Temporal Index Research Articles

Maturation of the Autonomic Nervous System in Premature Infants: Estimating Development Based on Heart-Rate Variability Analysis.

This study aims at investigating the development of premature infants' autonomic nervous system (ANS) based on a quantitative analysis of the heart-rate variability (HRV) with a variety of novel features. Additionally, the role of heart-rate drops, known as bradycardias, has been studied in relation to both clinical and novel sympathovagal indices. ECG data were measured for at least 3 h in 25 preterm infants (gestational age ≤32 weeks) for a total number of 74 recordings. The post-menstrual age (PMA) of each patient was estimated from the RR interval time-series by means of multivariate linear-mixed effects regression. The tachograms were segmented based on bradycardias in periods after, between and during bradycardias. For each of those epochs, a set of temporal, spectral and fractal indices were included in the regression model. The best performing model has R2 = 0.75 and mean absolute error MAE = 1.56 weeks. Three main novelties can be reported. First, the obtained maturation models based on HRV have comparable performance to other development models. Second, the selected features for age estimation show a predominance of power and fractal features in the very-low- and low-frequency bands in explaining the infants' sympathovagal development from 27 PMA weeks until 40 PMA weeks. Third, bradycardias might disrupt the relationship between common temporal indices of the tachogram and the age of the infant and the interpretation of sympathovagal indices. This approach might provide a novel overview of post-natal autonomic maturation and an alternative development index to other electrophysiological data analysis.

Characterization of Planetscope-0 Planetscope-1 surface reflectance and normalized difference vegetation index continuity

Planetscope data are acquired from a constellation of low-cost satellites to provide 3 ​m red, green, blue, and near infrared (NIR) data with near-daily global coverage. Differences in the spectral characteristics of the different Planetscope sensor generations imply that they may not provide consistent reflectance time series needed for certain quantitative analyses. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of the surface reflectance and derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) differences between the first two generations of Planetscope sensors, known as Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1. More than 9100 Planetscope images, acquired with cloud cover <30% for different months at 500 locations across Africa were compared. Histograms of the Planetscope image overpass time differences over the 500 locations provide insights into the temporal intervals between successive images. The most frequent image overpass difference was one day for Planetscope-0, the same day for Planetscope-1, and one day considering both sensors. The overpass time difference between images sensed on the same day varied from <1 ​min to 124 ​min, and 64% of the Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1 overpass time differences were sensed >60 ​min apart and 25% were sensed ≤30 ​min apart. Transformation functions were developed and the coefficients are provided so that the user community can adjust the surface reflectance and NDVI from the Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1 sensors to each other to provide more consistent 3 ​m time series. This was undertaken by statistical comparison of 9.9 million contemporaneous quality filtered Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1 observations sensed on the same day within 30 ​min (average 11.8 ​min) and ≤5° solar zenith difference. Two linear regression models, reduced major axis (RMA) and Theil-Sen, were used to provide a general depiction of reflectance and NDVI differences between the two sensor generations, and to develop the transformation functions between them, respectively. The Planetscope-0 blue surface reflectance was on average greater than the Planetscope-1 blue surface reflectance by 20.1%, whereas the Planetscope-0 red, green and NIR surface reflectance were 4.6%, 5.1%, and 12.1% less than the comparable Planetscope-1 bands respectively. The Planetscope-0 atmospherically corrected NDVI was typically about 3.7% smaller than the Planetscope-1 atmospherically corrected NDVI. These differences are likely primarily due to the different spectral response functions and bandwidths of the two sensor generations. This is supported by our finding that the surface reflectance from the three Planetscope-0 visible band values were more highly correlated with each other than for the Planetscope-1 visible bands. To demonstrate that the transformations performed correctly, the Planetscope-0 surface reflectance and NDVI data were transformed to Planetscope-1 equivalent values, and vice versa, and the temporal consistency of monthly time series containing observations from both sensors were evaluated using a temporal smoothness index. The results of this adjustment demonstrated that the temporal consistency of monthly time series containing Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1 observations were improved for all bands and for the NDVI.

Reproducibility and normalization of reactive hyperemia using laser speckle contrast imaging.

BackgroundImpaired perfusion indices signal potential microvascular dysfunction preceding atherosclerosis and other cardiometabolic pathologies. Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), a vasodilatory response following a mechanically induced ischemia, is a transient increase in perfusion and can assess microvascular function. The greatest blood flow change corresponding to the first minute of hyperemia (represented by time-to-peak, hyperemic velocity, AUC within 1st min) has been shown to indicate microvascular dysfunction. However, the reproducibility of these temporal kinetic indices of the PORH response is unknown. Our aim was to examine the inter- and intra-day reproducibility and standardization of reactive hyperemia, with emphasis on the kinetic indices of PORH, using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) technique.Methods and resultsSeventeen healthy adults (age = 24 ± 3 years) completed three PORH bouts over two lab visits. LSCI region of interest was a standardized 10 cm region on the dominant ventral forearm. A 5-min brachial artery occlusion period induced by inflating an arm cuff to 200 mmHg, preceded a 4-min hyperemic period. Inter- and intra-day reliability and reproducibility of cutaneous vascular conductance (LSCI flux / mean arterial pressure) were determined using intraclass correlation (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Maximal flow and area under the curve standardized to zero perfusion showed intra- and inter-day reliability (ICC > 0.70). Time to maximal flow (TMF) was not reproducible (inter-day CV = 18%). However, alternative kinetic indices such as 1-min AUC and overshoot rate-of-change (ORC), represented as a piecewise function (at 5s, 10s, 15s, and 20s into hyperemia), were reproducible (CV< 11%). Biological zero was a reliable normalization point.ConclusionPORH measured with LSCI is a reliable assessment of microvascular function. However, TMF or its derived hyperemic velocity are not recommended for longitudinal assessment. Piecewise ORC and 1-min AUC are reliable alternatives to assess the kinetic response of PORH.

Energy data temporal information index algorithm based on critical point dynamic adjustment

In order to improve the scheduling ability of temporal information of energy data, an index algorithm of temporal information of energy data based on dynamic adjustment of critical points is propos...

Energy data temporal information index algorithm based on critical point dynamic adjustment

Energy data temporal information index algorithm based on critical point dynamic adjustment

ВАРИАБЕЛЬНОСТЬ СЕРДЕЧНОГО РИТМА У ВЫКОКОКВАЛИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ СПОРТМЕНОВ-ОРИЕНТИРОВЩИКОВ ПРИ РЕШЕНИИ СЛОЖНЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАЧ

Currently, the problem of improving the quality of the training process in both professional and novice athletes is a priority for experts in the medical and biological support of sports all over the world. For these purposes, various biofeedback procedures, including the method of solving specialized motor-cognitive tasks on the stabilometric platform [1], have been actively used in recent years as extra-training means to improve sports performance. At the same time, we should note that one of the most informative biological signals that allow to judge about the change in the functional state of the body of the tested athletes in the process of sports training is the dynamics of heart rate variability (HRV) [2]. HRV analysis is widely used as a non-invasive and reliable tool for assessment of vegetative control of human cardiovascular system [3]. Numerous literature sources confirm the prospect of using this method for the purposes of sports physiology [4] However, changes in HRV in highly qualified athletes when solving complex motor and cognitive tasks, as of today, still remain unstudied. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in heart rate variability in highly qualified orienteering athletes when solving complex coordination tasks on biocontrol of a virtual object using a stabilometric platform ST-150. Seven days training with biofeedback control on the stabilometric platform resulted in a significant increase of such HRV temporal indices as SDNN – by 8,9 % (p&lt;0,01), RMSSD – by 42,3 % (p&lt;0,05), pNN50 – by 77, 1 % (p&lt;0.05), CV – by 25.3 % (p&lt;0.01), as well as heart rate reduction by 10.5 % (p&lt;0.05), which indicates an increase in functional capabilities of the athletes’ bodies, strengthening vagus effects on cardiac rhythm. The results of geometrical analysis have shown that biofeedback according to reference reaction leads to reliable increase of values of index of mode of cardiointervals by 9,7 % and increase of variation range of histogram of cardiointervals by 21,4 % as well as decrease of values of mode amplitude by 19,2 % and tension index of regulatory systems of the body by 29,6 % (p&lt;0,05), which testifies to improvement of adaptation possibilities of the body of tested sportsmen under the influence of this type of biocontrol. Analysis of spectral components of heart rhythm in orientation athletes after 7-day training with biofeedback control has shown significant increase in TP by 36 %, LF – by 37,7 %, HF – by 88,2 % as well as decrease in LF/HF by 28,2 % (p&lt;0,05), which testify to increase in general variability of heart rhythm, activation of parasympathetic regulation circuit, increase in functional capabilities and reserves of tested athletes organism.

RTED-SD: A Real-Time Edge Detection Scheme for Sybil DDoS in the Internet of Vehicles

As the increasing popularity and development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), it is important to ensure the reliability and safety for IoV. However, communicating in an open-access environment makes road safety, communication security and privacy issues facing great challenges. Also, the high requirement of real-time detection and reponse to the security issues makes edge detection a more and more important research subject. Among all the challenges, Sybil Denial of Service (DoS) Attack is one of the most severe threats to the IoV safety, which can lead to traffic jams and other safety issues. In this paper, we introduce a Real-Time Edge Detection Scheme for Sybil DDoS in IoV. We use the entropy theory to quantify the traffic distribution, and further design an algorithm named Fast Quartile Deviation Check (FQDC) to recognize and locate the attack. Furthermore, because of the calculation limit in IoV scenarios, we also optimize the calculation with some useful techniques, such as the optimized sliding window, the incremental calculation of entropy values and make it suitable for the IoV environment. Finally, we proposed a temporal index. Temporal False Omission Rate (TFOR), to measure the performance of response speed and omission rate. In our evaluation, we successfully detect all the Sybil DDoS attacks provided in the F2MD datasets, and have the average alarm delay of 4.9193 seconds, and the average TFOR of 1.6024%.

Temporal Index Scheme of Hyperledger Fabric System in IoT

As a large number of mobile terminals are connected to the IoT, the security problem of IoT is a challenge to the IoT technology. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, data encryption, smart contract, and so on, especially suitable in the complex heterogeneous network. However, sequential access based on block files in the blockchain hinders efficient query processing. The problem is due to current blockchain solutions do not support temporal data processing. In this paper, we propose two index building methods (TISD and TIF) to address this issue in Hyperledger Fabric System. TISD (temporal index based on state databases) segments the historical data by time interval in the time dimension and indexes events at the same time interval. TIF (temporal index based on files) builds the index of files by the block transaction data, which is arranged in chronological order and is stored at a certain time interval. In the experimental part, we compare the query time on two datasets and analyse the query performance. Experiments demonstrated that our two methods are relatively stable in overall time performance on different datasets in the Hyperledger Fabric System.

Heart rate variability in preschool children living in different types of settlements of the Murmansk region

The purpose of the work is a territorial comparison of the functional state of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in preschool children living in urban and rural areas of the Murmansk region. Methods. 248 children aged 3-7 years were investigated in three districts of the Murmansk region. The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was carried out using the hardware-software complex «Omega-M». The data are presented by indicators of descriptive nonparametric statistics (median and as a measure of the percentile span (25-75)), rank analysis of differences between variables (U-test, Mann-Whitney). Comparison of independent samples was carried out using the Mann-Whitney test. The differences between the variables were considered significant at a value of p≤0.05. Results. HRV data, when compared by age, significantly differ in groups of 3-4 and 5-7 years. Heart rate indices (U=2871.5, p&lt;0.001) are lower in the 5 –year-old group with high temporal indices of RMSSD (U=3446.0, p&lt;0.001), and SDNN (U=3615.0, p&lt;0.001). The data of temporal and spectral analysis, when compared by sex, significantly differ, in 4-year-old boys TR, ms² U=265.5 (p&lt;0.019), RMSSD U=258.0 (p&lt;0.014) and pNN50 (%) U=268.5 (p&lt;0.02) higher, girls HF, % U=271.0 (p&lt;0.02) in the total power spectrum (TP), SI U=278.0 (p&lt;0.03) lower with a high contribution of second-order waves VLF, % U=262.0 (p&lt;0.016). At the age of 6 years, the trend is reversed; in girls, the indicators of TR, ms (U=100.0, p&lt;0.03), RMSSD (U=97.0, p&lt;0.024) and pNN50 (%) (U=102.0, p&lt;0.035) are higher. When comparing HRV indicators, depending on the place of residence, there are high temporal indicators of RMSSD (U=115.0 p&lt;0.038) and SDNN (U=88.0 p&lt;0.012) among residents of the city. Conclusions. The HRV indices in most of the children under study reflect the age-related characteristics of the cardiac stimulating and vasoconstrictor centers of the medulla oblongata, with the predominance of the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). Some children aged 3-5 and 7 years have low indicators of the body’s functional capabilities. At the same time, children of the Kola Peninsula living in rural areas have reduced time indicators of HRV, the total power spectrum and its respiratory component.

Dynamics of temporal foraging and feeding index of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in East Kolkata wetlands, a Ramsar site

Dynamics of temporal foraging and feeding index of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in East Kolkata wetlands, a Ramsar site

Analyzing Gaussian distribution of semantic shifts in Lexical Semantic Change Models

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in interest in lexical semantic change detection. Many are the existing approaches, data used, and evaluation strategies to detect semantic shifts. The classification of change words against stable words requires thresholds to label the degree of semantic change. In this work, we compare state-of-the-art computational historical linguistics approaches to evaluate the efficacy of thresholds based on the Gaussian Distribution of semantic shifts. We present the results of an in-depth analysis conducted on both SemEval-2020 Task 1 Subtask 1 and DIACR-Ita tasks. Specifically, we compare Temporal Random Indexing, Temporal Referencing, Orthogonal Procrustes Alignment, Dynamic Word Embeddings and Temporal Word Embedding with a Compass. While results obtained with Gaussian thresholds achieve state-of-the-art performance in English, German, Swedish and Italian, they remain far from results obtained using the optimal threshold.

Abstract 13596: Identifying the Most Important Ecg Predictors of Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background: Non-invasive screening tools of cardiac function can play a significant role in the initial triage of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Numerous ECG features have been previously linked with cardiac contractility in the general population. We sought to identify ECG features that are most predictive for real-time screening of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the acute care setting. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational cohort study of patients evaluated for suspected acute coronary syndrome. The parent study recruited consecutive patients evaluated at the emergency department of three UPMC-affiliated tertiary care hospitals. We included consecutive patients in whom an echocardiogram was performed during indexed encounter. Baseline ECGs were preprocessed using manufacturer specific algorithms. We evaluated 554 automated 12-lead ECG features in multivariate linear regression for predicting LVEF. We then used regression trees to identify the most important predictive ECG features. Results: Our final sample included 297 patients (aged 63 ± 15, 45% females). The mean LVEF was 57% ± 13 (IQR 50%-65%). In multivariate analysis, depolarization dispersion in the horizontal plane; global repolarization dispersion; and abnormal temporal indices in inferolateral leads were all independent predictors of LVEF (R 2 = 0.452, F = 6.679, p &lt; 0.001). Horizontal QRS axis deviation and prolonged ventricular activation (VAT) time in left ventricular apex were the most important determinants of reduced LVEF (Figure), while global QRS duration was of less importance. Conclusions: Poor R wave progression in precordial leads with dominant QS pattern in V3 is the most predictive feature of reduced LVEF in suspected ACS. This feature constitutes a simple visual marker to aid clinicians in identifying those with impaired cardiac function.

Uncovering CO2 emission drivers under regional industrial transfer in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt: a multi-layer LMDI decomposition analysis

With the relocation of heavy industries moving from downstream region to upstream and midstream regions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), it is critical to encourage coordinated low carbon development in different regions within the YREB. This paper uncovers the evolution of CO2 emissions in different regions within the YREB for the period of 2000–2017. It decomposes regional CO2 emission changes using the temporal and cross-regional three-layer logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. Besides, it decomposes industrial CO2 emission changes using the temporal two-layer LMDI method. The research results show that economic growth is the major driver for regional CO2 emission disparities. The mitigation drivers, such as energy intensity and energy structure, lead to a more decreased CO2 emission in the downstream region than in the upstream and midstream regions. In addition, it proposes several policy recommendations based upon the local realities, including improving energy efficiency, optimizing energy structure, promoting advanced technologies and equipment transfers, and coordinating the development in the upstream, midstream and downstream regions within the YREB.

On the Investigation of the Closure Relations for Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by Swift in the Post-plateau Phase and the GRB Fundamental Plane

Abstract Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most explosive phenomena in the universe after the big bang. A large fraction of GRB lightcurves (LCs) shows X-ray plateaus. We perform the most comprehensive analysis of all GRBs (with known and unknown redshifts) with plateau emission observed by The Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory from its launch until 2019 August. We fit 455 LCs showing a plateau and explore whether these LCs follow closure relations, relations between the temporal and spectral indices of the afterglow, corresponding to two distinct astrophysical environments and cooling regimes within the external forward shock (ES) model, and find that the ES model works for the majority of cases. The most favored environments are a constant-density interstellar or wind medium with slow cooling. We also confirm the existence of the fundamental plane relation between the rest-frame time and luminosity at the end of the plateau emission and the peak prompt luminosity for this enlarged sample, and test this relation on groups corresponding to the astrophysical environments of our known redshift sample. The plane becomes a crucial discriminant corresponding to these environments in terms of the best-fitting parameters and dispersions. Most GRBs for which the closure relations are fulfilled with respect to astrophysical environments have an intrinsic scatter σ compatible within 1σ of that of the “Gold” GRBs, a subset of long GRBs with relatively flat plateaus. We also find that GRBs satisfying closure relations indicating a fast cooling regime have a lower σ than ever previously found in literature.

Evaluation of Eutrophication Levels in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Lake, Iraq (Biological and Chemical study)

The present study was conducted because of rapidly increasing pollution in Al-Najaf lake, which is one of the significant shallow lakes of Iraq, lake facing tremendous pressure due to encroachments, discharge of untreated domestic and industrial waste, drainage water from cultivated orchards, dumping of solid waste and illegal diversion of water, and currently it still suffering from these problems and neglect, the lake could be important tourist and recreational place in Governorate if we could preserve it and remove the pollution sources. Study aimed to evaluation the eutrophication status, and plotted by (GIS). Eutrophication is a serious problem in lakes, awareness about the eutrophic status could help in providing a better understanding of the problem. this study conducted to assess temporal and spatial eutrophication index in AL-najaf lake. The eutrophication level of the lake is determined with help of 0 – 100 scale based on (TSI) calculations and (Ta), (Chl-a), (TP), (TN), (Pb) heavy metal, (TSS), (TDS), (pH), (EC), (MPN) and (COD). Lake can be classified according to Carlson as eutrophic (TSI was higher than 80) with dominance of blue green algae, extensive macrophyte problems, while according trophic state index (TSI) classification (TSI), (TP) and (Chl-a), were classified the lake as extremely hyper eutrophic and algal scums

Temporal beta diversity of lake plants is determined by concomitant changes in environmental factors across decades

Abstract To comprehensively understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on biodiversity, we must understand how biodiversity has changed over time and what are the underlying processes. A growing body of evidence has shown that beta diversity reveals more about temporal changes in biodiversity compared with alpha diversity. Temporal beta diversity indicates, for example, degrees of change in species composition at single locations through time. We examined whether freshwater plant communities showed different patterns in temporal beta diversity in relation to concomitant changes in environmental conditions across decades. To do this, we used presence–absence data of lake plants for five decades (1940s–2010s) from southern Finland and calculated temporal beta diversity indices (TBI) for each lake between pairs of decades to the whole community, hydrophytes and helophytes. To get insights into possible processes behind the observed trends, we decomposed TBIs into beta diversity contributed by either temporal losses or temporal gains of species. We related TBIs and their loss and gain components to lake landscape position and changes in environmental variables. Based on comparisons of TBIs between the survey decade pairs, the temporal change in aquatic plant communities was modest through decades. Hydrophyte assemblages have changed more than helophyte assemblages. The main changes in temporal beta diversity occurred from the 1940s to the 1970s, when the gain of new species was the dominant process in the lakes throughout the landscape. Following that period, there was only modest changes, but from the 2000s to the 2010s, the dominant process was the loss of species. Temporal changes in environmental conditions played a key role in explaining the TBI. Our results showed that relying on only two survey points in time can result in limited knowledge of the ecological phenomenon under study and, for example, an exceptional year in terms of weather conditions can hinder detecting overall long‐term trends in compositional changes. Therefore, future studies should try to combine data from several decades to overcome the typical limitations of temporal information.

Management of Test Anxiety Among Pupils in Basic Science Using Music-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy Intervention: Implication for Community Development

Effectiveness of music-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) intervention has been established on various participants such as students in secondary schools, university students, and other categories of adults. However, there is a dearth of literature on the effectiveness of music-based CBT intervention program on the management of primary school pupils’ test anxiety in basic science. Thus, this study sought the effectiveness of a music-based CBT intervention program on the management of test anxiety among pupils. A randomized controlled trial experimental design was adopted for the study using a sample of 58 primary three (3) pupils. Test anxiety questionnaire (TAQ) was adopted for data collection. TAQ was trial-tested due to the cultural differences of the participants. The internal consistency reliability of the items of TAQ was estimated to be .79 using the Cronbach alpha method, while its estimate of temporal stability index was .86 using Pearson product moment correlation. Data were analyzed using mixed-design repeated measures analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. The findings of the study revealed that music-based CBT had a significant effect on the management of test anxiety among pupils. This finding has implication for community development in the sense that test anxiety among pupils can be better managed using the music-based CBT intervention program. This will enable the children to grow better academically and contribute to the community they belong to. It was thus recommended that primary school teachers should be enlightened on how to make use of music-based CBT in the management of test anxiety among pupils.

PPQ-trajectory

We present PPQ-trajectory, a spatio-temporal quantization based solution for querying large dynamic trajectory data. PPQ-trajectory includes a partition-wise predictive quantizer (PPQ) that generates an error-bounded codebook with autocorrelation and spatial proximity-based partitions. The codebook is indexed to run approximate and exact spatio-temporal queries over compressed trajectories. PPQ-trajectory includes a coordinate quadtree coding for the codebook with support for exact queries. An incremental temporal partition-based index is utilised to avoid full reconstruction of trajectories during queries. An extensive set of experimental results for spatio-temporal queries on real trajectory datasets is presented. PPQ-trajectory shows significant improvements over the alternatives with respect to several performance measures, including the accuracy of results when the summary is used directly to provide approximate query results, the spatial deviation with which spatio-temporal path queries can be answered when the summary is used as an index, and the time taken to construct the summary. Superior results on the quality of the summary and the compression ratio are also demonstrated.

A NOVEL INDEX FOR TEMPORAL STABILITY ANALYSIS IN SPACE AND TIME OF SAR-DERIVED SCENES

Abstract. Detecting temporal changes is one of the most important applications of satellite sensors. In recent years, the increasing availability of regular time-series of SAR imagery, provided by the Sentinel-1 mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), has drawn increasing attention to these techniques, especially in earth environment monitoring and risk management. Within this paper, a coherent change detection analysis for evaluating the risk due to movements of dunes and sand sheets in desertic areas is proposed. To this purpose, we introduce a novel, coherence-based index, named Temporal Stability Index (TSI), that is suited for characterizing the percentage of stability of a target with time. TSI maps can be generated over areas as wide as hundreds of kilometers, in a short time, and mostly by exploiting available software tools (plus some simple coding). The information provided is complementary to the average of the short-term coherence, here shown. Results of analysis performed on two desertic regions (the United Arab Emirates and Egypt) document the usefulness of TSI for the identification of dune movements and areas subject to sand accumulation, supporting risk mitigation measures.

Temporal and Spatial Vegetation Index Variability and Response to Temperature and Precipitation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Using GIMMS NDVI

Temporal and Spatial Vegetation Index Variability and Response to Temperature and Precipitation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Using GIMMS NDVI