Temporal Depth Research Articles

Delegados del Saber: la Asociación Nacional de Bibliotecas y las políticas bibliotecarias en Argentina (1908-1913)

Objective/Context: Created in 1908 in Buenos Aires, the National Association of Libraries (Asociación Nacional de Bibliotecas, anb) gathered part of the local intellectuality concerned with reformism to form a federation of Argentine libraries that would act as a mediator between these institutions and the public authorities. This article examines the rise and the first years of existence of this entity to demonstrate the role of a specific civil group in the institutionalization and centralization of library services in Argentina in the early twentieth century. Methodology: For this purpose, we will resort to the hermeneutic and critical analysis of printed primary sources, produced both by members of the Association and by other actors, and to the official documentation of the Argentine national government. In a dialogue with the bibliography, a national library associations’ origin review is proposed to focus on the anb creation and its links with the State. Originality: This study contributes to the knowledge of library policies and the conformation of the librarianship field in Latin America by investigating an object that has not yet been examined. Thus, it proposes a renewed look at the past of libraries in the region through the conceptual tools of Socio-Cultural and Political History while giving greater temporal depth to research on the genesis of the professional field in question through the recovery of this early experience. Conclusions: Conceived as a body for regulating the functioning of libraries and mediating between them and the State, the anb was unable to exercise both functions with equal effectiveness, given that it did not have sufficient mechanisms to enforce its provisions among the associated instances. However, the grouping revealed from its beginnings a remarkable agency to influence governmental decisions, both at the national and provincial levels.

Using microartifacts to infer Middle Pleistocene lifeways at Schöningen, Germany

While archeologists usually favor the study of large and diagnostic lithic artifacts, this study illustrates the invaluable contribution of lithic microartifacts for interpreting hominin lifeways. Across a 64 m2 area of the Middle Pleistocene lakeshore site of Schöningen 13 II-3 in Northern Germany, we recovered a total of 57 small and micro flint artifacts, four small debris pieces, three natural fragments and three bone retouchers in close association with the skeleton of an extinct Eurasian straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus). This area lacks the type of formal knapped stone tools that would normally constitute the focus of archeological interpretations. By adopting a holistic approach, including morpho-technical analysis, experimental archeology, and use-wear and residue analyses, we demonstrate that these small and microartifacts are resharpening flakes that tell the story of the site. Fifteen resharpening flakes preserve microwear traces of processing wood. Microscopic residues of wood adhered to the former working edges of the tools corroborate this observation. Additionally, hominins used a sharp-edged, natural fragment of flint to process fresh animal tissue, which likely originates from the butchery of the elephant. These results provide unique, 300,000-year-old evidence for the functionally interconnected use of lithic, osseous and wood technologies. Furthermore, we document in-situ transformations of stone tools and the presence of both curational and expedient behaviors, thereby demonstrating the temporal depth of hominin activities at the lakeshore where the elephant died, and in the broader landscape as a whole.

Acceptance should not be assumed. How the dynamics of social acceptance changes over time, impacting onshore wind repowering

Local community acceptance is a key influence on wind farm siting decisions. However, there is a temporal limitation to much social acceptance literature in that it does not consider how perceptions of the local community may change over the operational life of a wind farm and in the context of end-of-life applications for repowering or life-extension. In response, this paper increases the temporal depth of our understanding of social acceptance through presenting the results of survey research undertaken with communities living close to two English wind farms that have experienced end-of-life applications. For many respondents, perceptions of their local wind farm did not change following construction or over the life of the scheme, contrasting with common expectations that acceptance will increase over time. The findings reveal that community support for applications to repower or life-extend is influenced by experiences of living with the wind farm over time. It also shows how factors that have been found to impact perceptions of new wind farms, particularly the benefits that people experience, involvement in the planning process, and relationships with the developer, can influence responses to end-of-life applications. These insights are used to provide recommendations for end-of-life policy.

A CEO’s Future Temporal Depth and Organizational Resilience

Scholars have long investigated the organizational antecedents of resilience, but less is known about CEO-level antecedents. This is surprising, since upper echelons research suggests that a CEO influences major firm decisions. Addressing this gap in our knowledge, we suggest that a CEO prepares for and adjusts to unexpected events in the environment on the basis of the individual future temporal depth (FTD). It reflects the temporal distance into the future that a CEO usually takes into consideration when contemplating future events. Our study of CEOs of 462 S&P500 firms during the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic shows that a CEO’s longer FTD is associated with less severe economic losses but with a longer recovery time from adversity. If such a CEO can draw on a functionally diverse TMT, the losses are less severe, while prior organizational crisis experience reduces the recovery time. Our paper contributes to organizational resilience research by uncovering its cognitive underpinnings and offering a contextual learning perspective on organizational resilience. We also contribute to upper echelons research by unveiling a CEO’s role in preparing for and adjusting to adversity.

ARCHAEOGENETICS AND HEALTH GEOGRAPHY OF DISEASE IN ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF PANDEMICS

Recent outbreaks of various deadliest diseases provide a histrionic example of the destruction and dread of epidemics, especially those brought on by newly discovered or remerging diseases. Most research on epidemic diseases is dominated by a focus on managing and preventing infections in living populations. Therefore, a systematic study is critically needed to mitigate the risk and impacts of pandemics before it hits globally in an unprecedented manner. In this regard, the historical study of epidemics, alongside the investigation of the health geography, adds temporal depth to our understanding of the causes and effects of diseases essential for making future predictions about how diseases may affect human biology and demography. This review summarizes some of the advancements in our knowledge of the genetic foundations of diseases, recent human changes, and long evolutionary history that can all contribute to understanding how and why people become vulnerable to epidemics. Analyzing the recent COVID-19 pandemic and Cancer data in this review, it has become evident that evolutionary genetics gradually increase our understanding of geographies of disease by combining the knowledge with the evolutionary history recorded in the human genomes. The increasing availability of diverse genetic information from different populations will help us define an individual's disease risk more precisely in the future.

CEO Succession and TMT Changes – The Role of CEO’s Temporal Depth

Why do some new CEOs change their TMT more than others? Prior research has predominantly focused on strategic and performance outcomes of CEO succession, paying little attention to top management team (TMT) changes following succession. We fill this void by shedding light on the quantitative and qualitative nature of TMT changes following CEO succession. Specifically, we examine the role of new CEOs’ temporal depth, a central cognitive feature which captures the temporal distance that individuals consider when thinking about past and future events on changing their TMT. We propose that new CEOs with a longer temporal depth will initiate fewer TMT changes after taking office, and increase their teams’ diversity. Studying CEO appointments in S&P 500 firms between 2004 and 2020, and by applying a novel machine learning approach to measure CEO temporal depth, we find evidence that new CEOs change the TMT in line with their temporal disposition. Our paper contributes to CEO succession research by introducing temporal depth as an important disposition of new CEOs, which influences TMT changes. We also contribute to TMT turnover research by investigating the quantitative and qualitative nature of TMT changes. We enrich research on temporality in strategic management, which has mainly studied the strategic consequences of executives’ temporal dispositions, by shedding light on the role of CEO temporal depth in TMT changes. Finally, we advance methodological approaches in strategic management research by introducing a novel natural language processing approach.

Blue Monday, yellow Friday? Investigating work anticipation as an explanatory mechanism and boundary conditions of weekly affect trajectories.

Affective well-being of employees is a key outcome in the occupational health literature. Yet, researchers of emotions and affect have long called for a better understanding of the dynamic nature of such experiences. Directly addressing this call, we have built on temporal schema theories and the notion of temporal depth to develop and test the anticipation of work account as a theoretical explanation of systematic weekly change patterns in positive and negative affect. Using a 7-day experience-sampling design and latent growth curve modeling, we hypothesized and found that anticipation of work linearly decreased over the course of the workweek, so did negative affect. Supporting our hypothesis that change patterns in work anticipation drive change patterns in evening affect, the linear change trajectory of anticipation was significantly related to change trajectories in positive and negative affect. Furthermore, we identified the structure of the workweek and chronic workload as boundary conditions that interact in shaping weekly change patterns in anticipation. Specifically, patterns of decreasing anticipation were most pronounced for employees with a regular Monday-Friday workweek and high chronic levels of workload, while they were weakest for employees with a regular workweek but low levels of chronic workload. Taken together, our results highlight the role of work itself and working conditions in dynamic aspects of affect. They yield theoretical and practical implications for the study of affect and its work-related experiential and behavioral consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Scour at a Submerged Square Pile in Various Flow Depths under Steady Flow

Local scour around submerged piles in currents are common in coastal and offshore engineering. This paper studies the influences of the submergence ratio (flow depth to pile height) on local scour around a square pile in steady flow. Submergence ratio ranging from 1–4, as well as two unsubmerged tests, were tested with a 10 × 10 square pile of 20 cm height. The three-dimensional profiles were measured to study the scour and deposition characteristics. Results show that the maximum scour depth was always at the upstream corner points rather than at the symmetry center point of the pile. The temporal maximum scour depth achieved its equilibrium sate in less than 4 h for each test. The equilibrium scour depths at the upstream corner points were independent of the submergence ratio when the latter was larger than 1.5. These findings give meaningful reference to the numerical simulations and local scour depth protections in the submerged pile cases deeper than which the flow depth does not affect the equilibrium scour depth.

“Country Speech”: Regional and Temporal Linguistic Layering in Alice Munro’s Fiction

Foregrounded reports of remembered speech habits typify Alice Munro’s short fiction. In one story, the author refers to this, almost casually, as “country speech.” I will examine instances of generalized speech tags (such as “As they used to say”) to explore their relation to the creation of spatial and temporal depth in the fictional landscape. Distinctions are established between types of these foregrounded speech tags, and the category of “country speech” is extended to include a related concept of “country manners.” These combine to help create the subtly layered distinctions between place (city, country, small town) and time (decades and generations) that add texture to Munro’s narratives.

0147 Electrophysiologic Localization of Pathological Brain Tissue Is Accomplished with Intracranial Sleep Staging

0147 Electrophysiologic Localization of Pathological Brain Tissue Is Accomplished with Intracranial Sleep Staging

Does time extend asymmetrically into the past and the future? A multitask crosscultural study

AbstractDoes temporal thought extend asymmetrically into the past and the future? Do asymmetries depend on cultural differences in temporal focus? Some studies suggest that people in Western (arguably future-focused) cultures perceive the future as being closer, more valued, and deeper than the past (a future asymmetry), while the opposite is shown in East Asian (arguably past-focused) cultures. The proposed explanations of these findings predict a negative relationship between past and future: the more we delve into the future, the less we delve into the past. Here, we report findings that pose a significant challenge to this view. We presented several tasks previously used to measure temporal asymmetry (self-continuity, time discounting, temporal distance, and temporal depth) and two measures of temporal focus to American, Spanish, Serbian, Bosniak, Croatian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Chinese participants (totalN = 1,075). There was an overall future asymmetry in all tasks except for temporal distance, but the asymmetry only varied with cultural temporal focus in time discounting. Past and future held a positive (instead of negative) relation in the mind: the more we delve into the future, the more we delve into the past. Finally, the findings suggest that temporal thought has a complex underlying structure.

Contradictions and continuities: a historical context to Euro-American settlement era fires of the Lake States, USA

BackgroundThe Lake States experienced unprecedented land use changes during Euro-American settlement including large, destructive fires. Forest changes were radical in this region and largely attributed to anomalous settlement era fires in slash (cumulation of tops and branches) following cutover logging. In this study, I place settlement era fires in a historical context by examining fire scar data in comparison to historical accounts and investigate fire-vegetation-climate relationships within a 400-year context.ResultsSettlement era fires (1851–1947) were less frequent than pre-settlement fires (1548–1850) with little evidence that slash impacted fire frequency or occurrence at site or ecoregion scales. Only one out of 25 sites had more frequent settlement era fires, and that site was a pine forest that had never been harvested. Settlement era fires were similar across disparate ecoregions and forest types including areas with very different land use history. Settlement fires tended to burn during significantly dry periods, the same conditions driving large fires for the past 400 years. The burned area in the October 8, 1871, Peshtigo Fire was comprised of mesic forests where fuels were always abundant and high-severity fires would be expected under the drought conditions in 1871. Furthermore, slash would not have been a major contributor to fire behavior or effects in the Peshtigo Fire when logging was still limited to relatively accessible pine forests.ConclusionsHistorical written accounts of fires and settlement era survey records provide a reference point for landscape changes but lack temporal depth to understand forest dynamics. Tree-ring analyses provide a longer (ca. 400 year) context and more mechanistic understanding of landscape dynamics. While settlement land use changes of Lake States forests were pervasive, fires were not the ultimate degrading factor, but rather likely one of the few natural processes still at work.

Ancient DNA analysis reveals temporal and geographical patterns of mitochondrial diversity in pre-Hispanic populations from Central Argentina.

The study of the ancient populations of Central Argentina has a crucial importance for our understanding of the evolutionary processes in the Southern Cone of South America, given its geographic position as a crossroads. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the temporal and geographical patterns of genetic variation among the groups that inhabited the current territory of Córdoba Province during the Middle and Late Holocene. We analyzed the mitochondrial haplogroups of 74 individuals and 46 Hypervariable Region I (HVR-I) sequences, both novel and previously reported, from archeological populations of the eastern Plains and western Sierras regions of the province of Córdoba. The HVR-I sequences were also compared with other ancient groups from Argentina and with present-day populations from Central Argentina by pairwise distance analysis and identification of shared haplotypes. Significant differences in haplogroup and haplotype distributions between the two geographical regions were found. Sierras showed genetic affinities with certain ancient populations of Northwestern Argentina, while Plains resembled its neighbors from Santiago del Estero Province and the Pampas region. We did not observe genetic differences among the pre 1200 and post 1200 yBP temporal subsets of individuals defined by the emergence of horticulture, considering both geographical samples jointly. The observed patterns of geographical heterogeneity could indicate the existence of biologically distinct populations inhabiting the mountainous region and the eastern plains of Córdoba Province in pre-Hispanic times. Maternal lineages analyses support a scenario of local evolution with great temporal depth in Central Argentina, with continuity until the present.

Effects of large mammalian herbivory, previous fire, and year of burn on fire behavior in an African savanna

AbstractFire, herbivores, and climatic factors are all major drivers of savanna and grassland dynamics, and they interact in complex ways, which are still in the process of being explored. In particular, herbivores can reduce fire intensity by removal of biomass, and this could be reinforced by herbivores’ attraction to recently burned sites, although grassland resilience may limit the temporal depth of such effects. Fire temperature is the most common fire metric reported for grassland fire, but additional aspects of fire behavior can also be measured. Using a set of controlled, replicated experiments, we examined the effects of year of burn, herbivory by livestock and wildlife, previous burn, and weather history on fire behavior in an African savanna. Multiple measures of fire behavior (minimum fire temperature, flame front speed, fire residence time, maximum flame height, and flame length) in 36 controlled burns were positively intercorrelated. Burns conducted in 2018 were significantly cooler, especially at heights >0.5 m above the ground, than those in 2013, a wetter year with more grass fuel. Grass fuel loads and fire temperatures were reduced by the presence of livestock and wildlife. Our sampling methods did not for the most part reveal expected differences in fire temperatures or other behaviors between the reburned plots and those burned for the first time in 2018, with or without herbivores, suggesting strong postfire resilience in this semiarid savanna rangeland.

Agropastoral landscapes at the Andean region of Northern Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina): An archaeological and anthropological analysis

Traditionally, in archaeological and anthropological literature, the environment of the Andean valleys of northwest Argentina has been considered a mainly arable agricultural region, in contrast to the environment of Puna where the traditional way of life was generally associated with pastoral activities and seasonal mobility. However, new evidence suggests greater importance for animal grazing and associated mobility strategies strongly connected with arable agriculture in the valleys. This work is framed as an ethno-archaeological research project that aims to explore multiple dimensions of practices involving animal management and its relevance to the way of life in the Northern Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina) and how they contribute to shape archaeological landscape. A mixed methodological strategy was applied to construct a contemporary model providing analytical tools for the study of archaeological landscape. This model looks at an agropastoral way of life in this region since pre-Hispanic times, on the basis of a strategy that combines ethnographic information and GIS-based spatial analysis, supported by archaeological evidence. Is expected that this work could make a contribution to the interpretation of the archaeological record and the study pre-Hispanic landscapes in the area, through a greater understanding of the local way of life, its spatial dimension and its temporal depth.

Linguistic areas in the history of the Mansi language

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of historical contacts of the Mansi language with Samoyedic languages. On the modern linguistic map of Western Siberia these languages are not in direct contact, however, linguistic data make it possible to reconstruct several contact situations of varying degrees of temporal depth. I suppose that in the region of the Upper Ob there was a historical linguistic area, which included the Mansi, Selkup, and Kamas languages. In the eastern periphery of this zone, some limited contacts between the Selkups and the Kets took place. The Khanty language was widespread north of the Mansi language, possibly, in the northern periphery of this area. The ancestor of the modern Eastern Khanty language was located closest to the Mansi language. The Mansi contacted with the speakers of the Southern Samoyedic languages most probably across the rivers of Chizhapka and Parabel. Within the same area E. G. Bekker identifi ed the zone of distribution of the Kamas toponymy. During the period of these contacts, in my opinion, Kamas and Selkup were already two separate languages, but the dialectal diff erentiation of Selkup had not yet begun: the article proposes a number of Mansi-Selkup areal isoglosses, equally represented in all Selkup dialects. Subsequently, the relative position of the Khanty and Mansi languages on the linguistic map of Western Siberia changed. The Eastern Khanty penetrated the Upper Ob area. Then the Northern and Southern Khanty settled in a wide zone stretching from north to south along the course of the Middle Ob and Irtysh. This interrupts the connection between the Mansi and the Eastern Khanty and cuts off the Mansi from the Upper Ob area. During this period, the modern “Ostyak” area including the Selkup, Ket, and Khanty languages began to form in the Upper Ob region. The formation of this “Ostyak” area should be attributed to the period after the dialectal differentiation of the both mentioned Uralic languages: this area includes only the easternmost dialects of Khanty and only the Northern and Tym dialects of Selkup.

Religion and ecology: A pilot study employing the database of religious history

High gods have been found to be associated with resource stress and climate stability in ethnographic samples. In this research we aimed to replicate these analyses, using data from the Database of Religious History (DRH; religiondatabase.org), a large qualitative and quantitative database that encompasses samples from a much larger temporal range than used in previous studies. Using the DRH enables testing the associations between ecology and a much wider variety of religious variables than is possible using other data sources, while also obtaining significant temporal depth. Given the large temporal range of the DRH, we explore the feasibility of using paleoclimate reconstructions to extract ecological variables across time.Of all paleoclimate reconstructions, temperature reconstructions have the highest resolution across time, while precipitation reconstructions have the lowest. Ecological variables from higher resolution reconstructions are likely to be more accurate than those from lower resolution reconstructions. It appears feasible to use temperature reconstructions to simulate historic temperatures of DRH regions. However, when it came to analyzing DRH and ecological variables extracted from paleoclimate reconstructions, we were unable to replicate previous findings. We explore possible reasons for this discrepancy, including inaccurate climate reconstructions, ecological variables being unrepresentative of the standard climate, aggregation method and—perhaps most significantly—the inadequacy of existing statistical tools for dealing with the kind of complex and highly interrelated cultures that have characterized most of human history.

ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ ПОСТСОВЕТСКОГО ПЕРИОДА ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ: К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The article draws attention to the problem of scarcity of historical and psychological research on the post-Soviet period of Russian psychology. Based on the analysis of the content of textbooks, dissertation research, and scientific publications, a conclusion is made about the insufficient coverage of facts, personalities, events, and factors of the formation of psychological science, practice, and education in the specified period. The paper notes the fragmented nature of the available data in publications devoted to individual personalities or subject areas and identifies the publications that can be regarded as laying groundwork for the development of the historiography of the period. It is shown that in recent decades the historiography of Russian psychology has mainly focused on the tasks of rediscovering and rethinking the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. Assumptions are made about the determinants of the historiographical gap of the period under consideration, including the following: the illusion of modernity in the last three decades; the historical and political incompleteness of the period; methodological and axiological unpreparedness of the psychological community for a holistic, open-minded, and multivariate discussion of the period. The objectives of the holistic panoramic historiography of the post-Soviet period are as follows: the identification of the main features of the context, factors of influence, events, microperiods, and leading personalities of the period; the identification of the main institutional changes in the organization of science, psychological education, and practice; systematization of the main advances and losses, innovations and contradictions. To solve the tasks set, in addition to traditional methods of documentary analysis being employed, it is proposed to actively use the methods of autobiography and interviewing living witnesses of the post-Soviet period. The difficulties of the historiography of the period include: the uncertainty of the temporal depth of the «beginning of history»; the need to substantiate the status of the event behind selected historical moments; the importance of choosing the proper historical, axiological, and methodological approaches to analysis and generalization; the recognition of the possibility of alternative versions of history in multiple interpretations of facts and personal assessments of contemporaries.

Learning Multi-Granularity Temporal Characteristics for Face Anti-Spoofing

Face anti-spoofing (FAS) is essential for securing face recognition systems. Despite the decent performance, few existing works fully leverage temporal information. This would inevitably lead to inferior performance because real and fake faces tend to share highly similar spatial appearances, while important temporal features between consecutive frames are neglected. In this work, we propose a temporal transformer network (TTN) to learn multi-granularity temporal characteristics for FAS. It mainly consists of temporal difference attentions (TDA), a pyramid temporal aggregation (PTA), and a temporal depth difference loss (TDL). Firstly, the vision transformer (ViT) is used as the backbone where comprehensive local patches are utilized to provide subtle differences between live and spoof faces. Then, instead of learning temporal features on global faces which may miss some important local cues, the TDA is developed to extract motion-sensitive cues on each of the comprehensive local patches. Moreover, the TDA is inserted into different layers of the ViT, learning multi-scale motion-sensitive local cues to improve the FAS performance. Secondly, it is observed that different subjects may have different visual tempos in some actions, making it necessary to model different temporal speeds. Our PTA aggregates temporal features at various tempos, which could build short-range and long-range relations among multiple frames. Thirdly, depth maps for real parts may change continuously, while they remain zeros for spoof regions. In order to locate motion features on facial parts, the TDL is proposed to guide the network to locate spoof facial parts where motion patterns between neighboring frames are set as the ground truth. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to learn temporal characteristics via transformers. Both qualitative and quantitative results on several challenging tasks demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of our proposed methods.

The persistence in time of distributional patterns in marine megafauna impacts zonal conservation strategies

The main type of zonal conservation approaches corresponds to Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which are spatially defined and generally static entities aiming at the protection of some target populations by the implementation of a management plan. For highly mobile species the relevance of an MPA over time might be hampered by temporal variations in distributions or home ranges. In the present work, we used habitat model-based predicted distributions of cetaceans and seabirds within the Bay of Biscay from 2004 to 2017 to characterise the aggregation and persistence of mobile species distributional patterns and the relevance of the existing MPA network. We explored the relationship between population abundance and spatial extent of distribution to assess the aggregation level of species distribution. We used the smallest spatial extent including 75% of the population present in the Bay of Biscay to define specific core areas of distributions, and calculated their persistence over the 14 studied years. We inspected the relevance of the MPA network with respect to aggregation and persistence. We found that aggregation and persistence are two independent features of marine megafauna distributions. Indeed, strong persistence was shown in both aggregated (bottlenose dolphins, auks) and loosely distributed species (northern gannets), while some species with aggregated distributions also showed limited year-to-year persistence in their patterns (black-legged kittiwakes). We thus have demonstrated that both aggregation and persistence have potential impact on the amount of spatio-temporal distributional variability encompassed within static MPAs. Our results exemplified the need to have access to a minimal temporal depth in the species distribution data when aiming to designate new site boundaries for the conservation of mobile species.