Temporary Disruption Research Articles

Artificial intelligence, recessionary pressures and population health.

Economic and labour policies have a considerable influence on health and well-being through direct financial impacts, and by shaping social and physical environments. Strong economies are important for public health investment and employment, yet the rapid rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to reshape economies, presenting challenges beyond mere temporary market disruption. Generative AI can perform non-routine cognitive tasks, previously unattainable though traditional automation, creating new efficiencies. While this technology offers opportunities for innovation and productivity, its labour-displacing potential raises serious concerns about economic stability and social equity, both of which are critical to health. Job displacement driven by generative AI could worsen income inequality, shrink middle-class opportunities and reduce consumer demand, triggering recessionary pressures. In this article, we propose the existence of an AI-capital-to-labour ratio threshold beyond which a self-reinforcing cycle of recessionary pressures may emerge, and which market forces alone cannot correct. Traditional responses to such pressures, like fiscal stimulus or monetary easing, may be ineffective in addressing structural disruptions to labour markets caused by generative AI. We call for a proactive global response to harness the benefits of generative AI while mitigating risks. This response should focus on reorienting economic systems towards collective well-being, as emphasized in the World Health Assembly resolution Economics of health for all and the United Nations' Global Digital Compact. Integrated strategies that combine fiscal policy, regulation and social policies are critical to ensuring generative AI advances societal health and equity while avoiding harm from excessive job displacement.

Human cathelicidin LL-37 rapidly disrupted colonic epithelial integrity.

The intestinal barrier, held together by epithelial cells and intercellular tight junction (TJ) proteins, prevents the penetration of microbial pathogens. Concurrently, intestinal epithelial cells secrete antimicrobial peptides, including cathelicidin. Cathelicidin has direct antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions, although its role in intestinal integrity remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that direct stimulation of human colonic epithelial (T84) cells with human cathelicidin, LL-37, resulted in a rapid and transient increase in epithelial cell permeability. This increased permeability was associated with the TJ proteins occludin and claudin-2 degradation, mediated by these specific proteins' endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. While murine cathelicidin (CRAMP) failed to modify T84 cell permeability, LL-37 degraded TJ proteins in murine rectal epithelial (CMT-93) cells. The stimulus of (CMT-93) cells with LL-37 aggravated the cell permeability and furthered TJ degradation provoked by the intestinal pathogen, attaching/effacing (A/E) Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium). The number of C. rodentium that colonized CMT-93 cells was not severely impacted by the presence of LL-37. While a temporary disruption of tight junctions by LL-37 may lead to a 'leaky gut,' this study demonstrates that LL-37 increases epithelial cell permeability by degrading TJ proteins occludin and claudin-2 through endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. These immunomodulatory actions occurring at concentrations lower than those microbicidal uncover a new guise for cathelicidin modulating the epithelial barrier against A/E pathogens. Recognizing native cathelicidin's functions in a specified disease setting (e.g., colitis) will help establish it as an anti-infectious immunomodulator.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies on cancer treatment trials: A meta-analysis of industry and NCI studies.

11021 Background: ASCO and Friends of Cancer Research established a task force to evaluate trial mitigation strategies allowed by US regulators during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the use of telemedicine and remote monitoring. We report the results of a meta-analysis quantifying the impact of these strategies on quality metrics and the recovery time to pre-COVID levels. Methods: We invited 41 sponsors with active US cancer treatment trials from January 2015-May 2022 to contribute deidentified trial-level aggregate data on major protocol deviations (PDs), dropouts, severe or worse toxicity (CTCAE Grade 3-5), and enrollment. We examined outcomes as proportions of participants at-risk during the pre-COVID, initial wave (IW), initial recovery (IR), and secondary recovery (SR) assessment times (Table). Multi-level beta-regression analyses were adjusted for trial phase (“early”, phases I, II, or I/II, vs. “late”, phase III) with study and sponsor as random effects. Indicator variables were used for post-COVID time periods with pre-COVID as the reference. Results: Ten sponsors (9 industry and 1 NCI Cooperative Group) contributed 82 evaluable studies: 63 early and 19 late phase trials. Among the 15,679 participants, enrollment odds decreased 64% in the IW and 45% in the IR but recovered to approximately pre-COVID levels by the SR (Table). Major PDs, dropouts, and severe or worse toxicity all had lower incidence in the IW compared to pre-COVID; these outcomes were also less frequent in IR (p<.05 for each), but not in the SR (p>.05 for each) compared to pre-COVID. Conclusions: Large declines in enrollment rates during the IW rebounded to pre-COVID levels by 2021-2022. We found steep reductions in the rates of reported occurrence of major PDs, dropouts, and severe or worse toxicity during the initial outbreak, which also recovered to pre-COVID levels by 2021-2022. Findings suggest pandemic-related procedural flexibility did not lead to increased reporting of PDs or dropouts and highlight how use of mitigation strategies likely corresponded with the temporary disruption to trial conduct during the pandemic’s peak. Sponsors could consider broader adaptation of trial flexibilities moving forward. [Table: see text]

Gestational diabetes mellitus may predispose to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major contributing factor to the worldwide health burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation, dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension are all factors in this reciprocal interaction that contribute to the development of MASLD, which includes hepatocellular carcinoma, advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A new risk factor for MASLD/NASH that affects the course of the disease independently throughout life is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Women with a history of GDM had a higher chance of developing NASH, according to a recent study that used a large-scale database. Although the precise etiology is yet unknown, temporary disruption of pancreatic beta cell activity during pregnancy may set off systemic inflammation, affecting distant organs including the liver. Early screening and management strategies are crucial in mitigating MASLD progression and preventing adverse cardiovascular events in affected individuals.

Improving Transparency of NHS Trust uses of data for Research Purposes

BackgroundIn 2022, the UK Health Data Research Alliance published a Data Transparency Standards white paper (UK Health Data Research Alliance, 2022). This guideline encourages organisations using health data for research to take an approach which creates increased transparency around how this data is utilised and what the proposed benefits of projects may be. The guidelines are split into six themed standards encouraging organisations to; publish their application forms and application process, have a clearly marked website which considers their target audience and is regularly reviewed, and to publish a register of projects which have used their data. IntroductionMFT CDSU operates a Safe Haven for research using health and social care data which includes a public panel for reviewing project applications. As such, it was felt that adopting the Data Transparency Standards would be a crucial step in furthering our public involvement and transparency of operations within the service. MethodsCDSU and RCD adapted the already existing MFT intranet site to be an outward-facing public website (Figure 1), hosted on the MFT Research and Innovation website and accessible for two main audiences; public citizens and researchers. Existing processes and descriptions were adapted to try and meet the Data Transparency Standards in the best-fit way, working within the constraints of existing Trust site infrastructure and publishing rules, and content was reviewed by the RCD. Agreed content and website structure was then sent to the CDSU Data Access Committee (DAC) for review and approval before publishing on the website. ResultsA public-facing website was published near the end of March 2024 with dedicated sections for CDSU workstreams (Figure 2) of Operational Data Science, Research Data and Clinical Trials Recruitment and a direct means to contact CDSU. The DAC has its own dedicated tab (Figure 3) explaining their role in reviewing projects, listing all projects which have received approvals so far. ConclusionsThe website is published (https://research.cmft.nhs.uk/innovation-at-mft/manchester-clinical-data-science-unit) but will still require some further edits to the content. There is also a planned change for the MFT content management site so there may be some temporary disruption while this move is enabled. There is an existing schedule in place to review the site content for relevance every 6 months. There are constraints on content and structure due to the MFT comms rules on publications and the content management site MFT use. This meant that we are unable to easily meet certain criteria in the Data Transparency Standards, such as structuring the content in a particular way or providing a downloadable copy of files. The CDSU website will be a useful engagement tool, encouraging more interest in the service and types of project undertaken and we are working to make more information available. References UK Health Data Research Alliance (2022), Improving transparency in the use of health data for research: Recommendations for a data use register standard, https://zenodo.org/records/5902743#.ZDgTHcrMKUn MFT Clinical Data Science Unit (2024), https://research.cmft.nhs.uk/innovation-at-mft/manchester-clinical-data-science-unit

Analysis of Dominant Risk Factors for Stroke Incidence and Unhealthy Lifestyle at Sidomulyo Pekanbaru Health Center

The introduction of health in the community is not only seen in the health sector but also must be seen in all sectors that influence health problems. Generally, there are two kinds of causes of stroke. The first is a blockage of the arteries, called ischemic stroke, while the second cause is rupture of blood vessels, or stroke ischemic, while the second cause is a rupture of blood vessels called a hemorrhagic stroke. Other causes of stroke can be a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, commonly referred to as an ischemic attack (TIA). These three conditions have a series of potential factors that trigger stroke. Hemorrhagic. Other causes of stroke can be a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, commonly referred to as an ischemic attack (TIA). These three conditions have a series of potential factors that trigger stroke. The study employed the Spearman rank correlation test method to investigate the relationship between smoking habits, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, and the occurrence of stroke. It involved 41 respondents from the Sidomulyo Health Center's jurisdiction. The findings revealed a significant association between smoking habits and stroke, as indicated by a significance value of 0.007, which is less than the threshold of 0.05. Similarly, there was a significant relationship observed between alcohol consumption and stroke, with a significance value of 0.016. However, the analysis showed no significant correlation between lack of physical activity and stroke, as the significance value of 0.446 exceeded the threshold of 0.05.

Wartime segmentation: Class, gender, and nation in the marketing of consumers, Sweden 1939–1945

In line with recent research that regards the Second World War as a “defining moment” rather than a temporary disruption to the development of consumer societies, this paper explores how consumers were imagined in nonbelligerent Sweden. The main empirical source material consists of business-to-business advertisements from newspaper and magazine publishers aimed at potential advertisers. There, publishers portrayed their readers as suitable consumers, and, given that the division of the press constituted the main infrastructure for reaching different consumer groups, this is interpreted as a key to understanding market segmentation processes. The findings show how geographical, demographic, and psychological factors were considered in optimizing advertising influence and reaching classed and gendered target audiences. Although the segmentation process consolidated during the war, focusing on stable, large consumer groups, the imagined consumer also underwent fundamental changes, combating anxiety and despair through dreams of both future and present patriotic consumption.

Transatlantic Educational Network: An Innovation Born of Necessity

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic brought about many changes in the delivery of healthcare, graduate medical education, and collaborative efforts across academic medicine. While there was a temporary disruption in the fluid delivery of services, longer-term benefits emerged with the leveraging of innovative technology and multicenter collaborations. These new opportunities led 14 centers in the United States and Europe to develop a novel, remote, and collaborative educational effort in cardiovascular and thoracic anesthesiology, known as the Transatlantic Educational Network. This paper describes the initial pilot structure and preimplementation data and provides a rationale for the development and expansion of the pilot program in other areas of anesthesiology.

COVID-related disruptions to colorectal cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment could increase cancer Burden in Australia and Canada: A modelling study.

COVID-19 disrupted cancer control worldwide, impacting preventative screening, diagnoses, and treatment services. This modelling study estimates the impact of disruptions on colorectal cancer cases and deaths in Canada and Australia, informed by data on screening, diagnosis, and treatment procedures. Modelling was used to estimate short- and long-term effects on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality, including ongoing impact of patient backlogs. A hypothetical mitigation strategy was simulated, with diagnostic and treatment capacities increased by 5% from 2022 to address backlogs. Colorectal cancer screening dropped by 40% in Canada and 6.3% in Australia in 2020. Significant decreases to diagnostic and treatment procedures were also observed in Australia and Canada, which were estimated to lead to additional patient wait times. These changes would lead to an estimated increase of 255 colorectal cancer cases and 1,820 colorectal cancer deaths in Canada and 234 cases and 1,186 deaths in Australia over 2020-2030; a 1.9% and 2.4% increase in mortality, respectively, vs a scenario with no screening disruption or diagnostic/treatment delays. Diagnostic and treatment capacity mitigation would avert 789 and 350 deaths in Canada and Australia, respectively. COVID-related disruptions had a significant impact on colorectal cancer screening, diagnostic, and treatment procedures in Canada and Australia. Modelling demonstrates that downstream effects on disease burden could be substantial. However, backlogs can be managed and deaths averted with even small increases to diagnostic and treatment capacity. Careful management of resources can improve patient outcomes after any temporary disruption, and these results can inform targeted approaches early detection of cancers.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells' fate after neonatal asphyxia-Puzzling implications for the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Premature birth or complications during labor can cause temporary disruption of cerebral blood flow, often followed by long-term disturbances in brain development called hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy. Diffuse damage to the white matter is the most frequently detected pathology in this condition. We hypothesized that oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation disturbed by mild neonatal asphyxia may affect the viability, maturation, and physiological functioning of oligodendrocytes. To address this issue, we studied the effect of temporal HI in the in vivo model in P7 rats with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microscopy techniques and biochemical analyses. Moreover, we recreated the injury in vitro performing the procedure of oxygen-glucose deprivation on rat neonatal OPCs to determine its effect on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. In the in vivo model, MRI evaluation revealed changes in the volume of different brain regions, as well as changes in the directional diffusivity of water in brain tissue that may suggest pathological changes to myelinated neuronal fibers. Hypomyelination was observed in the cortex, striatum, and CA3 region of the hippocampus. Severe changes to myelin ultrastructure were observed, including delamination of myelin sheets. Interestingly, shortly after the injury, an increase in oligodendrocyte proliferation was observed, followed by an overproduction of myelin proteins 4 weeks after HI. Results verified with the in vitro model indicate, that in the first days after damage, OPCs do not show reduced viability, intensively proliferate, and overexpress myelin proteins and oligodendrocyte-specific transcription factors. In conclusion, despite the increase in oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelin protein expression after HI, the production of functional myelin sheaths in brain tissue is impaired. Presented study provides a detailed description of oligodendrocyte pathophysiology developed in an effect of HI injury, resulting in an altered CNS myelination. The described models may serve as useful tools for searching and testing effective of effective myelination-supporting therapies for HI injuries.

Recovery of microbial biomass and purification performance after scraping of full-scale slow sand filters

Slow sand filters (SSFs) are widely used in drinking water production to improve microbial safety and biological stability of water. Full-scale SSFs are maintained by scraping the biomass-rich top layers of sand. The period of downtime required for filter recovery after scraping is a major challenge due to limited knowledge of the re-stabilisation of purification processes. This study examined the recovery of microbial biomass, and removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ammonium (NH4+) in water phase and/or on sand along the depth of a scraped full-scale SSF. Scraping reduced microbial biomass on sand in the top layers, while the main prokaryotic taxa remained unaltered. Cellular ATP (cATP) and intact cell counts (ICC) in water sampled from the top layers increased, indicating a temporary disruption in functionality for 37 days. However, stable concentrations of cATP and ICC and similar microbial community composition in the effluent after scraping revealed that deeper layer biofilms offset any scraping effect. Consistent DOC and NH4+ removal after scraping showed that deeper layers effectively performed the role of the top layer. These findings highlight the resilience and robustness of microbial communities in mature full-scale SSFs and their contribution to water treatment efficiency after disturbances caused by scraping.

Reasoned Economic Innovations for General Equilibrium Competition

When some win, others lose, and this is a natural competitive process in an equilibrium economy. With objective competition of general equilibrium, maximum efficiency and optimal use and redistribution of resources are achieved. But some hidden external and internal monopolies interfere with such equilibrium in the microeconomic markets sectors, including entire regions and industries. Accordingly, equilibrium competition is disrupted, which requires adequate unexpected innovative protective mechanisms of the state and the international community. If government economic departments or corporate management watch all criminal activity of hidden monopolies with their hands folded in pockets, a temporary disruption of effective equilibrium competition could lead to protracted stagnation and “thrombotic shocks” in local and international markets. For an example of applying the above in practice, when predatory monopolies import agricultural products at artificially low dumping prices, which ruins even very successful local businessmen, it is necessary to establish import-substituting free zones with a reasonably calculated minimum tax to stimulate exports. In objects to recommend innovative economic (fiscal-managerial) mechanisms for maintaining effective equilibrium competition, in the article, using the methods of grouping and summarizing statistical data, a preliminary assessment of countries in need of international and government support was carried out and results were obtained to improve the proportions in the core of market competition and for ease the burden of reasoned free zonal taxation.

How temporary disruption of metro service influence metro commuters’ mode shifts during the COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence from Tianjin, China

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, the commuting behavior of urban residents has been profoundly influenced. However, little research has focused on commuting travel changes in the aftermath of metro disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A face-to-face intercept survey was conducted at the metro stations that have been closed to reveal the mode preferences of metro commuters. The latent class analysis and multinominal logit model were used to assess the heterogeneity in metro commuters’ travel behavior and examine the determinants that influence commuters’ mode shifts response to the temporary metro disruption, respectively. Results show that metro commuters who have chosen other transportation modes during metro system disruption can be classified into three groups, “conservative commuters”, “neutral commuters” and “dauntless commuters”. Metro commuters are most likely to choose cars (including private cars, taxis, and ride-hailing), followed by active modes and other unclosed public transport. In the “conservative commuters” group, the more family members the respondents have, the less likely they are to use other unclosed public transport. In the “neutral commuters” group, compared to high-income individuals, low-income commuters are more inclined to use active modes and work-from-home. In the “dauntless commuters” group, the higher the level of education of respondents, the more they are inclined to use active mode and car. Research findings can help the government develop comprehensive policies to deal with disruptions in the metro system, arising not only from epidemics similar to COVID-19 but also from a range of other circumstances.

REZILIENȚA INFRASTRUCTURILOR CRITICE ÎN CONTEXTUL INSECURITĂȚII CIBERNETICE PROVOCATE DE AMENINȚĂRILE DE TIP HIBRID*

Critical infrastructure resilience in the context of cyber insecurity caused by hybrid threats Abstract: Nowadays, as state and non-state actors have developed new hybrid methods to promote their interests, the concept of critical infrastructure protection has gained new value from a resilience perspective, and today, most security incidents occur in cyberspace. This article examines the interconnection between the concepts of “hybrid warfare - critical infrastructures - cyberattacks”. Therefore, we begin with the assumption that cyberspace is the most susceptible environment to vulnerabilities and potential attacks, subsequently impacting vital services for populations numbering in the millions. Accordingly, our research endeavors to address the following question: Within the realm of hybrid threats, can minor vulnerabilities in cyberspace generate strategic-level effects on critical infrastructures? To accomplish this, we have used the analytical tool Connected Papers to identify scientific papers that explore the correlation between “hybrid war - critical infrastructures - cyber-attacks”. Subsequently, we expanded our analysis to encompass articles focused on studying either two or even a single concept among those mentioned. The results of our analysis demonstrate that vulnerabilities exploited within a Wi-Fi network or an industrial control panel of a critical infrastructure in cyberspace can have far-reaching consequences that may impact the vital services required by the population, resulting in a temporary disruption. Such an attack, originating from minimal efforts in terms of time, personnel, and financial resources, can lead to substantial property damage.

Electroconvulsive therapy disrupts functional connectivity between hippocampus and posterior default mode network

BackgroundThe mechanisms underlying memory deficits after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remain unclear but altered functional interactions between hippocampus and neocortex may play a role. ObjectivesTo test whether ECT reduces functional connectivity between hippocampus and posterior regions of the default mode network (DMN) and to examine whether altered hippocampal-neocortical functional connectivity correlates with memory impairment. A secondary aim was to explore if these connectivity changes are present 6 months after ECT. MethodsIn-patients with severe depression (n = 35) received bitemporal ECT. Functional connectivity of the hippocampus was probed with resting-state fMRI before the first ECT-session, after the end of ECT, and at a six-month follow-up. Memory was assessed with the Verbal Learning Test – Delayed Recall. Seed-based connectivity analyses established connectivity of four hippocampal seeds, covering the anterior and posterior parts of the right and left hippocampus. ResultsCompared to baseline, three of four hippocampal seeds became less connected to the core nodes of the posterior DMN in the week after ECT with Cohen's d ranging from −0.9 to −1.1. At the group level, patients showed post-ECT memory impairment, but individual changes in delayed recall were not correlated with the reduction in hippocampus-DMN connectivity. At six-month follow-up, no significant hippocampus-DMN reductions in connectivity were evident relative to pre-ECT, and memory scores had returned to baseline. ConclusionECT leads to a temporary disruption of functional hippocampus-DMN connectivity in patients with severe depression, but the change in connectivity strength is not related to the individual memory impairment.

A Photochemical Strategy for ortho-Aminophenol Synthesis via Dearomative-Rearomative Coupling Between Aryl Azides and Alcohols.

ortho-Aminophenols are aromatic derivatives featuring vicinal N- and O-based functionalities commonly found in the structures of many high-value materials. These molecules are generally prepared using multistep strategies that follow the rules of electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) chemistry. Despite their high fidelity, such approaches cannot target substrates featuring a "contra-SE Ar" arrangement of N- and O-groups. Here we report an alternative strategy for the preparation of such ortho-aminophenols using aryl azides as the precursors. The process utilizes low-energy photoexcitation to trigger the decomposition of aryl azides into singlet nitrenes that undergo a dearomative-rearomative sequence. This allows the incorporation of alcoholic nucleophiles into a seven-membered ring azepine intermediate via temporary disruption of aromaticity, followed by electrophile-induced re-aromatization. The net retrosynthetic logic is that the alcohol displaces the azide, which, in turn, moves to its ortho position and furthermore is converted into an amide. The synthetic value and complementarity of this strategy has been demonstrated by the coupling of aryl azides with complex, drug-like alcohols and phenols as well as amines, thiols and thiophenols, which provides a general platform for the fast and selective heterofunctionalization of aromatics.

Eine photochemische Strategie für die Synthese von ortho‐Aminophenolen durch dearomative‐rearomative Kupplung zwischen Arylaziden und Alkoholen

AbstractOrtho‐Aminophenole sind aromatische Derivate mit vicinalen N‐ und O‐basierten Funktionalitäten, welche häufig in den Strukturen vieler hochwertiger Materialien zu finden sind. Diese Moleküle werden in der Regel durch mehrstufige Synthesen hergestellt, bei denen die Regeln der elektrophilen aromatischen Substitution (SEAr) gefolgt werden. Trotz ihrer hohen Zuverlässigkeit können solche Ansätze nicht auf Substrate abzielen, welche eine “Kontra‐SEAr”‐Anordnung von N‐ und O‐Gruppen aufweisen. Hier berichten wir über eine alternative Strategie für die Herstellung solcher ortho‐Aminophenole unter Verwendung von Arylaziden als Vorstufen. Dieser Prozess verwendet energiearme Photoanregung um die Zersetzung von Arylaziden zu Singulett Nitrenen auzulösen, welche dann eine dearomative‐rearomative Sequenz durchlaufen. Dadurch wird der Einbau von alkoholischen Nukleophilen in ein siebengliedrigen Azepin‐Ring Intermediat durch vorübergehende Unterbrechung der Aromatizität ermöglicht, gefolgt von einer elektrophil‐induzierten Rearomatisierung. Der synthetische Wert und die Komplementarität dieser Strategie wurden durch die Kopplung von Arylaziden mit komplexen, wirkstoffartigen Alkoholen und Phenolen sowie mit Aminen, Thiolen und Thiophenolen nachgewiesen, was eine allgemeine Plattform für die schnelle und selektive Heterofunktionalisierung von Aromaten bietet.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN, CITRA MEREK, DAN KEPERCAYAAN TERHADAP LOYALITAS NABASAH BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA KOTA BENGKULU PASCA INSIDEN GANGGUAN LAYANAN

The performance of sharia banking in Bengkulu Province increased in the fourth quarter of 2022. One of them is Bank Syariah Indonesia. However, recently there was an incident of service disruption/temporary error in the Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) banking system. The state-owned sharia bank resulting from the merger of three state-owned banks experienced a service disruption incident in May 2023. This research will evaluate the impact of this incident on customer loyalty by considering service quality, brand image and trust. As a result of this incident, of course there are causes and effects that occur, for example customer loyalty. Therefore, this research aims to determine the influence of service quality, brand image and trust on the loyalty of customers who experience post-incident service disruption/temporary errors. This research uses descriptive quantitative research. The population in this research is Bank Syariah Indonesia customers inBengkulu City with a total sample of 150 customers taken using purposive sampling technique. The data source used is primary data obtained from questionnaire results, while secondary data is through websites and article publications and others. The research results show that the variables of service quality, brand image and trust have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. This means that this research can conclude that Bengkulu City Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) customers remain loyal after the temporary service disruption incident

Nanosuspension-Based Dissolvable Microneedle Arrays to Enhance Diclofenac Skin Delivery.

Applying a formulation on the skin represents a patient-acceptable and therapeutically effective way to administer drugs locally and systemically. However, the stratum corneum stands as an impermeable barrier that only allows a very limited number of drugs to be distributed in the underlying tissues, limiting the feasibility of this administration route. Microneedle arrays are minimally invasive platforms that allow the delivery of drugs within/across the skin through the temporary mechanical disruption of the stratum corneum. In this work, microneedle arrays were combined with nanosuspensions, a technology for solubility enhancement of water insoluble molecules, for the skin delivery of diclofenac. Nanosuspensions were prepared using a top-down method and loaded in the tips of 500 µm or 800 µm high microneedles. The quality of the combined platform was assessed using electron microscopy and spectroscopic and calorimetry techniques, demonstrating the ability to load high amounts of the hydrophobic drug and the compatibility between excipients. Lastly, the application of nanosuspension-loaded microneedles on the skin in vitro allowed the delivery of diclofenac within and across the stratum corneum, proving the potential of this combination to enhance skin delivery of scarcely soluble drugs.

The effect of preserving job matches during a crisis

It is generally difficult to measure the importance of preserving worker-firm relationships, particularly for low-wage jobs that involve general skills. The COVID-19 pandemic led to the sudden and seemingly temporary disruption of millions of otherwise productive employment relationships around the world. Using novel administrative and survey data from Denmark, we study a policy where firms paid up to 25% of wages to furlough instead of firing workers. We find that aid-taking firms furloughed about 24pp more workers, a large share of whom would have otherwise been laid off, and this had a positive impact on subsequent firm survival, employment growth and sales. Further, we find firms derive value from maintaining ties to low-wage and blue collar workers and that preserving those matches is beneficial to firms, suggesting policies that preserve job matches may help speed-up recovery.