Temporary Buildings Research Articles

LCA and economic cradle-to-gate analysis on the reuse of a temporary building.

In recent decades, the significant negative environmental impacts of the construction industry have caused a lot of concern, especially from the large number of temporary buildings required for mega projects. Reusing building components can help reduce pollution and preserve resources, but the economic and environmental effects are not well understood. This study has addressed the economic and environmental effects of reusing temporary building elements using life cycle assessment (LCA). The product system and functional unit in the current study is an office building equipment workshop with an area of 80 m2 and the system boundary is from cradle to gate. Life cycle assessment was accomplished using Simapro software and several life cycle assessment methods such as CML-la Baseline, BEES + , and IPCC was used to verify the results. The findings show that reusing disassembled building parts can reduce environmental damage by 79% and environmental damage costs by 77%. These results are important for construction managers seeking to make sustainable decisions that minimize environmental harm. Future research should expand the system boundary to include the entire building life cycle and apply the methodology to a wider range of building types and climates. Developing design guidelines for disassembly and reuse would also help promote sustainable construction practices. Overall, this study provides a robust framework for assessing the environmental and economic impacts of reusing building components, which is crucial for achieving sustainable development in the construction industry.

Flexural behavior and design of aluminum alloy portal frame eaves joints

Aluminum alloy portal frames (AAPFs) are suitable for both long-term and temporary buildings owing to their light weight, ease of installation and disassembly, and excellent corrosion resistance. Due to the critical importance of joint mechanical behavior for structural safety, this paper conducted experimental and numerical studies on the flexural behavior of AAPF eaves joints. Initially, bending tests on four AAPF eaves joints revealed three failure patterns: connection plate, column, and hole wall failure. The failure patterns are determined by the weakest of these three components. Adding haunches increased the bending zone area, thereby increasing the ultimate bearing capacity by 110 % compared to joints without haunches. Furthermore, strain curves indicated that the load transfer zone was subjected to a bending-shear force state, consistent with the principle that the bolt group shear forms a force couple to transfer the moment. Subsequently, a finite element (FE) model was developed and validated to provide a foundation for subsequent parametric studies and theoretical analysis. The parametric analysis considers bolt diameter, connection plate thickness, aluminum alloy web thickness, and bolt end distance. The bearing capacity corresponding to three failure patterns was discussed, and a design method for the flexural bearing capacity was proposed. The design method for stiffness model was also proposed based on the component-method and parametric analysis. Finally, this paper presented and validated the design steps for the flexural behavior of the eaves joints throughout the whole process, providing an important reference for engineering design.

A novel rigidizable inflatable lunar habitation system: design concept and material characterization

Constructing lunar bases is crucial as lunar missions progress towards utilization and exploitation. The challenging lunar environment, with its unique characteristics and limited resources, requires special materials, structures, and construction methods. Inflatable structures offer great potential for lunar construction due to their advantages in transportation, stowage, construction, and reliability. This paper proposes a rigidizable inflatable lunar habitat that maintains its shape even after air leakage, enhancing safety, durability, and fixability. The membrane material adapts to different requirements during transportation, construction, and service, achieved through solid-state actuation of shape memory polymer (SMP) for stiffness variation, allowing multiple moves and ground tests. This work comprises three parts: 1) system: design concept and construction processes, 2) material: design and characterization of restraint and rigidization materials, and 3) structure: numerical validation of structure properties. Finite element analysis, based on material models obtained through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile tests, demonstrates the effectiveness of including an SMP rigidization layer in preventing collapse and enhancing dynamic properties. This paper not only proposes a new system, but also provides material design methods and requirements, along with structural validation techniques. Findings validate the feasibility of rigidizable inflatable lunar habitats, applicable in extreme environments, also in temporary buildings, space structures, and soft robotics.

Improving Building Permit System via Case Analysis of Temporary Buildings in Industrial Facilities

Improving Building Permit System via Case Analysis of Temporary Buildings in Industrial Facilities

Modular Housing Using Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Polymers (FRPs)

In the era of the climate emergency and different pandemics, systems that can provide an immediate response to housing needs are required. This paper aims to evaluate the use of fibre-reinforced plastic polymers (FRPs) to satisfy this need. In particular, a modular emergency housing system that utilises FRPs for structures and cladding is proposed, which proves adaptable to both different uses and different kinds of temporary or permanent buildings. By adapting modular emergency housing to different contexts, developing an integrated design process (IDP) and building information modelling (BIM) methodology, this research aims to provide innovations for the the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector, including FRPs, through a digitised approach, applied also to an experimental case study. A pilot unit of the modular emergency housing system, a nearly zero-energy building (nZEB), is described in detail, while laboratory tests are reported. Construction considerations confirm the sustainability and highlight the adaptability of the modular system to different housing needs conditions, justifying the possible future development of supply chain industrialisation supported by the presented methodology.

Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics Analysis of Color Steel Buildings in Lanzhou City

With the continuous acceleration of China’s urbanization process, color steel plate, as a new type of building material, has been widely used in all kinds of temporary buildings and has become the spatial carrier of the specific development stage of urbanization. This study focuses on Lanzhou City as a case study to deeply analyze the spatiotemporal distribution and evolution of color steel plate buildings. Utilizing data extracted from Google imagery and GF-2 satellite images of the built-up areas in Lanzhou, spatial statistical and analytical methods such as centroid analysis, compactness index, and patch density are applied. Systematic analysis is conducted across different time periods and spatial scales to examine the evolution of indicators, including quantity, centroid distribution, spatial clustering, and distribution direction. The results show that from 2013 to 2021, the prevalence of color steel buildings in Lanzhou city initially increased and then decreased, and the number peaked in 2017, but there is a significant difference between distinct areas in the urban area. By quantitatively analyzing the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of color steel plate buildings, this study reveals the important role it plays in promoting the urbanization process and provides a scientific basis for relevant planning decisions.

Investigating Advanced Building Envelopes for Energy Efficiency in Prefab Temporary Post-Disaster Housing

Prefabricated temporary buildings are a promising solution for post-disaster scenarios for their modularity, sustainability and transportation advantages. However, their low thermal mass building envelope shows a fast response to heat flux excitations. This leads to the risk of not meeting the occupant comfort and HVAC energy-saving requirements. The literature shows different measures implementable in opaque surfaces, like vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), phase change materials (PCMs) and switchable coatings, and in transparent surfaces (switchable glazing) to mitigate thermal issues, like overheating, while preserving the limited available internal space. This paper investigates the energy and overheating performance of the mentioned interventions by using building performance simulation tools to assess their effectiveness. The optimization also looks at the transportation flexibility of each intervention to better support the decision maker for manufacturing innovative temporary units. The most energy-efficient measures turn to be VIPs as a better energy solution for winter and PCMs as a better thermal comfort solution for summer.

Influence of the shading nets on indoor thermal environment and air-conditioning energy consumption in lightweight buildings

Lightweight envelopes are increasingly utilized in temporary relief and shelter buildings, due to their cost-effectiveness and efficient construction process. However, these envelopes often result in inadequate indoor thermal conditions during the summer months, which can negatively impact the physical and psychological well-being of occupants, particularly victims and patients in disaster or epidemic situations. Addressing this challenge necessitates the use of simple yet effective materials and technologies to improve indoor thermal environments even with limited resources. This study explores the potential of shading nets to enhance indoor thermal conditions in lightweight buildings by mitigating solar radiation gain during the summer period. A comparative experiment was conducted on two lightweight buildings, one of which was equipped with standard six-needle black shading nets, to assess the impact of shading nets on the indoor thermal environment and air-conditioning energy consumption. The findings reveal that shading nets can reduce solar radiation intensity by approximately 57.86%, resulting in a significant decrease in peak indoor air temperatures by 2.3°C to 3.4°C under natural ventilation and a reduction in air-conditioning energy consumption by up to 23% under air-conditioned conditions. These findings demonstrate that shading nets are effective in improving indoor comfort and reducing energy usage, providing a practical solution for enhancing living conditions in lightweight structures during hot weather.

Regulation of Extension for Temporary Buildings

While the Building Act includes a separate provision (Article 20) for temporary buildings, distinct from (permanent) buildings, it does not offer a formal definition for these temporary constructions. As a result, there arises an interpretational challenge in distinguishing between temporary buildings and buildings. The commonly accepted perspective defines temporary buildings as structures that do not satisfy the criterion of “fixed on land,” one of the requirements for a building stipulated under Article 2 of the Building Act. However, the requirement of “fixed on land” cannot be uniformly evaluated based on a single standard; instead, it necessitates a comprehensive assessment considering factors such as scale, form, structure, materials, and purpose. Consequently, and practically, there may be instances where temporary buildings, which were initially not “fixed on land,” acquire this requirement as a result of expansion. It is obvious that building permits or notifications are required when extending temporary buildings to construct (permanent) buildings. However, further consideration is necessary regarding the content and scope of such permits or notifications. If the structure resulting from extending a temporary building satisfies all the requirements for a (permanent) building, the physical changes before and after the extension would constitute an extension under the Building Act, but in terms of granting building permissibility (“건축허용성”), the extension is comparable to a new construction and therefore should be treated the same as a new construction under the Building Act. Nevertheless, the fact that a building permit for a new construction is required to extend a temporary building does not necessarily imply that “constructing a (permanent) building through extending a temporary building” is not permissible.

Analysis of causes of damage to masonry walls in the historic barrack No. B-115 in the former KL Auschwitz II – Birkenau camp

The brick barracks in the former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination camp KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau hold historical importance and are protected by law through their inclusion in the register of historical monuments. They are also inscribed on the World Heritage List. One of these barracks is known as B-115. It was originally constructed as a temporary building during the autumn and winter of 1941 and 1942. The materials used for its construction were obtained from dismantled houses in nearby villages. The walls of barrack B-115 have sustained damage in several areas. The exterior walls have experienced corrosion due to exposure to environmental factors. Inside the barrack, there are cracks and areas where the walls are breaking apart. The most severe damage is seen in the gable walls, which have become deformed and detached from the lateral walls. Additionally, there are extensive damages in the connections between the lateral walls and external longitudinal walls. The partition walls have also cracked, and concentrated forces have caused further cracks in certain areas. By analysing the documented types of damage and their causes, the repair plans aim to address and eliminate the identified sources of damage. The renovation is designed to minimize intervention in the historical layers of the barrack while preserving its documentary value. It will also ensure that visitors have safe access to the site.

Selecting a modular mining laboratory in the design life cycle

Modular laboratories are becoming increasingly popular in mining operations due to their flexibility, mobility and cost-effectiveness. However, selecting a suitable modular laboratory can be a challenging task as many factors need to be considered throughout the project life cycle. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the design phase of a temporary research facility, as well as consideration of management and organization to identify the optimal design solution. The authors discuss various project management methodologies such as lean manufacturing and quality management that can help optimize processes and improve efficiency. Key factors such as testing requirements, infrastructure availability, mobility, durability, and environmental considerations are examined. In addition, the article explores the benefits of temporary buildings to permanent buildings in a mining environment. Finally, the authors provide recommendations for selecting a modular laboratory that will provide efficiencies on the shop floor.

Temporary Buildings for Military Facilities – Solutions for Increasing Adaptability and Efficiency –

Temporary constructions involve structures that can be quickly assembled or disassembled and easily modified. Since the adaptability they offer is essential in the conduct of military actions, in the development of permanent infrastructure and last but not least in post-disaster interventions, they play a significant role in the defence infrastructure framework. Real estate investments of the Ministry of National Defense (MApN) must comply with both national legislative frameworks and departmental regulations. Temporary facilities are no exception. By analysing the regulations applicable for their implementation, the article briefly presents the typologies of temporary constructions defined by military regulations, the stages of technical documentation development and the conditions for authorising execution works, as well as some considerations on the opportunity to create a regulation dedicated to temporary military constructions.

Configuration Optimization for Sustainable Temporary Houses Employing BIM Procedure

Building information modeling (BIM) is a process for managing the construction information model. The possibility of managing very complex construction orders using information processes has made the work of designers both easier and more productive. In this research, a new process of “assisted design” was implemented for self-assembling temporary houses with high environmental sustainability. The developed procedure allows for the supporting of a nonexpert user in the configuration of housing modules, using the base elements, and assisting them until the energy verification process based on the place of installation. Furthermore, a lifecycle assessment of emissions is made available. This is the result of the interoperability of software enabled by using BIM logic. The proposed work contributes to enriching the range of technical solutions developed to meet the demand for temporary buildings, providing a valid support tool in the design phase, especially when it needs to be completed within a short timeframe. This study introduces a smart configuration procedure that combines aspects of project automation and flexibility with energy efficiency and environmental sustainability needs required for the green transition of building stock.

„A Kúria méltósága”

In the hallway of the Hungarian Supreme Court’s temporary building there are portraits of the previous presidents of the Court. For decades, Jenő Szemák’s portrait was absent due to his role during the end of World War II and mostly because of the fact that he was a prominent figure in the Arrow Cross Regime. By this year his portrait was hung there with additional notes. This action brought up the question of Szemák’s actual role and the determination of the Arrow Cross Movement. The main question is the independence and relevance of the Supreme Court during the darkest months of Hungary’s history. Between 1918 and 1945 two radical course took power in Hungary thus the article brings up comparisons of them since their point of view of the courts was different.

Analisis Biaya Pembangunan Site Facilities Proyek Revetment dan Retaining Wall Dermaga Benoa

Process of a construction project is knowing how much a building will cost. Like the main building, the project site facilities also require costs that are not included in the direct financing of the project. The goal is to provide detailed information on the cost of building site facilities and to serve as reference material for the preparation of RAB site facilities. Implemented in the Revetment dan Retaining Wall Harbor Benoa project, the survey it was found that this project had built a number of temporary facilities but did not clearly detail the cost requirements. The research used descriptive quantitative methods and data collection in the form of surveys, observations and interviews. Survey to measure temporary buildings at the project site and find unit prices of tools, materials and labor at shops or foremen around the project area. Observation observes the layout of the building which will be outlined in the field layout drawing.An interview with the project manager was conducted to find out the total cost of the project and the costs incurred by the contractor for construction. Data analysis using Microsoft Excel by entering all components to be analyzed. Based on the results, it is concluded that the site facilities that are built are the contractor's office, health room, motorcycle and car parking, workers' toilets, directors' and consultants' offices, LAB rooms, cement and plywood warehouses, mechanical warehouses, security and K3 posts, workers' beds, trash bins, and water reservoirs. The comparison of site facilities cost to contract is 0.253%.

MASS RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION AS AN ELEMENT OF CRISIS ARCHITECTURE

The world's population loses their homes due to natural disasters and wars every year, many international organizations have been created to eliminate such consequences. Architects as volunteers also make efforts to design typical low-cost mass housing., there is a concept of crisis architecture to denote this phenomenon. Its feature is the fastest possible reconstruction of housing for people in disaster zones. The next term discussed in the article is urbicide, the purposeful destruction of cities caused by wars, terrorist attacks, and other aggressive actions that we have in Ukraine today.
 The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of mass housing architecture in its relationship with crisis phenomena and urbicide in society. For this purpose, the possibility of reconstruction, reconstruction and development of the architectural and urban structure of cities in the post-crisis period is considered. The features of the crisis architecture of countries and cities affected by wars, as well as floods, fires and other natural disasters (Rotterdam, Hiroshima, Bismaya, Skopje) are analysed. Foremost, the restoration of the engineering infrastructure was observed. Work on solving the housing problem consisted in the repair of damaged buildings, the reconstruction of large apartments into small apartments and the construction of typical temporary low-rise buildings 3 available raw materials. Unified 4-5- story series of economy houses were popular in post-war France, Hungary, Slovakia and other countries. Disadvantages of such housing include chaotic construction, simplification of architectural solutions, lack of individual stylistic features. Later, the temporary residential quarters were dismantled. At the same time, a significant part of such panel houses remains inhabited even in our time. 
 Ukraine was significantly affected by the Second World War. Mass construction according to typical projects took place in the 60s, as a result of which about 23% of the country's housing stock has physical and moral deterioration. In view of the military actions, it is extremely important to use the international experience of rebuilding cities, to carefully approach the selection of projects, focusing on the economic component, the safety of residents and high-quality architectural solutions.

Conditions on the Sustainable Housing of Foreign Workers: A Case Study of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea

This study examined the laws and policies on the provision of housing for foreign workers and the status of and problems with foreign workers’ accommodations in Gyeonggi province. This was undertaken to identify the fundamental reason for the recurring risks related to workers’ housing sustainability, such as accidents related to inadequate housing in rural areas. We first present a review of the relevant domestic laws and regulations on the construction and installation of foreign workers’ residential facilities in rural areas, as well as of the guidelines set by international organizations and the practices of other countries regarding the provision of workers’ housing. Then, we analyze the data from a survey of foreign workers’ residential facilities in Gyeonggi province using a classification of housing vulnerability to understand the current condition of foreign workers’ accommodations at the local level, including the distribution and conditions of foreign workers’ residential facilities and their compliance with the relevant laws and regulations. Comparing the principles for the provision of workers’ accommodations stipulated in Korean law with the criteria and requirements set forth by international organizations and other countries, it can be seen that Korean law is more focused on setting the minimum requirements for workers’ accommodations. In contrast, international standards for adequate housing and the standards for workers’ housing of other countries not only set minimum requirements but also consider various factors that can enhance the workers’ living environments and quality of life and guarantee equal treatment of foreign workers, including the demand for different types of housing, location, access to cultural facilities, and supplementary facilities. We classified the housing vulnerability of foreign workers’ residential facilities in Gyeonggi province based on their characteristics, such as the housing requirements stipulated by law, and on the degree of housing vulnerability regarding living conditions and accommodation facilities (washing/bathing facilities, electrical safety checks, etc.). As a result, the main problem is location, with 43% (800) of the workplaces violating the Farmland Act. In addition, 80% of the workplaces use containers or prefabricated panels (temporary buildings) as dormitories, which are in violation of the Building Act.

THE FORMATION OF STORES ON GABU RIVER AFTER WORLD WAR Ⅱ IN NAHA CITY AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION AFTER REDEVELOPMENT: A STUDY ON THE TRANSFORMATION FROM TEMPORARY BUILDING TO PERMANENT BUILDING

This paper clarifies the process of the formation of stores on Gabu River after WW II in Naha City, the actual conditions before and after redevelopment, and examines the characteristics of transformation from temporary buildings into permanent stores.

Introducing masking layer for daytime radiative cooling coating to realize high optical performance, thin thickness, and excellent durability in long-term outdoor application

The realization of spontaneous sub-ambient cooling in daytime typically requires the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) material to be > 90%. Toward real-world applications, however, to achieve high optical performance and excellent durability, PDRC coating is often cost-prohibitive due to its high thickness (500 μm or higher). To solve the contradiction between high optical performance and thin thickness of PDRC coating, the idea of introducing masking layer for PDRC coating is proposed in this paper to prepare the water-based double-layer PDRC coating and explore its long-term outdoor application potential. The PDRC coating can achieve high solar reflectance (94.0%) and “atmospheric transparent spectrum window” emittance (93.0%), while the thickness and cost are only 40% and 60% of existing water-based PDRC coating. The PDRC coating shows efficient cooling performance when applied as the external coating of large temporary buildings, with maximum temperature reduction of 20.8 °C and 5.0 °C on the roof/indoor, which are equal to or greater than recorded values. The 150-day large-scale outdoor application shows that the coating has excellent durability, which offers a reference for the long-term outdoor application of PDRC coating. The application of the PDRC coating on rooftops of containers can achieve a cooling energy savings of up to 15.3% compared to conventional steel roofs, translating to an annual energy savings of 413.2 MJ and a reduction of approximately 114 kg in carbon dioxide emissions, which provide compelling evidence for the ability of PDRC coating to mitigate carbon emissions and address global climate change.

PENGGUNAAN PARAMETER VEGETASI DALAM MENENTUKAN TINGKAT KEBERHASILAN REKLAMASI

Mining activities in forest areas are carried out by granting borrow-to-use permits for forest areas by taking into account area limitations and certain time periods as well as environmental sustainability. Problems caused after mining include infertile soil, acidic pH, and low nutrients. These problems can be overcome by reclamation activities to improve and restore land functions to a better and more productive condition. Reclamation activities carried out include land arrangement, erosion and sedimentation control, and revegetation (Ministry of Forestry, 2009). The approach used in this study is descriptive quantitative, with a research implementation time of 6 (six) months. The object of this study is the object of this study is the assessment of reclamation and revegetation in the 2016 and 2017 planting years at PT. Binuang Mitra Bersama in Block 1 and PT. X in Block 4 based on Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P.60/Menhut-II of 2009 concerning Guidelines for Evaluating the Success of Forest Reclamation and Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 1827K/30/MEM/2018 of 2018 concerning Guidelines for Implementing Good Mining Engineering Principles. The results of the assessment of the success rate of reclamation based on the parameters of revegetation according to KEPMEN ESDM NO. 1827 K/30/MEM/ 2018 for PT. BMB reached 66.19% or good criteria, for the percentage of plant growth was 85%, included in the good category with 80% planting local types of plants and PT.X reached 57.62% or not good criteria because the results of the assessment of planting cover crops were only 0 .5%, planting fast growing plants is only 2% and planting local plant species is only 1%. While the results of the assessment of the success rate of reclamation are based on the parameters of revegetation according to the Minister of Forestry Regulation no. P.60/Menhut-II Year 2009 for PT. BMB reaches 75% with a good success rate, for planting indicators with 4 (four) parameters weighing 4 (four) values and 1 (one) parameter weighing 1 (one) because the presentation is only 33.86% categorized as reclamation <60%, this because there are still temporary residential buildings and places for standby equipment for excavators and PT.X, the plant health value reaches 55%, the success rate is included in the bad category.