Temporal Interpretation Research Articles

Logical Spaces and Subjunctive Tenses

Apparently, Subjunctive tenses express temporal location, and, in some constructions, the past subjunctive can also express modal values. A long-standing debate exists over whether—even in the latter case—verbal tenses are temporal operators or whether in some constructions they convey temporal meaning, and in others they have a modal value, maybe derived from their basic temporal meaning. The assumption that the basic meaning of subjunctive tenses are of a temporal nature is challenged by the fact that the future subjunctive, which exists in Portuguese, has the same temporal interpretation as the present subjunctive, with which it is in complementary distribution. Moreover, no clear modal difference is observed between the future and present subjunctive tenses. In this paper, I present arguments against the separation of the temporal and modal values of the subjunctive tenses. I posit, instead, that a semantic analysis of subjunctive morphemes must consider ordered pairs of times and possible worlds; only in this way can we adequately capture the observed data and allow a comprehensive view of the system of subjunctive tenses in Portuguese (which will be extendable to Romance languages in general). If we accept this proposal, then the modal as temporal information associated with subjunctive tenses follows naturally, including the systematic futurate reading of subjunctive temporal clauses.

English fronting constructions as a window to the semantics of tense: the case of belief reports

This paper delves into the temporal interpretation of fronting constructions in English, a topic that has received limited attention in the literature on tense semantics. It presents new empirical findings revealing that specific fronting configurations, involving present tense morphology in a complement CP under a matrix past tense, can yield a theoretically unexpected simultaneous interpretation. A novel theoretical framework for understanding English tense is proposed, which accounts for the temporal interpretation of both fronting and non-fronting versions of attitude reports. The framework introduces a null simultaneous tense as a replacement for the conventional indexical present and the Sequence-of-Tense (SOT) de se tense. It is argued that in complement CPs the null simultaneous tense, as well as past tense, can be anchored either to the attitude time or to the utterance time. In either case, each tense receives a de re interpretation. Moreover, the paper contends that evidence from fronting constructions supports Kratzer’s (Proceedings of semantics and linguistic theory 8, pp. 92–110, 1998) proposal that the transmission of temporal features (as part of the mechanism of SOT) occurs at PF. Finally, the proposed revision of the English tense system contributes to a more unified cross-linguistic perspective on tense. It is demonstrated how the temporal readings of attitude reports arising in such non-SOT languages as Russian, Japanese, and Hebrew can be captured within the system developed for English, with known contrasts attributed to the absence of Feature Transmission in those languages. Further known and new data from English, Modern Greek, and German are examined, revealing variations in SOT effects across SOT languages. These data are used as additional evidence supporting the claim that cross-linguistic variation in the interpretation of complement tense stems solely from differences in Feature Transmission. Regarding the semantic profile of tenses, it can be considered largely invariant.

Exploring the Processing Paradigm of Input Data for End-to-End Deep Learning in Tool Condition Monitoring.

Tool condition monitoring technology is an indispensable part of intelligent manufacturing. Most current research focuses on complex signal processing techniques or advanced deep learning algorithms to improve prediction performance without fully leveraging the end-to-end advantages of deep learning. The challenge lies in transforming multi-sensor raw data into input data suitable for direct model feeding, all while minimizing data scale and preserving sufficient temporal interpretation of tool wear. However, there is no clear reference standard for this so far. In light of this, this paper innovatively explores the processing methods that transform raw data into input data for deep learning models, a process known as an input paradigm. This paper introduces three new input paradigms: the downsampling paradigm, the periodic paradigm, and the subsequence paradigm. Then an improved hybrid model that combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) was employed to validate the model's performance. The subsequence paradigm demonstrated considerable superiority in prediction results based on the PHM2010 dataset, as the newly generated time series maintained the integrity of the raw data. Further investigation revealed that, with 120 subsequences and the temporal indicator being the maximum value, the model's mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were the lowest after threefold cross-validation, outperforming several classical and contemporary methods. The methods explored in this paper provide references for designing input data for deep learning models, helping to enhance the end-to-end potential of deep learning models, and promoting the industrial deployment and practical application of tool condition monitoring systems.

Populist Attitudes, Conspiracy Beliefs and the Justification of Political Violence at the US 2020 Elections

The months around the US 2020 presidential election were characterized by polarization, populism, conspiracy theories, and violent acts, far exceeding usual out-party animosity in western democracies. Using an original two-wave panel survey fielded before the election in November 2020 (n = 3111) and after the inauguration in January 2021 (n = 3384), supported with data from the American National Election Study (ANES, n = 3080), we investigate the dynamics of political violence justification and its connection with populist attitudes and conspiracy beliefs. While we find that conspiracy beliefs are associated with higher justification of violence, the relationship with populist attitudes is mixed, and mostly depends on whether people believe in conspiracy theories or not—with populist attitudes being associated with greater political violence justification among those who believe conspiracy theories, while having no or even a negative correlation among those who do not. Finally, results from fixed-effects models provide some evidence for a temporal interpretation of the relationships, indicating that an increase in conspiracy beliefs is strongly and consistently associated with an increased willingness to justify violence.

DeepIndoorCrowd: Predicting crowd flow in indoor shopping malls with an interpretable transformer network

AbstractAccurate and interpretable prediction of crowd flow would benefit business management and public security. The existing studies are challenged to adapt to the indoor environment due to its complex and dynamic spatial interaction patterns. In this study, we propose a crowd flow predicting method for indoor shopping malls, which simultaneously features temporal variables and semantic factors to suit the shopping mall environment. A deep learning model named DeepIndoorCrowd is presented. The model aims at capturing temporal dependencies and the semantic pattern in crowd flow to generate an accurate multi‐horizon prediction. With a multi‐term temporal dependency capturing structure, the model is effective in learning both daily and weekly patterns of the indoor crowd flow in a shopping mall and is able to provide the temporal interpretation of the prediction result. Moreover, a semantic‐temporal fusion module is introduced to utilize the semantic information of stores in prediction, which has proved to be effective in enhancing the model's ability to learn temporal patterns. Experiments were conducted on a real‐world dataset to verify the proposed approach. The ablation study demonstrates that the DeepIndoorCrowd can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of the prediction up to 18.7%. In addition, some interesting indoor crowd flow patterns were discovered by analyzing the model's interpretation of the prediction result. The proposed prediction method provides an intuitive way of modeling indoor crowd flow, and the experiment's outcome can help indoor managers better understand stores' flow traffic.

Temporal constraints on (non-)epistemic readings: Further evidence from Korean

This paper investigates how modal readings are affected by temporal interpretation in natural language sentences, by taking a close look at the Korean swu- construction which can receive multiple modal readings. Previous work on the swu- construction has attributed its modal readings to syntactic structures (e.g. Ha 2007; Chung 2007; Kim 2010) or lexical ambiguity (e.g. Mun 2016; Lee 2017). I discuss empirical and theoretical problems with these approaches, and provide a non-ambiguity analysis, following Kratzer’s (1981, 1991) view that distinct modal readings are contextually determined. I argue that the modal readings are determined by modal-temporal interactions at the semantics-pragmatics interface. Utilizing Condoravdi’s (2002) notions of Temporal Perspective (TP) and Temporal Orientation (TO), I provide a novel empirical finding that the non-epistemic readings are available only with future TOs while the epistemic modal reading is not temporally constrained in the swu- construction. I develop a compositional analysis of the temporal interpretation, and account for the (un)availability of (non-)epistemic readings in terms of the temporal constraints on the modal bases, along the same line as Condoravdi (2002) and Rullmann & Matthewson (2018). The analysis proposed in this paper is shown to be empirically and theoretically superior to the previous analyses of the swu- construction, and provides further crosslinguistic support for the theory of modal-temporal interactions proposed by Rullmann & Matthewson (2018).

Effect of metabolic rate on time-lags change in otolith microchemistry - An experimental approach using Salmo trutta.

Over decades ecologists have long been interested in relevant techniques to track the field movement patterns of fish. Elemental composition of otolith represents a permanent record of the growing habitats experienced by the fish throughout its entire lifetime that is increasingly used in the literature. The lack of a predictive and mechanistic understanding of the individual kinematics underlying ion incorporation/depletion still limits our fine-scale temporal interpretation of the chemical signal recorded in the otolith. In particular, the rate at which elements are incorporated into otoliths is hypothesized to depend on fish physiology. However, to date, time-lags have mostly been quantified at a population scale. Here, we report results from controlled experiments (translocation and artificially enriched environment) on individual trace element incorporation/depletion rates in Salmo trutta (Salmonidae). We reported significant lags (i.e. weeks to months) between changes in water chemistry and subsequent change in otolith composition and highlighted substantial inter-individual variations in the timing and magnitude of Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca responses. These differences are partially linked to the energetic status (i.e. metabolic rate) of the individuals. It, therefore, appears that individuals with the highest metabolic rate are more likely to record detailed (i.e. brief) temporal changes than individuals having lower metabolic values. The time taken for environmental changes to be reflected in the growing otolith thus can no longer be assumed to remain a constant within populations. Results from the current study are a step towards fine reconstructing environmental histories in dynamic environments.

Maximizing Influence Spread through a Dynamic Social Network (Student Abstract)

Modern social networks are dynamic in their nature; a new connections are appearing and old connections are disappearing all the time. However, in our algorithmic and complexity studies, we usually model social networks as static graphs. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for the study of the well-known Target Set Selection problem, which is a fundamental problem in viral marketing and the spread of opinion through social networks. In particular, we use temporal graphs to capture the dynamic nature of social networks. We show that the temporal interpretation is, unsurprisingly, NP-complete in general. Then, we study computational complexity of this problem for multiple restrictions of both the threshold function and the underlying graph structure and provide multiple hardness lower-bounds.

Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system

Biofilm contamination is a widespread issue that can occur anywhere when organisms attach to surfaces in the presence of water. In industrial environments, formation of biofilms can lead to component failure, material degradation, and biofouling or spoilage, which collectively come with significant economic costs. Microfabricated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensors have emerged as a promising tool for monitoring biofilm as EIS sensors capture information about biofilm growth autonomously in real-time; however, sensors suffer from drift, and the technique lacks temporal interpretation of dynamic biofilm processes. In this work, microfabricated sensors featuring gold micro-interdigitated electrodes (μIDEs) were modified with an electrically conductive polymer layer resulting in EIS measurement variability that was significantly reduced compared to unmodified sensors, and enabled highly stable, time-resolved EIS measurements. EIS characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in parallel with high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed using a novel 3D-printed flow cell system, resulting in distinct changes to EIS data corresponding with consistent biofilm growth. We have shown that EIS microsensors can detect four stages of biofilm: (i) initial biofilm attachment to the sensor substrate, (ii) early-stage irreversible biofilm proliferation characterized by sparse biofilm coverage, (iii) mature biofilm detection characterized by uniform biofilm coverage, and (iv) changes due to detachment and regrowth of biofilm.

Beyond linear neural envelope tracking: a mutual information approach

Objective. The human brain tracks the temporal envelope of speech, which contains essential cues for speech understanding. Linear models are the most common tool to study neural envelope tracking. However, information on how speech is processed can be lost since nonlinear relations are precluded. Analysis based on mutual information (MI), on the other hand, can detect both linear and nonlinear relations and is gradually becoming more popular in the field of neural envelope tracking. Yet, several different approaches to calculating MI are applied with no consensus on which approach to use. Furthermore, the added value of nonlinear techniques remains a subject of debate in the field. The present paper aims to resolve these open questions. Approach. We analyzed electroencephalography (EEG) data of participants listening to continuous speech and applied MI analyses and linear models. Main results. Comparing the different MI approaches, we conclude that results are most reliable and robust using the Gaussian copula approach, which first transforms the data to standard Gaussians. With this approach, the MI analysis is a valid technique for studying neural envelope tracking. Like linear models, it allows spatial and temporal interpretations of speech processing, peak latency analyses, and applications to multiple EEG channels combined. In a final analysis, we tested whether nonlinear components were present in the neural response to the envelope by first removing all linear components in the data. We robustly detected nonlinear components on the single-subject level using the MI analysis. Significance. We demonstrate that the human brain processes speech in a nonlinear way. Unlike linear models, the MI analysis detects such nonlinear relations, proving its added value to neural envelope tracking. In addition, the MI analysis retains spatial and temporal characteristics of speech processing, an advantage lost when using more complex (nonlinear) deep neural networks.

Aspectuo-Temporal Underspecification in Anindilyakwa: Descriptive, Theoretical, Typological and Quantitative Issues

Many so-called ‘zero tense’-marked (which we define as morphologically reduced and underspecified inflections) or untensed verb forms found in tenseless languages, have been characterized as context dependent for their temporal and aspectual interpretation, with the verb’s aspectual content (either as event structure or viewpoint properties) being given more or less prominent roles in their temporal anchoring. In this paper, we focus on a morpho-phonologically reduced inflectional verbal paradigm in Anindilyakwa (Groote Eylandt archipelago, NT, Australia), which is both temporally and aspectually underspecified, and constitutes an instance of zero tense as defined above. On the basis of a quantitative study of an annotated corpus of zero-inflected utterances, we establish that in the absence of independent overt or covert temporal information, the temporal anchoring of this ‘zero tense’ exhibits complex patterns of sensitivity to event structural parameters. Notably we establish that while dynamicity/stativity and telicity/atelicity are to some extent valuable predictors for the temporal interpretation of zero tense in Anindilyakwa, only atomicity (i.e., event punctuality) and boundedness categorically impose a past temporal anchoring—this confirms insights found in previous works, both on Anindilyakwa and on other languages, while also differing from other generalisations contained in these works. Our analysis also shows that unlike several zero tenses identified in various languages (especially in Pidgins and Creoles), Anindilyakwa zero tense-marked dynamic utterances do not correlate with a past temporal reading. Rather, we show that Anindilyakwa seems to come closest to languages possessing zero tensed-verbs (or tenseless verbs) where boundedness monotonically enforces a past temporal anchoring, such as Navajo and Mandarin Chinese. We also show that aspect-independent temporal information appears to determine the temporal anchoring of all zero tense-marked unbounded atelic utterances (both stative and dynamic) in Anindilyakwa—a fact at once conflicting with some claims made in previous works on zero tenses, while confirming results from past studies of Indigenous languages of the Americas (especially Yucatec Maya), concerning the role of temporal anaphora in the temporal interpretation of ‘tenseless’ verb forms.

ANALISIS WACANA TEKSTUAL DAN KONTEKSTUAL NASKAH DRAMA BERJUDUL SARAPAN TERAKHIR KARYA ANDRIAN EKA SAPUTRA

Discourse is a complete form of language unit arranged in its entirety so that it becomes a single language unit that contains a theme. There are two types of discourse in drama scripts, namely textual discourse and contextual discourse. This research is a descriptive qualitative research because in this research it tries to collect data based on the literature that is used as analysis material. In textual discourse in grammatical relationships, there are 105 reference data which include personal, demonstrative and comparison references, 20 duplication data including nominal, verbal, phrasal and clauseal references. 19 discharge data and 8 coupling data. Furthermore, in the textual discourse of lexical relations, there are 25 repetition data including epizeukis, tautotes, anasphora and episphora. 19 synonymy data includes free morphemes with bound, words with words, words with phrases and phrases with phrases. 21 collocation data, 6 hyponymy data and 2 equivalence data. The researcher found 14 data that included interpretation including the principle of personal interpretation, 3 locational interpretation data, 6 temporal interpretation data, 3 analogy data related to the interpretation of differences in meaning in an utterance, then the researcher found 12 interference data marked by the speaker not explaining explicitly the meaning of his utterance. In this study associated with the Basic Competence 3.19. Analyzing the content and linguistics of dramas that are read or watched at the XI grade high school level then alternatively as LKPD.

A new Early Paleogene fossil mammal locality in the central-eastern Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert, Mongolia, and notes on mammalian biostratigraphy

AbstractWe report new, fossiliferous Paleogene Naran Bulak Formation localities from the central-eastern part of the Nemegt Basin of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Early Paleogene localities have been identified previously only in the western half of the Nemegt Basin. The new localities, near the town of Daus, are also noteworthy for their geographical proximity to Ukhaa Tolgod, a Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation locality known for its numerous dinosaur, mammal, and lizard fossils. The Daus section consists of the Zhigden, Naran, and Bumban members of the Naran Bulak Formation at three localities, and mammal and ostracode fossils were discovered in the Naran Member. Noteworthy discoveries are a dentary of the pantodont Archaeolambda cf. A. planicanina, postcrania of Pantolambdodon, a skull of the gliroid Gomphos, and a partial skull with a worn and damaged dentition provisionally identified as an arctostylopid. Biostratigraphy has been the primary means of dating Paleogene Asian faunas, however, the local fauna from the new localities does not fit easily with established patterns. The Naran Member and Archaeolambda planicanina and the arctostylopid Palaeostylops typically have been allied with the Gashatan Asian Land Mammal Age (ALMA) and attributed to the latest Paleocene. By contrast, Gomphos repeatedly has been found in the Bumban Member and assigned a Bumbanian ALMA, which has been considered as the earliest Eocene. Pantolambdodon has been reported from middle Eocene Arshatan and Irdinmanhan ALMA beds. The co-occurrence of these taxa in Naran Member beds complicates the temporal interpretation of the new localities and the reliability of broader biostratigraphic patterns.

Table interpretation of the temporal description logic LTLALC

Description logics are widely used to describe and represent knowledge in the Semantic Web. This is a modern and powerful mechanism that provides the possibility of extracting knowledge from already existing ones. Thanks to this, conceptual of subject areas modeling has become one of the fields of application of descriptive logics, taking into account the use of inference mechanisms. Conceptual modeling is used to create databases and knowledge bases. A key issue of the subject area modeling is the ability to monitor the dynamics of changes in the state of the subject area over time. It is necessary to describe not only the current actual state of the database (knowledge bases), but also the background. Temporal descriptive logics are used to solve this problem. They have the same set of algorithmic problems that are presented in conventional descriptive logics, but to them are added questions related to the description of knowledge in time. This refers to the form of time (continuous or discrete), time structure (moments of time, intervals, chains of intervals), time linearity (linear or branched), domain (present, past, future), the concept of “now”, the method of measurement, etc. An urgent task today is to create an algorithm for the temporal interpretation of conventional descriptive logics. That is, to show a way in which temporal descriptive logic can be applied to ordinary descriptive logic. The paper presents an algorithm for temporal interpretation of LTL into ALC. Linear, unbranched time is chosen for the description goal. It is presented in the form of a whole temporal axis with a given linear order on it. Only the future tense is considered. The algorithm contains graphic notations of LTL application in ALC: concepts, concept constructors, roles, role constructors, TBox and ABox. Numerous examples are used to illustrate the application of the algorithm.

Japanese no datta and no de atta in written discourse

Abstract The present study examines no datta and no de atta, which are the past-tense forms of no da and no de aru in written Japanese. The analysis demonstrates that the choice between the present-tense no da/no de aru and the past-tense no datta/no de atta does not affect the temporal interpretation when they follow past-tense morphemes. However, a close examination has also revealed that the past-tense no datta/no de atta cannot follow a past-tense morpheme when the ongoing mode of discourse is non-narrative, while no da/no de aru and no datta/no de atta are both available options when the discourse is in the mode of narrative. The present study also suggests that when no datta/no de atta is used in narrative, it indicates that the stated information is less impactful, less dramatic, and more temporally distant, compared to the cases where no da/no de aru is used.

TEXT AND CONTEXT OF NEWSPAPER OPINION RUBRIC AND ITS UTILIZATION AS TEACHING MATERIALS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This study aims to describe and explain: (1) aspects of the textual discourse of the opinion rubric in the Solopos newspaper, (2) the contextual aspects of the opinion rubric in the Solopos newspaper, and (3) the relevance of the textual and contextual aspects of the opinion rubric in the newspaper. Solopos news with teaching materials in high school. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research design with a content analysis approach. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. The data sources used in this study are documents, namely the opinion rubric of the Solopos newspaper January-February 2021 edition, and the informants are Indonesian language teachers in class XII SMA, opinion writers, and opinion editors for the Solopos newspaper. Data collection techniques used, namely document analysis and interviews. Test the validity of the data using theoretical triangulation and data source triangulation. The data analysis technique used is the agih method. The results of this study indicate that: (1) textual aspects that support the integrity and cohesion of opinion discourse consist of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion; (2) contextual aspects of opinion discourse can be understood using the principle of personal interpretation, the principle of locational interpretation, and the principle of temporal interpretation; and (4) the opinion rubric for the January-February 2021 edition of the Solopos newspaper can be used as an alternative material for teaching editorial texts for class XII SMA.

Knowledge management enablers and barriers: exploring the moderating effect of communication barriers

PurposeThis study aims to explore the moderating effect of communication barriers (CBs) on the relationship between knowledge sharing barriers (KSBs) and knowledge management (KM), considering the two enablers, technology and organizational culture, in the project context.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted survey-based research approach. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), applying the SmartPLS 3.0 software.FindingsThe results show the significant and positive effect of both enablers (culture and technology) on KM. Furthermore, the authors identify significant relationship between KSBs and communications barriers. Finally, it elucidated the moderate effect of CBs.Research limitations/implicationsThe data are cross-sectional rather than longitudinal, which limits temporal interpretations of the associations between exploitative and exploratory learning and innovative strategies.Practical implicationsThe results can guide organization toward cultural and technological issues supporting KM. Moreover, for project managers and practitioners it shows the importance to avoid communications barriers, driving efforts and resources to manage the flow of information efficiently, developing communication processes that integrate the project team and reducing CBs.Originality/valueThe study reveals complex paths that organizations take toward KM. The research findings show how CBs play a critical moderating role in the relationship between KSBs and KM.

Temporal relations in North Sámi ECM constructions

The embedded verb in North Sámi ECM-constructions can appear in one of three different forms: past participle, progressive and infinitive. The existing descriptions of North Sámi say that the past participle places the embedded event before the higher event, that the progressive (traditionally called aktio essive) expresses temporal coincidence with the higher event, and that the infinitive normally gets a future interpretation, but it might also coincide temporally with the higher clause. This paper shows that although these generalisations are mostly correct, variation in the temporal interpretation of ECM complement clauses can be caused by a number of factors. In particular, the semantics of the matrix verb and the aspectual properties of the lower verb can influence the temporal relation between the matrix event and the embedded event. In addition, temporal adverbials can shift or fix the time of the embedded event.

Psychology and Time in Boole’s Logic

In the Laws of Thought, Boole establishes a theory of secondary propositions based upon the notion of time. This temporal interpretation of secondary propositions has historically been met with wide disapproval and is usually dismissed in the modern literature as a philosophical non-starter. What was Boole thinking? This paper attempts to give an answer to this question. Specifically, it provides an account according to which Boole’s temporal interpretation follows from his psychologistic conception of logic, in addition to certain background assumptions regarding the psychological necessity of the concept of time. Once Boole’s psychological premises are laid bare, it becomes clearer how he might have viewed the temporal interpretation to be an essential feature of his theory of secondary propositions.

Time Reference in Mandarin Relative Clauses

In this paper, we investigate constraints on the time reference of embedded clauses in Mandarin. We show that while English past-tensed embedded clauses disallow later-than-matrix readings in intensional contexts on a de dicto construal, Mandarin relative clauses with bare predicates yield temporally free readings across the board. We argue that the contrast between the temporal interpretations of bare embedded clauses in Mandarin vs. past-tensed embedded clauses in English is not due to a putative contrast between ‘tenseless’ languages (as Mandarin is traditionally assumed to be) and ‘tensed’ languages such as English. Mandarin is indeed not tenseless, but rather has a covert Non-Future tense, restricting the reference time of bare sentences to non-future times. Moreover, Mandarin superficially tenseless embedded clauses with overt—be it perfect, perfective, durative/progressive—aspectual marking do not allow later-than-matrix readings on a de dicto construal, just like tensed embedded clauses in English. We conclude that the freedom of interpretation of bare embedded clauses in Mandarin cannot be imputed to null semantically underspecified tense, but rather to null semantically underspecified aspect. Our analysis provides, to our knowledge, the first arguments for Non-Future tense in embedded contexts.