventional railway line (STL) was operated in 2012. The purpose of this study was to compare community responses to railway noise and vibration before and after the opening of these two lines. Socio-acoustic surveys were performed in Kumamoto from 2009 to 2012, where the conventional and Shinkansen lines are adjacent. The noise and vibration exposures were increased slightly after the opening of the KSL but decreased slightly after the opening of the STL. When multiple logistic regression analysis was applied using highly annoyed/annoyed as the dependent variable and using day–evening–night sound level (Lden) and a dummy variable of before or after the opening of the KSL as independent variables, high annoyance was not changed significantly but moderate annoyance decreased significantly following the opening. There was no significant difference in either high or moderate annoyance between the periods before and after the opening of the STL.

Chronic haemodialysis in small children: a retrospective study of the Italian Pediatric Dialysis Registry.

Chronic haemodialysis (HD) in small children has not been adequately investigated. This was a retrospective investigation of the use of chronic HD in 21 children aged <2years (n = 12 aged <1 year) who were registered in the Italian Pediatric Dialysis Registry. Data collected over a period of >10years were analysed. The median age of the 21 children at start of HD was 11.4 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.2-14.6] months, and HD consisted mainly of haemodiafiltration for 3-4h in ≥4 sessions/week. A total of 51 central venous catheters were placed, and the median survival of tunnelled and temporary lines was 349 and 31days, respectively (p < 0.001). Eight children (38%) showed evidence of central vein thrombosis. Although 19% of patients received growth hormone and 63.6% received enteral feeding, the weight and height of these patients remained suboptimal. During the HD period the haemoglobin level increased in all patients, but not to normal levels (from 8.5 to 9.6g/dl) despite erythropoietin administration (503-600 U/kg/week). The hospitalisation rate was 1.94/patient-year. Seventeen patients underwent renal transplantation at a median age of 3.0years. Four patients, all affected by severe comorbidities, died during follow-up (in 2 cases due to absence of a vascular access). The 5- and 10-year cumulative survival was 82.4 and 68.7%, respectively. Extracorporeal dialysis is feasible in children aged <2years, but comorbidities, vascular access, growth and anaemia remain major concerns.

Lining structural monitoring in the new underground service of Naples (Italy)

A new underground stretch connecting two existing lines of the urban railway underground system was built in Naples. The tunnel was excavated by NATM through unsaturated pyroclastic silty sand at relatively large depths, ranging between thirty to eighty metres. The geometry of the section is rather typical with a top part shaped as half a circle and a rectangular bottom. The tunnel was conventionally built with a staged construction: after the full face excavation, a temporary lining composed by horse-shoe steel ribs and sprayed concrete was put in place. Two steel ribs, spaced about one hundred metres apart and located about sixty metres below the ground surface, were instrumented with twenty-four vibrating wire strain gauges, installed at six symmetric locations. Nearly two years of measurements were collected. In the paper the measured strains and the back-calculated internal forces are reported. The results of FE 3D and 2D back-analyses are also shown allowing to throw a light on the observed behaviour.

Design Guidance for Bicycle Lane Widths

The objective of this research was to develop recommendations for bicycle lane width for various roadway and traffic characteristics. An observational field study involved installing temporary lane line markings to delineate bicycle lanes of varying width at midblock locations and then observing the lateral positioning of bicyclists and motorists within the roadway cross section. The final database from the field study included data for 4,965 bicyclists, 3,163 passing vehicles, and 994 parked vehicles. The primary findings of the study showed that a buffered bike lane provided distinct advantages over simply widening a bike lane and that as traffic volumes and truck percentages increased, bicyclists moved away from vehicles in the travel lane and positioned themselves closer to parked vehicles or the curb. General design guidance is provided along with recommended parking lane, buffer, bike lane, and travel lane widths most applicable to urban and suburban two-lane undivided roadways with constrained roadway width.

Temporary lines versus permanent access for haemodialysis patients

Despite arteriovenous fistulae being the first choice of haemodialysis vascular access in the UK, a high number of patients commence and continue dialysis with alternative types. Choice of access can have a major impact on the morbidity and mortality of renal patients, and can also add significantly to the burden of dialysis. Lyn Allen reflects on the role of renal nurses in access decision-making.

Análisis de las relaciones laborales en la industria automotriz en la Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina

This article introduces us to the labor dynamics in Argentina with emphasis in the last 25 years. Then, it’s placed in the reality of the city of Córdoba, the capital of the province of the same name located in the center of the country, through a review of the automotive and industrial tradition of working class conflict and therole the state has performed in that context. Then, conflict is theorethically analyzed, with an emphasis on workplace. Subsequently, theoretical discussion is incorporated from a conflict that began in early 2013 which is briefly characterized. It concludes with some guiding, temporary lines of conflict in current development.

Temporary Grounding Lines Detection Method for Distribution Network and its EMTDC Simulation

In order to solve the safety problem of disassembling the grounding wire temporarily for line maintenance and prevent an anthropogenic short-circuit accident from happening, this paper firstly proposes two safe and convenient detection methods based on directly signal injecting and induced voltage. Then, adopt the power system simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC to build model, some important factors affecting the effect of detecting are studied, which include frequency of signal, no-load transformer, magnetic induced voltage, joint use on the same tower, etc. Finally, a temporary ground wire detection device is developed which is based on the detection methods proposed and also based on modern power electronics technology and signal processing technology, and the field test verify the feasibility and practicability. The developed detection device has some advantages, such as safe-testing, simple structure and operation, easy promotion and so on.

Habitar: A casa como contingência da condição humana

This paper is part of a critical and theoretical reflection framed within a research process that began in 2007 and is still ongoing. The research provided by this theoretical reflection covers a temporary line spanning the 2007-2010 period, totalizing eight terms, involving 40 study subjects per term and resulting in a field work that accounted for more than 320 subjects. This research, coordinated by the author, was carried out in the Laboratory for Environment, Urban Development and Environmental Psychology at the University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, located in Criciuma, SC, Brazil. The aim of this critical and theoretical reflection, and the research from which it is derived, is to expand the horizons for the understanding of the inhabiting and housing appropriation processes. Such a process can be detectable through the identification of the symbolic dimensions of dwellings: embodiment, cultivation and sense of belonging. This contribution offers a brief comparison between the social context of the research and the social housing policies operating in Brazil, concluding with a preliminary analysis of research data and underlining important aspects that deserve further exploration.

Recovery of HVDC System from DC Line Fault: a New Protection Method

Recovery from DC fault represents an important aspect of HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) operation. The recovery time depends on the characteristics of the DC and AC systems and the control strategy used to clear the fault. The main characteristic of a temporary HVDC line fault is that once started, it will not be extinguished by itself until the current is brought down to zero and the arc deionised. Thus, there has to be some control function that brings the current down to zero when a fault occurs on a DC line. If DC control and protection system modules fail, system safety will be threatened heavily. The most control function used to extinguish the DC fault is achieved by retarding the rectifier firing angle into the inverter operating region to quickly absorb all energy from the dc line and deionize the fault. This paper presents a detailed analysis and simulation of HVDC line protection under the single pole to ground fault of CIGRE HVDC benchmark model. Furthermore, this paper presents a control strategy for HVDC to extinguish the DC fault current. This strategy attempts to improve the recovery performance of power to minimize the energy loss and prevent transient instability of the AC system. Simulation study on MATLAB.SimPowerSystems is carried out to validate the concept

Impact of Roadside Tree Lines on Indoor Concentrations of Traffic-Derived Particulate Matter

Exposure to airborne particulate pollution is associated with premature mortality and a range of inflammatory illnesses, linked to toxic components within the particulate matter (PM) assemblage. The effectiveness of trees in reducing urban PM10 concentrations is intensely debated. Modeling studies indicate PM10 reductions from as low as 1% to as high as ~60%. Empirical data, especially at the local scale, are rare. Here, we use conventional PM10 monitoring along with novel, inexpensive magnetic measurements of television screen swabs to measure changes in PM10 concentrations inside a row of roadside houses, after temporarily installing a curbside line of young birch trees. Independently, the two approaches identify >50% reductions in measured PM levels inside those houses screened by the temporary tree line. Electron microscopy analyses show that leaf-captured PM is concentrated in agglomerations around leaf hairs and within the leaf microtopography. Iron-rich, ultrafine, spherical particles, probably combustion-derived, are abundant, form a particular hazard to health, and likely contribute much of the measured magnetic remanences. Leaf magnetic measurements show that PM capture occurs on both the road-proximal and -distal sides of the trees. The efficacy of roadside trees for mitigation of PM health hazard might be seriously underestimated in some current atmospheric models.

Power port contrast medium flushing and trapping: impact of temperature, an in vitro experimental study

PurposeThe use of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) certified as “high pressure resistant” or “power port” has begun to spread worldwide as a safe procedure for power contrast injection. Owing to the thermo-rheological properties of the contrast media, the primary aim of this work is to present an in vitro experimental impact study concerning the impact of the temperature level on flushing efficiency after contrast medium injection. Moreover, we report experimental data that confirms the role of needle bevel orientation. The secondary aim is to answer the following questions: Is there significant device contrast medium trapping after contrast medium injection? Is saline flushing efficient? And, finally, is it safe to inject contrast medium through an indwelled port catheter?ResultsThe experimental results show that in addition to hydrodynamics, temperature is a key parameter for the efficiency of device flushing after contrast medium injection. It appears that this is the case when the cavity is incompletely rinsed after three calibrated flushing volumes of 10 mL saline solution, even by using the Huber needle bevel opposite to the port exit. This leads to a potentially important trapped volume of contrast medium in the port, and consequently to the possibility of subsequent salt precipitates and long term trisubstituted benzene nuclei delivery that might impair the solute properties, which may be further injected via the power port later on.ConclusionWe thus suggest, in TIVADS patients, the use of a temporary supplementary intravenous line rather than the port to perform contrast medium injections in daily radiology routine practice.

Rebound and orientation of fibers in wet sprayed concrete applications

Spraying of concrete is a well-established and economical alternative to conventional casting techniques. It is widely applied in repair/reinforcement of building elements, rock consolidation and for the construction of temporary or permanent tunnel linings. Sprayed concrete (shotcrete) may be reinforced with fibers, steel rods or steel meshes to increase its mechanical performance under bending. In wet spraying, the concrete is premixed with water and then sprayed by means of compressed air. The fibers are added to the fresh concrete and then sprayed together with it. Because of their high elastic modulus and tensile strength often steel fibers are used for such applications. Recently, macro-synthetic plastic fibers have been proofed to be a suitable non-corroding alternative.The mechanical performance of fiber reinforced shotcrete is mainly influenced by the amount, the distribution and the orientation of the fibers, which are parameters that are influenced by the special application technique. Because of the relatively high impact velocity, the concrete and the fibers do not adhere completely onto the treated surface and generally a large quantity of rebound is observed.The rebound behavior of macro-synthetic polymer fibers and of steel fibers was studied in field tests as well as in laboratory experiments. Concrete was sprayed on well-defined artificial stone reliefs and the fiber as well as the material rebound was collected and analyzed. On the example of macro-synthetic fibers, the influence of different fiber parameters on the rebound behavior was studied. Single fiber shooting experiments and direct observations by means of a high speed camera revealed their impact behavior and hence the causes for fiber rebound.The fiber orientation in sprayed concrete was analyzed by means of X-ray computer tomography. Special morphological filtering allowed the analysis of the properties of plastic fibers despite their low density. A preferential orientation of these fibers along the sprayed surface was observed.