Temporal Frame Research Articles

Effects of temporal framing and hazard experience on receptivity to hurricane risk messages: A survey of U.S. Gulf Coast residents

IntroductionAs knowledge in the scientific community increases regarding how anthropogenic CO2 loading of the atmosphere will impact future hurricane activity, the need for effective and accurate communication of hurricane risk in coastal communities—specifically to non-scientific stakeholders—also increases.MethodsTo better inform hurricane risk communication, this study employs a survey of U.S. Gulf Coast residents immediately following the active 2017 hurricane season to consider how message framing (as established by communicator word choice) and stakeholders' experience may affect receptivity to hurricane hazard information. Specifically, it tests how respondents' perceptions of hurricane risk varied with prior experience and following exposure to randomly assigned, infographic-based depictions of trends in major hurricane (≥ category 3, Saffir Simpson Scale) frequency. The set of randomly assigned infographics varied in both temporal framing (past-to-present trends based on paleo data versus present-to-future trends based on climate projections) and causal framing (‘climate change' versus ‘ocean and atmospheric change').ResultsDamaging hurricane experience may be associated with a tendency towards increasing hurricane risk perceptions after viewing the infographics. For framing effects, temporal framing of hurricane risk messages matters, with forward-looking framings (future projections) causing increased perceptions of risk and storm frequency; effects of causal framing were not significant. The results also show that Gulf Coast residents tend to be more optimistic about the future frequency of major hurricanes than most scientists and, consistent with confirmation and optimism biases, are somewhat resistant to changing their prior risk beliefs based on infographic exposure.DiscussionThese results suggest that future projections – rather than paelo analogs – may be best for quickly communicating expected increases in hurricane risk. Communicators should consider these factors when translating scientific hurricane risk information to the public.

FlowRAU-Net: Accelerated 4D Flow MRI of Aortic Valvular Flows With a Deep 2D Residual Attention Network.

In this work, we propose a novel deep learning reconstruction framework for rapid and accurate reconstruction of 4D flow MRI data. Reconstruction is performed on a slice-by-slice basis by reducing artifacts in zero-filled reconstructed complex images obtained from undersampled k-space. A deep residual attention network FlowRAU-Net is proposed, trained separately for each encoding direction with 2D complex image slices extracted from complex 4D images at each temporal frame and slice position. The network was trained and tested on 4D flow MRI data of aortic valvular flow in 18 human subjects. Performance of the reconstructions was measured in terms of image quality, 3-D velocity vector accuracy, and accuracy in hemodynamic parameters. Reconstruction performance was measured for three different k-space undersamplings and compared with one state of the art compressed sensing reconstruction method and three deep learning-based reconstruction methods. The proposed method outperforms state of the art methods in all performance measures for all three different k-space undersamplings. Hemodynamic parameters such as blood flow rate and peak velocity from the proposed technique show good agreement with reference flow parameters. Visualization of the reconstructed image and velocity magnitude also shows excellent agreement with the fully sampled reference dataset. Moreover, the proposed method is computationally fast. Total 4D flow data (including all slices in space and time) for a subject can be reconstructed in 69 seconds on a single GPU. Although the proposed method has been applied to 4D flow MRI of aortic valvular flows, given a sufficient number of training samples, it should be applicable to other arterial flows.

Should Ethics Consultants Make their Findings Transparent? How Important Is “Intimacy” between Patients and Careproviders?

A recently enacted law permits patients to see their electronic medical record (EMR) immediately after their careprovider writes in it. In this article I discuss a proposal that authors make in this issue of The Journal of Clinical Ethics, that ethics consultants (ECs) keep their notes in a separate section of the EMR that patients cannot access when their ethics notes may be troubling to patients, to avoid unduly harming them. I discuss this concern and three more widely applicable clinical goals: to help patients feel safe; to gain patients' trust; and to provide hope to patients, when possible. These goals apply to careproviders and ECs who seek to help patients and families resolve ethical conflicts. I explain why these goals are singularly important and how careproviders may pursue them, using as an example informing patients about temporal framing to help them find hope.

“Again you will plant vineyards”

Studies of prophecy in the context of Judaism have predominantly attended to how messianic sects react when prophecies fail to be fulfilled; they have drawn on the concept of cognitive dissonance to explain how such setbacks tend to bolster rather than weaken belief. Less attention has been paid to how subjects react to and live with the perceived fulfillment of prophecy. This article describes religious Jewish winemakers in West Bank settlements whose phenomenal experience of meta-historical time in the temporal frame of ge’ula, redemption, displaces the precarity and uncertainty of the contemporary settlement projects, renders the moral and political stakes of the occupation less disturbing, and fosters hope for a prosperous future. The temporal consequences of lived prophecy for the settlers can be understood as “temporal dissonance,” characterizing the disjuncture between the harsh reality of the political present and the prophesied idyllic future.

From “limited sovereignty” to decolonization in Ukraine

This article takes up the loaded topic of “Russia in the world of Ukraine.” Now an object of official Russia’s aggressive attention, contemporary Ukraine presents a pressing case for reconsidering colonialism which, I propose, requires reconceptualizing sovereignty. I compare descriptions of sovereignty resting on two different genealogies, “limited sovereignty” as described by Russian expert Igor Gretskiy and “creative sovereignty” from Ukrainian scholar Oleksandr Merezhko, and bring them into conversation with Ukrainian Semyon Gluzman’s argument that thinking about colonialism in Ukraine implicates temporality, reflexivity, and subjectivity. Beyond “center” and “periphery,” beyond mapping control, suffering, production, and exploitation onto topographies of sovereign power and rural subjectivity, can we imagine sovereignty beyond territoriality? Can we decolonize the present from the past? The essay concludes with a suggestion to expand consideration of colonialism from a spatial to a temporal frame, the lexicon of colonialism beyond spatial deictics, and the project of decolonization to ourselves.

H2-Stereo: High-Speed, High-Resolution Stereoscopic Video System

High-speed, high-resolution stereoscopic (H2-Stereo) video allows us to perceive dynamic 3D content at fine granularity. The acquisition of H2-Stereo video, however, remains challenging with commodity cameras. Existing spatial super-resolution or temporal frame interpolation methods provide compromised solutions that lack temporal or spatial details, respectively. To alleviate this problem, we propose a dual camera system, in which one camera captures high-spatial-resolution low-frame-rate (HSR-LFR) videos with rich spatial details, and the other captures low-spatial-resolution high-frame-rate (LSR-HFR) videos with smooth temporal details. We then devise a Learned Information Fusion network (LIFnet) that exploits the cross-camera redundancies to enhance both camera views to high spatiotemporal resolution (HSTR) for reconstructing the H2-Stereo video effectively. We utilize a disparity network to transfer spatiotemporal information across views even in large disparity scenes, based on which, we propose disparity-guided flow-based warping for LSR-HFR view and complementary warping for HSR-LFR view. A multi-scale fusion method in feature domain is proposed to minimize occlusion-induced warping ghosts and holes in HSR-LFR view. The LIFnet is trained in an end-to-end manner using our collected high-quality Stereo Video dataset from YouTube. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods for both views on synthetic data and camera-captured real data with large disparity. Ablation studies explore various aspects, including spatiotemporal resolution, camera baseline, camera desynchronization, long/short exposures and applications, of our system to fully understand its capability for potential applications.

Cultivation in Normalization Drama: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Um Haroun Series

This study aims to identify the role that Gulf drama plays in influencing Arab viewers' opinion about normalization with the Israeli occupation state and the potential impact of this drama's discourse on the relationship between the Arab masses and the Palestinian people. It also recognizes the messages that promote the normalization of the series Um Haroun contains. MBC broadcasted Um Haroun during the month of Ramadan 2020. In this study, we investigated the series within its temporal and social context-based framing and cultivation theories. The analytical model adopted for this study is Fairclough's three stages of Critical Discourse Analysis to gain insights into the covert messages in the series as this model includes description, interpretation, and explanation. The analysis revealed that the series of Um Haroun contains messages that encourage normalization between Arabs and the Israeli occupation state, especially cultural normalization. The directors of the series practiced and institutionalized a clear framing process in a way that serves the discourse of the ruling authorities and the powerful elements in the Gulf society, to the detriment of the less powerful. They did this in several ways, including, for instance, re-framing historical events and facts to promote the idea of the Abrahamic faith covertly by endorsing concepts of coexistence and common destiny for the followers of the three religions. Considerably more work will need to be done to explore the attempts of Arab drama in changing the awareness of Arab people and influencing public opinion.

A Behavioral Approach to the Human Understanding of Time: Relational Frame Theory and Temporal Relational Framing

A Behavioral Approach to the Human Understanding of Time: Relational Frame Theory and Temporal Relational Framing

HYPR4D kernel method on TOF PET data with validations including image-derived input function

BackgroundPositron emission tomography (PET) images are typically noisy especially in dynamic imaging where the PET data are divided into a number of short temporal frames often with a low number of counts. As a result, image features such as contrast and time–activity curves are highly variable. Noise reduction in PET is thus essential. Typical noise reduction methods tend to not preserve image features/patterns (e.g. contrast and size dependent) accurately. In this work, we report the first application of our HYPR4D kernel method on time-of-flight (TOF) PET data (i.e. PSF-HYPR4D-K-TOFOSEM). The proposed HYPR4D kernel method makes use of the mean 4D high frequency features and inconsistent noise patterns over OSEM subsets as well as the low noise property of the early reconstruction updates to achieve prior-free de-noising. The method was implemented and tested on the GE SIGNA PET/MR and was compared to the TOF reconstructions with PSF resolution modeling available on the system, namely PSF-TOFOSEM with and without standard post filter and PSF-TOFBSREM (TOF Q.Clear) with various beta values (regularization strengths).ResultsResults from experimental contrast phantom and human subject data with various PET tracers showed that the proposed method provides more robust and accurate image features compared to other regularization methods. The preservation of contrast for the PSF-HYPR4D-K-TOFOSEM was observed to be better and less dependent on the contrast and size of the target structures as compared to TOF Q.Clear and PSF-TOFOSEM with filter. At the same contrast level, PSF-HYPR4D-K-TOFOSEM achieved better 4D noise suppression than other methods (e.g. >2 times lower noise than TOF Q.Clear at the highest contrast). We also present a novel voxel search method to obtain an image-derived input function (IDIF) and demonstrate that the obtained IDIF is the most quantitative w.r.t. the measured blood samples when the acquired data are reconstructed with PSF-HYPR4D-K-TOFOSEM.ConclusionsThe overall results support superior performance of the PSF-HYPR4D-K-TOFOSEM for TOF PET data and demonstrate that the proposed method is likely suitable for all imaging tasks including the generation of IDIF without requiring any prior information as well as further improving the effective sensitivity of the imaging system.

Far away or yesterday? Shifting perceptions of time for political ends

Voters evaluate political candidates not only based on their recent record but their history, often faced with weighing the relevance of long-past misdeeds in current appraisal. How should a distant transgression be taken to reflect on the present? Across multiple years, political figures and incidents, we found that people's subjective perceptions of time concerning political candidate's histories can differ radically, regardless of objective fact; political bias shapes people's perception of the time of things past. Results showed that despite equidistant calendar time, people subjectively view a favored politician's successes and opposing politician's failures as much closer in time, while a favored politician's failures and opponent's success seem much further away. Studies 1-3 tested the proposed phenomena across distinct (real and hypothetical) political contexts, while Study 4 tested the causal effects of temporal distance framing. Study 5 provided a final preregistered test of the findings. Overall, we demonstrate that partisans can protect their candidates and attack opponents by shifting their perception of time.

The Minister of Mercy Is a Homegirl

This review essay on Laurie R. Lambert’s Comrade Sister: Caribbean Feminist Revisions of the Revolution (2020) considers the narrative and rhetorical strategies that Black women political figures use in their memoirs to represent US imperial presence and violence in the aftermath of the Grenada Revolution. As it highlights Lambert’s attention to Joan Purcell’s truncated temporal framing of the Grenada Revolution, the essay offers a close reading of Phyllis Coard’s memoir to elaborate the significance of temporality in literary representations of the revolution and to question how the memoir as a genre both elaborates and dulls trauma. Rather than emphasize and celebrate the exceptional quality of Black women political figures and their careers, the essay points to a close reading practice that more seriously considers Black womanhood and empire.

Colonial labels and the imagined innocence of past times: Debating language and spatial representations of the Danish/Greenlandic relation

AbstractThis article examines struggles related to the recasting of the collective memory connected to Danish colonialism, through analyses of exhibitions in, and communication from, the Danish National Museum. By use of multimodal and semiotic landscape analysis, we show how the Danish National Museum works to reformulate the historical relationship between Greenland and Denmark in ways that avoid the colonizer's language and at the same time describe and construct complex relations of past and present. The analysis demonstrates how a temporal ambiguity is present in the museum exhibitions, not offering a conclusive understanding of the colonial period. At the same time, we show how the presence and absence of colonial language in public space is inscribed into temporal frames legitimizing or problematizing their status. (Semiotic landscape, colonialism, language and nation, temporality)*

Reconfiguring Deep Time

Abstract Deep time comes in many forms, including a range of temporal frames, and various approaches to more ethical engagement with the biosphere. In this paper, I explore the recent use and contestation of history, in light of its legacy as a Christian theological project (from Eusebius and Bede into more recent renderings) and a potent political tool. In particular I argue for a pluralising of deep time against forms of white supremacy, and point to work in Black philosophy of history, particularly Caribbean critical thought, which offer a reframing of history, and by extension a different sort of ethical engagement with deep time.

Multi-frame DVC for temporal image sequences

Digital volume correlation (DVC) is a 3D image-based technique for displacement and strain computation. Traditionally, both (digital image correlation) DIC and DVC are methods based on two individual time frames; the estimation of the displacement and strain field is done using one reference and one moving frame as input. However, dynamic experiments generate more than two temporal frames. Therefore, with classical DVC techniques, only a subset of the available data is used. In this study, we propose a novel DVC method that can rely on more than two frames for the displacement and strain computation. The proposed method aims to be as general as possible; there is no constraint regarding the nature or the rate of the displacement (e.g., cyclic or linear). The aim of this method is to impose a temporal regularization that improves the self-consistency of the algorithm. The multi-frame DVC improves the quality of the registration in challenging situations. As an example, we investigate the dissolution of a pharmaceutical tablet in water, which undergoes three processes: swelling, gel formation, and material erosion. The accuracy of the registration—quantified by the sum of square differences (SSD)—has improved by 23% on an average with respect to the classical two-frame method. Classical DVC methods fail in registering images with structures that change appearance through time, such as the tablet that, in contact with water, reacts chemically, changing phase and becoming a gel. Moreover, we proved that multi-frame DVC is more robust in registering images with severe but realistic motion artefacts. As an example for this case, we apply the method to a series of μ-CT datasets of aluminum foam during a compression experiment. As seen with the tablets, we are in a situation where the appearance of the structures in the images changes through time, but in this case it is because of motion artefacts. Finally, the use of more than two frames makes the method more robust against noisy images, with an average improvement of 35% in registration accuracy obtained using the three-frame DVC method compared to the classical two-frame DVC method.

Leaving Past Adversities Behind: Gratitude Intervention Compensates for the Undesirable Effects of Past Time Perspectives on Negative Affect.

Both gratitude and savoring the moment are considered to be well-established “well-being boosters” (WBBs). Each of them has a salient temporal reference: Gratitude is past-related, whereas savoring the moment refers to the present. The temporal match–mismatch model posits that time perspectives (TPs) moderate the effects of WBBs on well-being if they refer to the same temporal frame (e.g., gratitude and Past-Positive). Our study tested whether TPs moderate the effects of two positive interventions on positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The participants (N = 174 individuals, 73% women) completed measures of TPs, PA, and NA, followed by a brief intervention of gratitude (N = 86) or savoring (N = 88). Subsequently, they completed the PA/NA measures again. Both interventions significantly decreased NA but did not foster PA. The magnitude of the shift in NA in the gratitude condition depended on the levels of past TPs: Individuals high in Past-Negative and low in Past-Positive displayed greater baseline NA than their counterparts; however, the difference was leveled after the gratitude intervention. No interaction effects between the present TPs and the savoring intervention were observed. The results suggest that practicing gratitude may diminish the undesirable consequences of negative views of the past.

A ‘continuing, imminent’ threat: the temporal frameworks enabling the US war on terrorism

For nearly two decades, the United States has chosen to narrate its response to terrorism through what Judith Butler refers to as the ‘frame of war’. Despite this, victory in that country’s longest war remains largely unimaginable. In some ways this is a problem of time – it is not that victory or an end to the conflict is literally unimaginable, it’s that from our political present, an end appears radically discontinuous. This article builds on recent work using temporality and the political present as a lens and conceptual framework to better understand how temporal assumptions and frames shape the practice of war and political violence. In this article, I show how time and timing play a significant role in justifying the violence of the war on terrorism and in making it intelligible as war. I examine the past three administrations and focus on three areas – the borders of wartime, temporal continuity, and the vision of a post-war future – to show important differences in administrative approaches. To more concretely understand the practice of political violence going forward, attention to the temporal dynamics of politics must be front and center, particularly one possessing ambivalent frames. Doing so reveals the implications these dynamics have for the conduct and permissibility of violence.

Time Out from the Daily Grind: Peasant Rest in Late Imperial Rural Russia

This article explores rest in rural late imperial Russia through the spatial frame of the domestic home — that is, rest and leisure that took place in peasant homes and village streets; and in the temporal frame of rest in between and at the end of working days. Male and female sociability manifested, across generations, in gatherings at friends and neighbours' homes to chat and share news. This foundation pastime was enriched with singing, music, card and physical games, reading and listening, smoking, chewing and snacking, and for unmarried youths, flirting. This article's approach incorporates sensory and experiential approaches, with the aspiration to give a sense of smell, taste, sound and feeling in villagers' everyday life.

Future memory work: unsettling temporal Othering through speculative research practices

This article introduces ‘future memory work’ as a conceptual framework and speculative practice to unsettle the temporal hierarchies that are intrinsically tied to the anthropological project and that lead to Othering through time. By adding a future dimension to memory work – a concept and methodological tool to better understand how we make sense of the world around us – it becomes possible not only to acknowledge but proactively make use of how the future shapes the way we (re)construct the past in the now. The article foregrounds a study wherein young Indigenous people from Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) were invited to create ‘future memories’ for subsequent generations by producing ‘memory texts’ that best represent what they consider worth preserving. In my research, I utilize the future to elevate the present in conjunction with the past and illustrate how this future-orientation offers an alternative temporal frame to investigate young Kalaallit’s (Greenlandic Inuit) multitemporal relations to the world.

Manoeuvre planning algorithm for satellite formations using mean relative orbital elements

Formation flying missions have increased their importance thanks to the better performances that can be achieved with a distributed system of satellites. One of the most demanding challenges linked to formation flying missions is the formulation of a robust control plan. Due to the recent developments in electrical propulsion, controllers that apply a continuous low-thrust to each spacecraft in the formation have been proposed, achieving precise control. This idea is used in this manuscript, where an open-loop manoeuvre planning algorithm is developed, to provide the control accelerations to achieve a formation reconfiguration in a given temporal frame. The proposed algorithm is based on an innovative control technique, which relies on the mean relative orbital elements as state variables of a first-order dynamic system. It includes the effect of the gravitational field of the Earth. Finally, the algorithm is tested with two different test cases of formation flying reconfiguration, presenting and analysing their results. The test case scenarios considered are based on possible future mission concepts in Low Earth Orbit, aiming at improving the control performances for the mission design.

Post-crisis imaginaries in the time of direct-acting antiviral hepatitis C treatment

Until the recent introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications, the only available hepatitis C treatments were lengthy and onerous interferon-based therapies, with relatively weak success rates. While experiences of interferon-based treatment have been well documented, there is a need to better understand how the experiences of the ‘old’ treatments shape contemporary treatment experiences. This article uses the concept of ‘post-crisis’ developed in critical scholarship on HIV/AIDS, and recent theorisations of ‘curative time’, to explore the relationship between contemporary treatment experiences and the legacies of interferon-based therapies. In mobilising these concepts, we trouble linear temporal logics that take for granted distinctions between the past and present, old and new, and cure and post-cure, and draw attention to the fluidity of time and the overlapping co-constitutive terrains of meaning that shape treatment experiences. Drawing on 50 interviews with people affected by hepatitis C, we argue that the curative imaginary of DAA treatments – that is, the temporal framing applied to hepatitis C in which cure is expected and assumed – is shaped by the logic of crisis. Here, knowledge of and the possibilities for the new treatments and living with hepatitis C remain tethered to crisis accounts of interferon. Unlike HIV/AIDS, in which the disease itself was figured as crisis, many participants described interferon-based treatments as the crisis: as worse than living with hepatitis C. While the new treatments were widely described as simple and easy, we argue that treatment is not so straightforward and that the crisis/post-crisis relation is central to this complexity . We conclude by considering the significance of these post-crisis enactments for understanding the recent plateauing of DAA treatment uptake, and reflect on how post-crisis futures of hepatitis C ‘cure’ need to address the ongoing constitutive effects of interferon-based treatments.