Temporal Distance Research Articles

Separable Representations for Duration and Distance in Virtual Movements.

To navigate through the environment, humans must be able to measure both the distance traveled in space, and the interval elapsed in time. Yet, how the brain holds both of these metrics simultaneously is less well known. One possibility is that participants measure how far and how long they have traveled relative to a known reference point. To measure this, we had human participants (n = 24) perform a distance estimation task in a virtual environment in which they were cued to attend to either the spatial or temporal interval traveled while responses were measured with multiband fMRI. We observed that both dimensions evoked similar frontoparietal networks, yet with a striking rostrocaudal dissociation between temporal and spatial estimation. Multivariate classifiers trained on each dimension were further able to predict the temporal or spatial interval traveled, with centers of activation within the SMA and retrosplenial cortex for time and space, respectively. Furthermore, a cross-classification approach revealed the right supramarginal gyrus and occipital place area as regions capable of decoding the general magnitude of the traveled distance. Altogether, our findings suggest the brain uses separate systems for tracking spatial and temporal distances, which are combined together along with dimension-nonspecific estimates.

Context and Time Regulate Fear Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation in the Basolateral Amygdala Complex.

It is widely accepted that fear memories are consolidated through protein synthesis-dependent changes in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). However, recent studies show that protein synthesis is not required to consolidate the memory of a new dangerous experience when it is similar to a prior experience. Here, we examined whether the protein synthesis requirement for consolidating the new experience varies with its spatial and temporal distance from the prior experience. Female and male rats were conditioned to fear a stimulus (S1, e.g., light) paired with shock in stage 1 and a second stimulus (S2, e.g., tone) that preceded additional S1-shock pairings (S2-S1-shock) in stage 2. The latter stage was followed by a BLA infusion of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, or vehicle. Subsequent testing with S2 revealed that protein synthesis in the BLA was not required to consolidate fear to S2 when the training stages occurred 48 h apart in the same context; was required when they were separated by 14 d or occurred in different contexts; but was again not required if S1 was re-presented after the delay or in the different context. Similarly, protein synthesis in the BLA was not required to reconsolidate fear to S2 when the training stages occurred 48 h apart but was required when they occurred 14 d apart. Thus, the protein synthesis requirement for consolidating/reconsolidating fear memories in the BLA is determined by similarity between present and past experiences, the time and place in which they occur, and reminders of the past experiences.

Remote Sensing Observations of a Coastal Water Environment Based on Neural Network and Spatiotemporal Fusion Technology: A Case Study of Hangzhou Bay

The coastal environment is characterized by high, multi-scale dynamics and the corresponding observations from a single remote sensing sensor are still facing challenges in achieving both high temporal and spatial resolution. This study proposed a spatiotemporal fusion model for coastal environments, which could fully enhance the efficiency of remote sensing data use and overcome the shortcomings of traditional spatiotemporal models that are insensitive to small-scale disturbances. The Enhanced Deep Super-Resolution Network (EDSR) was used to reconstruct spatial features in the lower spatial resolution GOCI-II data. The spatial features obtained instead of GOCI-II data were fed into the spatiotemporal fusion model, which enabled the fusion data to achieve an hour-by-hour observation of the water color and morphology information changes at 30 m resolution, including the changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of suspended particulate matter (SPM), the characterization of the vortex street caused by the bridge piers, the inundation process of the tidal flats, and coastline changes. In addition, this study analyzed the various factors affecting fusion accuracy, including spectral difference, errors in both temporal difference and location distance, and the structure of the EDSR model on the fusion accuracy. It is demonstrated that the location distance error and the spectral difference have the most significant impact on the fusion data, which may lead to the introduction of some ambiguous or erroneous spatial features.

Delayed risk in individual and social decisions

This paper studies temporal-distance effects on individual and social risks, testing Construal Level Theory. We elicit WTPs for risky and ambiguous lotteries and vary the timing (immediately vs. in two weeks) when the uncertainty is resolved. Subjects have lower WTPs for longshots than for safer lotteries. Under ambiguity, this gap decreases with temporal distance. Subjects are ambiguity averse, which becomes less pronounced when low-probability lotteries are processed in the future. In a trust game, we study temporal-distance effects on social risks. Time distance lowers trust as trustors correctly anticipate that reciprocity is lower when trustees decide in the future.

Children's and adults' memory for the order of events in a museum: A preliminary study about temporal memory and its development using photo-taking and event-related potentials

Remembering personal past events and their order is important. These capacities are essential to episodic and autobiographical memory theories, are needed in the creation of life stories and vital in forensic settings. As important as memory for events and their order are, relatively little is known about their development and the underlying neural processes that support them. Further, there is a paucity of studies that have examined memory and its development for autobiographical, yet controlled, events. The objective of this study was to examine memory for the temporal order of naturalistic “real world” events by directly comparing 7-11-year-olds and adults using both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures. Participants photographed events at a local museum and after a delay, we used their photographs to test their memory for the temporal order of pairs of the events. We experimentally manipulated the temporal distance between the event pairs (whether the two events photographed in the pair had a short or long temporal distance between them). A memory asymmetry manipulation was also included such that at retrieval, photographs were either presented in forward direction (photograph on the top configuration was taken before photograph shown on the bottom) or vice versa. Children and adults showed sensitivity to temporal distance between events based on behavior (in some instances accuracy was higher for long compared to short temporal distance) and ERP (differential neural processing for short and long temporal distance conditions). Only adults showed sensitivity to the memory asymmetry manipulation, and only when the events occurred within a short temporal distance. A larger study is needed to confirm the present “proof of concept” study results. There is strong potential of this photo paradigm approach, combining naturalistic events with ERP, in future developmental studies, and would further our understanding of how memory behavior and the neural processes underlying memory operate in the “real world.”

Geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships across taxa

Communities that are farther away from one another in distance or time tend to be more dissimilar. These relationships are often referred to as ‘distance–decay' relationships, relating compositional dissimilarity of communities to geographic distance or exploring compositional shifts through time at a single site. The data required to explore both relationships simultaneously – and their potential interactions – require standardized sampling through time across a set of geographically unique sites. We used data on five taxonomic groups sampled between 2013 and 2021 as part of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) to explore evidence for geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships. Links between these relationships were explored by estimating the temporal consistency of geographic distance–decay relationships and estimating the strength of geographic patterns in temporal distance–decay relationships. Overall, we found evidence for geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships across the five studied taxa, but detected no temporal signal in geographic distance–decay relationships and no spatial signal in temporal distance–decay relationships. Together, this highlights that community composition changes across geographic and temporal gradients, but that the drivers of these changes may depend on different drivers at different scales.

Acoustic and visual geometry descriptor for multi-modal emotion recognition fromvideos

<span>Recognizing human emotions simultaneously from multiple data modalities (e.g., face, and speech) has drawn significant research interest, and numerous research contributions have been investigated in the affective computing community. However, most methods concentrate less on facial alignment and keyframe selection for audio-visual input. Hence, this paper proposed a new audio-visual descriptor, mainly concentrating on describing the emotion through only a few frames. For this purpose, we proposed a new self-similarity distance matrix (SSDM), which computes the spatial, and temporal distances through landmark points on the facial image. The audio signal is described through an asset of composite features, including statistical features, spectral features, formant frequencies, and energies. A support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is employed to classify both models, and the final results are fused to predict the emotion. Surrey audio-visual expressed emotion (SAVEE) and Ryerson multimedia research lab (RML) datasets are utilized for experimental validation, and the proposed method has shown significant improvement from the state of art methods.</span>

Abstract WMP97: Stroke Risk After Emergency Department Treat-and-Release Visit for Fall

Introduction: Previous cohort studies of hospitalized patients with a delayed diagnosis of ischemic stroke have found that these patients often had an initial admitting diagnosis of fall from the ED. We sought to evaluate whether ED visits resulting in discharge to home (i.e., treat-and-release) after a fall were associated with increased short-term stroke risk. Methods: A case-crossover design was used to compare ED visits for falls during case periods (0-15, 16-30, 31-90, 91-180, and 181-365 days prior to stroke) and control periods (equivalent time periods exactly 1 year prior to stroke) using administrative data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project on all hospital admissions and ED visits across New York and Florida from 2016-2018. To identify ED treat-and-release visits for falls, we used previously validated ICD-10-CM injury codes. To identify patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke, we used previously validated ICD-10-CM codes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Results: We identified 62,849 hospitalized ischemic stroke patients, of whom 4,693 (7.5%) had an ED treat-and-release visit for fall one year prior to their stroke. Patients with an ED treat-and-release visit for fall were older (mean age 77 years [SD 14] vs 71 years [SD 15]), more often female (63% vs 49%), and had similar prevalence of vascular comorbidities as other stroke patients. ED treat-and-release visits for fall were significantly more common in the 15 days before stroke compared to the 15-day control period 1 year earlier (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 3.8-5.5; P= 0.008). The association between stroke and a preceding ED visit for fall decreased in magnitude with increasing temporal distance from stroke but remained significantly elevated in all case periods compared to control periods as well as during the entire year prior to stroke hospitalization (0-365 days) (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 3.1-3.6; P=0.049). Conclusion: ED treat-and-release visits for falls are associated with significantly increased stroke risk.

The effect of psychological distance on intertemporal choice of the reward processing: an eye-tracking investigation.

This study employed eye-tracking technology to investigate how varying dimensions of psychological distance-temporal, probability, and social-affect intertemporal choice. Across three experiments, participants were asked to select between two intertemporal options while their eye movements were monitored. Findings revealed inconsistent impacts of different psychological distances on intertemporal decision-making. Increased temporal and social distances led to a preference for larger delayed rewards (Studies 1 and 3), whereas an increase in probability distance did not significantly alter choice preferences (Study 2). The research also highlighted a general pattern in information processing; as psychological distance widened, participants showed a tendency toward dimension-specific processing in making intertemporal decisions.

Comparative analysis of inbound tourist flows of different groups: the case of Japan

ABSTRACT Analyzing the tourism mobility characteristics and preferences of different tourist groups helps develop corresponding tourism strategies and targeted tourism planning. This study applied Social Network Analysis and GIS mapping to comprehensively deconstruct the structural characteristics of inbound tourist flow networks of different tourist groups in Japan. The results show that there are significant differences in the structural characteristics and nodal role functions of tourist flow networks from different regions, with Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Aichi being stable core nodes. The distance decay patterns of tourist flows from each region vary, with a significant influence from length of stay. There are four distribution patterns for tourist flow networks under the influence of spatial–temporal distance: short-stay with double-core pattern, short and medium stay with multi-core pattern, medium-stay with triangle core pattern, and long-stay with a regional pattern. Lastly, the mobility preferences of different inbound tourist groups are summarized.

Semantic-aware Video Representation for Few-shot Action Recognition.

Recent work on action recognition leverages 3D features and textual information to achieve state-of-the-art performance. However, most of the current few-shot action recognition methods still rely on 2D frame-level representations, often require additional components to model temporal relations, and employ complex distance functions to achieve accurate alignment of these representations. In addition, existing methods struggle to effectively integrate textual semantics, some resorting to concatenation or addition of textual and visual features, and some using text merely as an additional supervision without truly achieving feature fusion and information transfer from different modalities. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective Semantic-Aware Few-Shot Action Recognition (SAFSAR) model to address these issues. We show that directly leveraging a 3D feature extractor combined with an effective feature-fusion scheme, and a simple cosine similarity for classification can yield better performance without the need of extra components for temporal modeling or complex distance functions. We introduce an innovative scheme to encode the textual semantics into the video representation which adaptively fuses features from text and video, and encourages the visual encoder to extract more semantically consistent features. In this scheme, SAFSAR achieves alignment and fusion in a compact way. Experiments on five challenging few-shot action recognition benchmarks under various settings demonstrate that the proposed SAFSAR model significantly improves the state-of-the-art performance.

Does temporal distance (still) affect the performance of virtual teams

Does temporal distance (still) affect the performance of virtual teams

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ДИНАМИКИ ПОТРЕБНОСТИ АФФИЛИАЦИИ ПРИ ПЕРЕЖИВАНИИ ЛИЧНОСТЬЮ ЖИЗНЕННЫХ КРИЗИСОВ

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the inevitability and diversity of crises in human life. It is noted that interpersonal relations play a role in the experience and overcoming of life crises. The mechanism of affiliation is identified as a factor influencing interpersonal relationships. This paper presents an analysis of theoretical approaches to understanding this phenomenon and its definition. It is observed that the issues of affiliation and, in particular, the role of affiliation in the experience of stressful situations and life crises are currently underdeveloped. The study of the affiliation motive in the context of experiencing life crises was found to have significant theoretical and applied potential. The objective of the presented research is to analyze the impact of life crises on the expression of the need for affiliation and to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the level of expression of the need for affiliation and the temporal distance between the actual life period and the place of the crisis event in the temporal space of the life path of an individual. The data from the content analysis of 390 definitions used by respondents to describe crisis events in their lives are presented. Based on the content analysis, the prevailing semantic units describing the central problem of the respondents' life crises are identified. The study revealed that the most distressing experiences were related to professional activities, family relationships, life changes, Special Military Operation (SMO), financial difficulties, and the illness of a loved one. The study describes specific temporal ranges of experiencing crisis events. It also outlines diagnostics of the state of need for affiliation, which were used to differentiate the total sample into subgroups with high, medium, and low levels of desire for acceptance. The level of affiliation in respondents with different temporal characteristics of experienced life crises was compared. The dynamics of the need for acceptance depending on the temporal indicators of the crisis events was noted. As the acuity of the life crisis increases, the probability of decreasing the need for affiliation increases. The closer in time the crisis is, the less the need for affiliation is formed.

The Scene of the Council Hall: the Storyline and the Structure of the Grand Final Scene in the Second Edition of Verdi’s Opera Simon Boccanegra

The comparison of different authorial redactions of operas presents one of the through themes of world Verdi studies. The opera Simon Boccanegra holds a unique position, since the second version of the opera was created by Verdi almost a quarter of a century following the first. The depth of the changes, first of all, in the final scene of the first act, for which a new interpretation of the content was found is stipulated by such a temporal distance. Also important is the fact that the edition of Simon Boccanegra became the first large-scale collaborative work of Verdi and Arrigo Boito. In the two versions of the opera, the interconnection between the storyline and the structural laws is examined in the context of the general evolution of Verdi’s pivotal final scenes. In the original version, the composer still followed the conventional traditions, having created the most conservatively structured scene of that kind of all of his works from the 1850s. In the version of 1881, the final scene was transformed into one of the boldest and most original mass scenes in Verdi’s music. While initially the introduction of the episode missing in the play by Antonio García Gutiérrez (the festivities in honor of the anniversary of Simon Boccanegra having been elected as the doge of Genoa) was stipulated by the tradition of the mass grand final scene, the typical structure of which was in many ways “prompted” the scenario, in the second redaction, already the storyline and the verbal text of the scene of the Council session predetermined its musical-dramaturgical structure. However, even in this innovative final scene, Verdi does not abandon certain attributes of the typical structure. The result was a paradoxically organic combination of tradition and innovation of the scene in the Council Hall, which has become one of the pinnacles of the combined artistic work of the outstanding musician and the playwright.

Does temporal distance (still) affect the performance of virtual teams

Does temporal distance (still) affect the performance of virtual teams

Nash Equilibria in Reverse Temporal Voronoi Games

We study Voronoi games on temporal graphs as introduced by Boehmer et al. (IJCAI '21) where two players each select a vertex in a temporal graph with the goal of reaching the other vertices earlier than the other player. In this work, we consider the reverse temporal Voronoi game, that is, a player wants to maximize the number of vertices reaching her earlier than the other player. Since temporal distances in temporal graphs are not symmetric in general, this yields a different game. We investigate the difference between the two games with respect to the existence of Nash equilibria in various temporal graph classes including temporal trees, cycles, grids, cliques and split graphs. Our extensive results show that the two games indeed behave quite differently depending on the considered temporal graph class.

Study on the Assimilation of Huyula and Pogogutat Culture in the Gorontalo and Bolaang Mongondow Border Areas

This study examines the assimilation of Huyula culture in Gorontalo and Pogogutat tradition in Bolaang Mongondow, with a specific focus on the border regions between the two. Ongoing research is being conducted to investigate the cultural dynamics and alterations that occur due to reduced spatial, temporal, and interpersonal distances. This research used a qualitative ethnographic methodology to ascertain the extent of cultural assimilation in the two adjacent regions, assess the assimilation of the Huyula and Pogogutat cultures, and identify the factors that contribute to this phenomenon. Theoretical framework encompasses definitions, features, components, and the concept of cultural assimilation within the realm of culture. The present paper explores the Huyula culture of Gorontalo and the Pogogutat tradition of Bolaang Mongondow, providing insights into its historical roots, societal practices, and significance within the local community. In order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, this study also explores previous research conducted on cultural traditions and local knowledge in both regions.

Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Sports Performance of Athletes Engaged in Strategic Team Sports

We examined the cognitive performance of athletes engaged in strategic team sports such as football and basketball with sixty participants including athletes with at least five years of experience at National/State level in football and basketball and non-athletes. Measures of vigilance (continuous performance task), selective attention (spatial cuing task), visual search (feature and conjunction search task), attention network task, working memory (n-back task) and motion perception (apparent motion task) were employed. Athletes outperformed non- athletes on measures of vigilance, visual search, selective attention, and motion perception as they need to process multiple stimuli and engage in coordinated actions. Compared to football players, basketball players performed better with respect to vigilance, attentional facilitation and shifting; and faster target detection in conjunction search task with higher set-size. This is explained in terms of the need to assess the diverse environment and dynamically respond to the requirements related to movement sequences. Basketball and football players were comparable to non-athletes on the working memory task. Football players showed better performance on motion perception task compared to basketball players by effectively varying the temporal distance between stimuli for a strong motion percept, which may account for their ability to judge the speed of motion helping them to accurately perceive other’s actions to prepare for their own action. Thus, different strategic team sports may involve different cognitive skills mediating sports performance. Future work needs to explore more about sport- specific cognitive-perceptual expertise in athletes engaged in team sports as a function of training and experience using a longitudinal design.

Discovering technological opportunities by identifying dynamic structure-coupling patterns and lead-lag distance between science and technology

Technological opportunities are bred in intricate and interactive connections between science and technology (S&T). To identify these potential opportunities, lexical- or topic-based similarity approaches have been extensively applied to quantify S&T linkages; however, these lack consideration of different interaction patterns and lead-lag relationships between S&T. To this end, this study proposes a novel approach to detect technological opportunities within specific S&T topics by incorporating their structure-coupling patterns and temporal lead-lag distance. By transforming S&T knowledge systems into knowledge networks, a network coupling approach is employed to elaborate dynamic interaction patterns of S&T, and a time-lagged cross-correlation analysis is conducted to calculate their lead-lag distance under different time shifts. An evidence analysis from the energy conservation field demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of the proposed methodology in identifying technological opportunities implicit in S&T shared (exists in both S&T) and private topics (exists only in science or technology) from a topical dimension.

Examining the impact of perceived psychological distances of quitting and continuing tobacco smoking on antismoking intention: a cross-sectional study

To date, little research has been conducted to understand the role of psychological distances on smoking behaviour. Construal Level Theory posits that individuals mentally construe events, objects, or ideas based on their perceived distance in terms of spatial, temporal, social, and hypothetical dimensions, influencing their judgments and decision-making processes. The aim of the current study was (1) to provide a comprehensive exploration of psychological distances of costs and benefits of tobacco smoking and antismoking intention and (2) to examine whether smoking can be attributed to rational behaviour based on the psychological distance weighted balance of perceived costs and benefits of quitting and continuing smoking. Mediation models delineating the relationships among temporal and hypothetical psychological distances, personal relevance and antismoking intention were tested on cross-sectional survey data of 1486 smokers (880 men, Mage = 39.9 years, SD = 13.36). Psychological distances were shown to be important factors in the cognitive evaluation process of smoking behaviour. Perceived temporal distance to smoking continuation/cessation was related to personal importance and hypothetical psychological distances, which were associated with anti-smoking intention. Furthermore, antismoking intention was related to the psychological distance-weighted gain-cost balance of quitting and continuing smoking. The current findings enhance our knowledge of the cognitive evaluation of the outcomes of smoking, indicating that the choice of not quitting smoking may be partially based on a biased rational decision-making process.