Temporal Order Research Articles

Social anxiety and interpersonal risk for suicidal ideation: A longitudinal daily diary analysis.

Social anxiety is associated with elevated suicidal ideation (SI). One potential explanation is that socially anxious persons experience frequent interpersonal stressors that elicit SI. Longitudinal designs with temporal ordering are needed to adequately test this hypothesis. Therefore, this study leveraged a longitudinal design combining trait and daily reports. Two hundred eleven community adult participants with elevated levels of depression and/or social anxiety completed social anxiety and SI measures at baseline and again at a 1.5-month follow-up. Between these assessments, participants completed a 14-day diary study that assessed three forms of interpersonal distress: unfavorable social comparisons, perceived barriers to seeking social support, and loneliness. As predicted, simple mediation models revealed that baseline social anxiety had a significant indirect effect on SI severity at 1.5 months postbaseline via unfavorable social comparisons (indirect effect: β = 0.07, p < 0.05) and barriers to seeking support (indirect effect: β = 0.08, p < 0.05); however, social anxiety did not have a significant indirect effect on SI severity through loneliness. Study results are consistent with the proposition that increases in interpersonal distress may explain socially anxious persons' vulnerability to SI. Implications of these findings for the research, assessment, and treatment of suicidality in social anxiety are discussed.

Finding a rhythm: The mediality of researching digital skill as process

Our objective for this article is to illustrate the importance of understanding digital skill as process by taking its mediality—interweaving tools, technologies, and media—into consideration. Drawing on 12 case studies with participants performing digital tasks, we use Ingold’s four phases of skill (getting ready, setting out, carrying on, and finishing off) to research and represent the rhythm of digital skill. By using medialities of inscription, scripting, and annotation, we demonstrate how researchers can use mediality to perceive rhythms of digital skill without being physically co-located in the performance. As different medialities enable and constrain the perception and descriptions of digital skill, we develop spotlines as a method that combines different medialities particularly well suited for describing and comparing the temporal order of phases for performing digital skill by rendering each performer’s pace and intensity.

Fear of Falling Carries Over into Overprotection in Old Age: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis.

Fear of falling might result in overprotection by one's social environment. In turn, feeling dependent could increase fear of falling. However, the association between fear of falling and perceived overprotection and its temporal order is unknown. This longitudinal study explores this potential mutual longitudinal association. This study presents secondary analyses from a larger trial. We tested the association between fear of falling and perceived overprotection in a cross-lagged path model controlled for falls, health-related quality of life, age, gender, and trial condition. N = 310 participants (M = 70 years, range: 64-92) completed self-reports at Time 1, 7 (Time 2), and 11 weeks (Time 3) after baseline assessment. We found a positive association from fear of falling to perceived overprotection (β = .12, 95% CI[0.02, 0.21], p = .02; β = .10; [0.01, 0.18], p = .03). The reversed cross-lagged paths were not significant. Findings suggest higher fear of falling translates into perceived overprotection, which may in turn increase loss of independence in old age.

NARRATIVE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PALM TREE MYTH IN PEDAWA VILLAGE, BANJAR DISTRICT, BULELENG REGENCY

Pedawa Village, located in Banjar District, Buleleng Regency, owns a myth about the palm tree growth in the village, which was told from one generation to another. The myth becomes guidelines for the villagers which is still applied at the present day. The purpose of the research is to break down the myth based on its narrative structure forms. To break down the myth the theory of narrative structure from Roland Barthes and Alan Dundes is used. Through the analysis process, it is revealed that this myth consisted of main function and catalytic function. Aside from that, the myth is also consisted of motifeme structure. The two breaking down processes proved that the myth fulfills the temporal and causality order.&#x0D; Keyword: myth, Pedawa, palm tree, narrative, structure

Investigating the heterogeneity within the somatosensory-motor network and its relationship with the attention and default systems.

The somatosensory-motor network (SMN) not only plays an important role in primary somatosensory and motor processing but is also central to many disorders. However, the SMN heterogeneity related to higher-order systems still remains unclear. Here, we investigated SMN heterogeneity from multiple perspectives. To characterize the SMN substructures in more detail, we used ultra-high-field functional MRI to delineate a finer-grained cortical parcellation containing 430 parcels that is more homogenous than the state-of-the-art parcellation. We personalized the new parcellation to account for individual differences and identified multiscale individual-specific brain structures. We found that the SMN subnetworks showed distinct resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns. The Hand subnetwork was central within the SMN and exhibited stronger RSFC with the attention systems than the other subnetworks, whereas the Tongue subnetwork exhibited stronger RSFC with the default systems. This two-fold differentiation was observed in the temporal ordering patterns within the SMN. Furthermore, we characterized how the distinct attention and default streams were carried forward into the functions of the SMN using dynamic causal modeling and identified two behavioral domains associated with this SMN fractionation using meta-analytic tools. Overall, our findings provided important insights into the heterogeneous SMN organization at the system level and suggested that the Hand subnetwork may be preferentially involved in exogenous processes, whereas the Tongue subnetwork may be more important in endogenous processes.

Modelling Temporality in Person- and Variable-Centred Approaches

Learning analytics needs to pay more attention to the temporal aspect of learning processes, especially in self-regulated learning (SRL) research. In doing so, learning analytics models should incorporate both the duration and frequency of learning activities, the passage of time, and the temporal order of learning activities. However, where this exhortation is widely supported, there is less agreement on its consequences. Does paying tribute to temporal aspects of learning processes necessarily imply that event-based models are to replace variable-based models, and analytic discovery methods substitute traditional statistical methods? We do not necessarily require such a paradigm shift to give temporal aspects their position. First, temporal aspects can be integrated into variable-based models that apply statistical methods by carefully choosing appropriate time windows and granularity levels. Second, in addressing temporality in learning analytic models that describe authentic learning settings, heterogeneity is of crucial importance in both variable- and event-based models. Variable-based person-centred modelling, where a heterogeneous sample is split into homogeneous subsamples, is suggested as a solution. Our conjecture is illustrated by an application of dispositional learning analytics, describing authentic learning processes over an eight-week full module of 2,360 students.

TASTNet: An end-to-end deep fingerprinting net with two-dimensional attention mechanism and spatio-temporal weighted fusion for video content authentication

In this paper, a robust fingerprinting scheme for video content authentication with two-dimensional attention mechanism and spatio-temporal weighted fusion called TASTNet is proposed, which can automatically extracts key spatio-temporal features from the input video and maps them to the corresponding fingerprint. Detailedly, the two-dimensional attention mechanism is applied to resist different kinds of digital manipulations for robustness enhancement. To incorporate perceptual characteristics, a spatio-temporal weighted fusion method based on LTSM is presented to integrate frame-level features into video-level features while retaining the temporal order. In the process of fusion, key frames are allocated with larger weights according to inter-frame correlation. With these two steps, we can obtain representative video features that contain principal perception information. In addition, the proposed scheme utilizes deep metric learning for training, and we design multiple constraints to make the generated fingerprint more compact and discriminable. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our scheme can achieve superior performances with respect to robustness and discrimination compared with some state-of-the-art schemes.

Commitments beyond coupledom: Negotiating relational futures in Finnish small-scale communes

In this paper, I analyze the possibilities for organizing one's personal life around co-residing friendship and roommate relationships in the life course position of adulthood. The normative significance of coupledom and procreation as markers of adulthood has hardly diminished, although the nuclear family model has opened up in past decades in Euro-American countries. I argue that the close connection between coupledom and adult status sidelines communal living as a relational arrangement when persons age beyond the socially shared understanding of youth. Moreover, resisting this temporal order leads communal dwellers into a socially structured negotiation of their future trajectories, where personal autonomy in friendship and roommate relations poses an intra-relational obstacle to building a communal future. The paper is based on 31 interviews with residents of Finnish small-scale communes. Communal dwellers’ negotiations of future trajectories dealt with finding someone to build their life with, whether commitment could be expected in friendship and roommate relations, and whether long-term communal living is compatible with existing housing structures.

Motion-Binding Property Contributes to Accurate Temporal-Order Perception in Audiovisual Synchrony.

Temporal perception in multisensory processing is important for an accurate and efficient understanding of the physical world. In general, it is executed in a dynamic environment in our daily lives. In particular, the motion-binding property is important for correctly identifying moving objects in the external environment. However, how this property affects multisensory temporal perception remains unclear. We investigate whether the motion-binding property influences audiovisual temporal integration. The study subjects performed four types of temporal-order judgment (TOJ) task experiments using three types of perception. In Experiment 1, the subjects conducted audiovisual TOJ tasks in the motion-binding condition, between two flashes, and in the simultaneous condition, in which the two flashes are perceived as simultaneous stimuli without motion. In Experiment 2, subjects conducted audiovisual TOJ tasks in the motion-binding condition and the short and long successive interval condition, in which the two stimuli are perceived as successive with no motion. The results revealed that the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) and the just-noticeable difference (JND) in the motion-binding condition differed significantly from those in the simultaneous and short and long successive interval conditions. Specifically, the PSS in the motion-binding condition was shifted toward a sound-lead stimulus in which the PSS became closer to zero (i.e., physical simultaneity) and the JND became narrower compared to other conditions. This suggests that the motion-binding property contributes to accurate temporal integration in multisensory processing by precisely encoding the temporal order of the physical stimuli.

Examining the Bidirectional Nature of Loneliness and Anxiety Among Older Adults in Daily Life.

Loneliness in later life increases the risk for adverse health outcomes; however, less is known about how loneliness is maintained. Anxiety may play an important role in maintaining loneliness, but little is known about how this connection plays out over time in daily life. This study thus focused on the within-person associations between momentary loneliness and anxiety among older adults. Participants were 317 diverse older adults (40% Black; 13% Hispanic, mean age = 77.45 years, 67% women) systematically recruited from the Bronx, NY, who completed ecological momentary assessments 5 times daily for 14 consecutive days. Multilevel models tested bidirectional contemporaneous, momentary cross-lagged (t - 1), day-level cross-lagged (average day to end of day), and day-to-day cross-lagged associations between loneliness and anxiety. Separate sensitivity analyses controlled for concurrent overall mood valence or depressed state. Gender and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) status were tested as moderators at all timescales. Significant bidirectional associations between loneliness and anxiety were found at the contemporaneous and momentary cross-lagged (t - 1) timescales. Higher average daily loneliness predicted higher end-of-day anxiety, but not vice versa. Loneliness and anxiety were not significantly associated from day to day. Sensitivity analyses revealed some associations varied depending on inclusion of either concurrent mood valence or depressed state. Neither gender nor MCI status moderated associations at any timescale. Findings shed light on the complex temporal ordering of loneliness and anxiety in daily life and extend contemporary theoretical notions of loneliness, including the possibility of interventions that target key moments in daily life.

Context-based irregular activity detection in event logs for forensic investigations: An itemset mining approach

Event logs are a powerful source of digital evidence as they contain detailed information about activities performed on a computer. Forensic investigation of the event logs is a challenging and time-consuming task due to their large volume and continuous generation. A significant amount of time, effort, and knowledge is required to interpret their contents, discovering irregular events that are potentially pertinent to the investigation. As the number of digital investigations increases, so too must resources available to investigators. This requires new techniques to make the process easier and faster, reducing the burden on human investigators as well as being resource efficient. In this paper, a novel solution is presented to examine event logs and automatically identify irregular activities during forensic analysis. The proposed solution utilises a rare itemset mining approach to establish relationships among event entries, based on their contents. Following on, identified event relationships are ordered based on their temporal order to represent the timeline or sequence of activity. The solution is also capable of prioritising identified activities by calculating their degree of irregularity. The empirical analysis is performed on 15 live machines, and the results are discussed in terms of accuracy and performance metrics.

Structural brain morphology in young adult women who have been choked/strangled during sex: A whole-brain surface morphometry study.

Being choked/strangled during partnered sex is an emerging sexual behavior, particularly prevalent among young adult women. Using a multiparameter morphometric imaging approach, we aimed to characterize neuroanatomical differences between young adult women (18-30 years old) who were exposed to frequent sexual choking and their choking naïve controls. This cross-sectional study consisted of two groups (choking [≥4 times in the past 30 days] vs. choking-naïve group). Participants who reported being choked four or more times during sex in the past 30 days were enrolled in the choking group, whereas those without were assigned to the choking naïve group. High-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were analyzed using both volumetric features (cortical thickness) and geometric features (fractal dimensionality, gyrification, sulcal depth). Forty-one participants (choking n=20; choking-naïve n=21) contributed to the final analysis. The choking group showed significantly increased cortical thickness across multiple regions (e.g., fusiform, lateral occipital, lingual gyri) compared to the choking-naïve group. Widespread reductions of the gyrification were observed in the choking group as opposed to the choking-naïve group. However, there was no group difference in sulcal depth. The fractal dimensionality showed bi-directional results, where the choking group exhibited increased dimensionality in areas including the postcentral gyrus, insula, and fusiform, whereas decreased dimensionality was observed in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus and pericalcarine cortex. These data in cortical morphology suggest that sexual choking events may be associated with neuroanatomical alteration. A longitudinal study with multimodal assessment is needed to better understand the temporal ordering of sexual choking and neurological outcomes.

The Lipid Phosphate Phosphatase Wunen Promotes Eggshell Formation and Is Essential for Fertility in Drosophila.

The eggshell that surrounds insect eggs acts as a barrier, protecting against biotic factors and desiccation. The eggshell is a multi-layered structure which is synthesised by the somatic follicle cells that surround the developing oocyte. Although the temporal order of expression of the protein eggshell components goes someway to explaining how the different layers are built up, but how the precise three-dimensional structure is achieved and how lipid components responsible for desiccation resistance are incorporated are poorly understood. In this paper, we demonstrate that wunen, which encodes a lipid phosphate phosphatase, is necessary for fertility in Drosophila females. Compared to sibling controls, females null for wunen lay fewer eggs which subsequently collapse such that no larvae emerge. We show that this is due to a requirement for wunen in the ovarian follicle cells which is needed to produce an ordered and functional eggshell. Knockdown of a septate junction component also results in collapsed eggs, supporting the idea that similar to its role in embryonic tracheal development, Wunen in follicle cells also promotes septate junction function.

Recency memory is altered in cocaine-withdrawn adolescent rats: Implication of cortical mTOR signaling

In humans, cocaine abuse during adolescence poses a significant risk for developing cognitive deficits later in life. Among the regions responsible for cognitive processes, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) modulates temporal order information via mechanisms involving the mammalian-target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated pathway and protein synthesis regulation. Accordingly, our goal was to study the effect of repeated cocaine exposure during both adolescence and adulthood on temporal memory by studying the mTOR pathway in the mPFC. Adolescent or adult rats underwent repeated cocaine injections for 15 days and, after two weeks of withdrawal, engaged in the temporal order object recognition (TOOR) test.We found that repeated cocaine exposure during adolescence impaired TOOR performance, while control or adult-treated animals showed no impairments. Moreover, activation of the mTOR-S6-eEF2 pathway following the TOOR test was diminished only in the adolescent cocaine-treated group. Notably, inhibition of the mTOR-mediated pathway by rapamycin injection impaired TOOR performance in naïve adolescent and adult animals, revealing this pathway to be a critical component in regulating recency memory.Our data indicate that withdrawal from cocaine exposure impairs recency memory via the dysregulation of protein translation mechanisms, but only when cocaine is administered during adolescence.

Attentive spatial-temporal contrastive learning for self-supervised video representation

Most existing self-supervised works learn video representation by using a single pretext task. A single pretext task, providing single supervision from unlabeled data, may neglect to describe the difference between spatial features and temporal features. The similar spatial features and temporal features may hinder distinguishing between two similar videos with different class labels. In this paper, we propose an attentive spatial–temporal contrastive learning network (ASTCNet), which learns self-attention spatial–temporal features by contrastive learning between multiple spatial and temporal pretext tasks. The spatial features are learned by multiple spatial pretext tasks, including spatial rotation, and spatial jigsaw. Each spatial feature is enhanced with spatial self-attention by learning the relation between patches. The temporal features are learned by multiple temporal pretext tasks, including temporal order, and temporal pace. Each temporal feature is enhanced with temporal self-attention by learning the relation between frames, and is enhanced by feeding the optical flow features into a motion module. To separate the spatial feature and the temporal feature learned in one video, we represent the video as different features for each pretext task, and design pretext task-based contrastive loss. The pretext task-based contrastive loss encourages the different pretext tasks to learn dissimilar features, and encourages the same pretext task to learn similar features. The pretext task-based contrastive loss can learn the discriminative features for each pretext task in one video. The experiments show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance for self-supervised action recognition on the UCF101 dataset and the HMDB51 dataset.

The Natural Sequence in Which Subclinical Inflamed Joint Tissues Subside or Progress to Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Study of Serial MRIs in the TREAT EARLIER Trial.

The natural trajectory of clinical arthritis progression at the tissue level remains elusive. We hypothesized that subclinical inflammation in different joint tissues (synovitis, tenosynovitis, osteitis) increases in a distinct temporal order in patients with clinically suspect arthralgia (CSA) who develop rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and subsides in a different sequence when CSA spontaneously resolves. We studied 185 serial magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from CSA patients with subclinical joint inflammation from the placebo arm of the TREAT EARLIER trial: 52 MRIs from 21 RA progressors (MRIs conducted at 1 year before, at 4 months before, and upon RA development), and 133 MRIs from 35 patients with spontaneous resolution of pain (MRIs conducted at baseline and at 4, 12, and 24 months). MRIs were scored for osteitis, synovitis, and tenosynovitis. We used cross-lagged models to evaluate 2 types of time patterns between pairs of inflamed tissues: a simultaneous pattern (coinciding changes) and a subsequent pattern (inflammatory changes in 1 tissue preceding changes in another tissue). In patients who developed RA, synovitis, tenosynovitis, and osteitis increased simultaneously. Increasing osteitis occurred in the final 4 months before RA diagnosis, following incremental tenosynovitis and synovitis changes during the 1 year to 4 months before diagnosis (P < 0.01). In anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive and ACPA-negative patients who progressed to RA, osteitis increased just before RA development. In patients with pain resolution, simultaneous decreases in synovitis, tenosynovitis, and osteitis occurred, with tenosynovitis decreasing in the first 4 months after CSA onset preceding decreasing synovitis and osteitis during 4-12 months (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01). We identified natural sequences of subclinical inflammation in different joint tissues, which deepens our understanding of clinical arthritis and RA development. During RA progression, increasing osteitis followed previous increases in tenosynovitis and synovitis. During pain resolution, tenosynovitis decreased first, followed by decreasing synovitis and osteitis.

Perceived timing of postural instability onset

BackgroundThis study investigates the perceived onset of postural instability, a critical aspect of balance. Prior research using Temporal Order Judgment (TOJ) tasks revealed that postural perturbations must occur significantly earlier than an auditory reference stimulus for individuals to perceive them as simultaneous. However, there are methodological concerns with this previous work, particularly an unbalanced stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) distribution. Research questionDoes the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) between postural perturbation onset and an auditory reference stimulus differ between SOA distributions unequally (distribution 1) and equally (distribution 2) distributed around true simultaneity (0 ms)? MethodsA repeated measures design was employed, presenting two different SOA distributions to 10 participants using a TOJ task during both distribution 1 (88 trials) and distribution 2 (72 trials) SOA distributions. Paired t-tests were used to determine if there was a significant difference between the PSS of distribution 1 and 2. One-sample t-tests were also performed on the PSS values of both conditions in comparison to 0 ms (defined as true simultaneity) to determine if perceptual responses were delayed. ResultsDistribution 1 led to a perceived delay of postural instability onset by 20.34 ms, while distribution 2 resulted in a perceived delay of the auditory stimulus of 3.52 ms. However, neither condition was significantly different from each other nor from true simultaneity. SignificanceThese findings suggest that the perception of postural instability onset is not slow, contrary to previous beliefs, and emphasize the importance of controlling methodological parameters when examining sensory cues. This understanding will help inform falls prevention strategies.

Spatial attention modulates auditory dominance in audiovisual order judgment.

Auditory dominance in audiovisual temporal order judgment is shown here to be modulated by exogenous orienting of attention to a spatial cue independent of the cue modality. The visual stimulus has to lead the auditory one further in advance for cued relative to uncued locations in order for the two to be perceived simultaneously, possibly suggesting an inhibitory function of spatial attention on temporal processing.

Revisit the causal inference between organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis disentangling its sources of inconsistencies.

Existing theories and studies have exclusively focused on the direct temporal ordering of organizational commitment (OC) and job satisfaction (JS). However, their ordering varies highly across empirical studies. It is unclear whether such high variation is caused by statistical artifacts (i.e., spurious variation) or substantive moderators (i.e., true variation). Therefore, to disentangle artificial and substantial sources of this variation, we adopted traditional and full information meta-analytic structural equation modeling based on 71 independent samples (N = 16,698) with panel designs. After correcting for statistical artifacts, there was moderate heterogeneity in the lagged effects of OC and JS, suggesting that their ordering was not direct or simple but moderated by other variables. Further, the conceptualizations and/or measurements of OC and JS, time lag, and the timing of the investigation (e.g., newcomers vs. nonnewcomers) moderated their ordering. Finally, different specifications of the ordering between OC and JS resulted in differential cross-lagged relationships among JS, OC, and turnover intentions (k = 31, N = 6,876). Our meta-analysis provides new insights into the conceptualizations and/or measurements of OC and JS, adds some theoretical clarification to the dissenting theories by incorporating the time element, nuanced differences in the OC conceptualizations and the timing of the investigation, and raises concern over theory and research informed by studies overlooking alternative orderings of JS and OC. Looking forward, we suggest several promising future directions for explaining the heterogeneous cross-lagged relationships between OC and JS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Novel analytical technique to find diversity of solitary wave solutions for Wazwaz-Benjamin-Bona Mahony equations of fractional order

The newly modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equations in three dimensions are examined in the current work through the use of conformable fractional derivatives to incorporate spatial and temporal fractional order derivatives. With the aid of the Wolfram Mathematica software, a variety of solutions, including hyperbolic and periodic function solutions, are created. The information was gathered to evaluate how well the proposed novel (G’/G2)-expansion method could compute exact solutions of the WBBM equations that could be applied to the implementation of the nonlinear water model in the ocean and coastal engineering. Table 1 shows a comparison between the recently discovered solutions and those that have previously been reported in the literature. There are some visual representations of the solutions.