Temporal Depth Research Articles

Cultural Ideologies of Language in Precolonial India: A Symposium

The intensity of cultural investment that South Asian societies have channeled into their languages and literatures, whether gauged in a globally comparative perspective or in absolute terms, is truly remarkable. The intellectual energies poured into linguistic and aesthetic expositions, the assiduous maintenance and temporal depth of written and oral traditions, or the complexity and consequence of sociolinguistic relations, both locally and in interactions of regional diversity, would each suffice on its own to underscore South Asia's marked preoccupation with language. Their combined effect, however, has at times produced a civilizational sphere whose very self-definition rested with foundational claims to achievement in language. Yet despite the richness of this linguistic and literary history (or, perhaps, because of it), relatively few studies combine substantive textual analyses with theoretical agenda adequate to a treatment of the multiplex roles and articulations of specific languages and their interactions in the constitution of particular South Asian societies.

Historical and Applied Perspectives on Prehistoric Land Use in Eastern North America

Abstract Despite mounting evidence to the contrary, many scientists continue to ignore prehistoric human impact as a factor in the development of ecosystems in eastern North America. One result is the promulgation of an 'Indian as natural conservationist' mythos in the popular media. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that prehistoric human activities caused significant environmental alteration in many parts of the region. The location, timing, and severity of such alteration varied greatly, suggesting that scientists must become familiar with the archaeological record on human/land interaction at the local level. Misinformation can lead to naive justifications for conservation or other land management activities. It is argued that archaeological data pertain to current theoretical concerns in ecology, such as establishing greater temporal depth in ecosystem studies and investigating the evolution of mosaic-type landscapes. Archaeology can also be used in raising the public environmental consciousness.

Anterior eye focusing of peripheral ultraviolet and visible radiation albedo

Concern about short‐ and long‐term ultraviolet radiation (particularly UVB) damage to the eye has led to increased research in this area. Numerous studies have confirmed the pathogenic enhancing roles of reflected ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation in our environment. There is concern that conventional sunglasses do not protect the eye adequately from reflected rays (albedo), especially on the lateral aspect, from behind and from below. Using eye models and computer ray tracing methods, the pathways of oblique rays incident at the temporal peripheral cornea have been plotted by Maloof, Ho and Coroneo.1 These rays are refracted and focused and theoretically can result in up to 20 times the concentration of incident irradiance at the nasal anterior chamber angle and nasal equatorial cortex of the crystalline lens. The purpose of this study was to determine the limits of angular subtense of the incident peripheral light which is refracted in this manner in human subjects and to investigate the relation between corneal shape and certain ocular parameters to the limits. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between temporal entrance angle and anterior chamber depth (r = 0.70, P< 0.0006). The entrance angle ranged from 15 degrees to 30 degrees and was located 10 degrees to 45 degrees posterior to the coronal plane. Our results support Maloof and colleagues' predictions for the implication of focused peripheral UV and high intensity visible radiation in the pathogenesis of pterygium and cortical cataract and emphasise the need for lateral eye protection in conditions of high ultraviolet albedo.

Evolutionary Theory in Archaeological Explanation

In spite of the the fact that archaeology embodies the study of change, it is only within the last few years that neo‐Darwinian theory has begun to have an impact on archaeological explanation. This lack of acceptance of neo‐Darwinian theory in archaeology is in part the result of a long history of archaeologists misunderstanding the processes and expectations of evolutionary theory. This volume attempts to illustrate the applicability of neo‐Darwinian theory in archaeology by compiling studies that use this theoretical basis to resolve archaeological problems at varying degrees of temporal depth, at varying scales of social complexity, and employing varying metholodologies. Although a broad range of topics are covered in this volume, a number of issues remain to be addressed, including: links between evolutionary units and archaeological explanation; processes involved with the origin of behavioral variability; processes involved with the transmission of behavior; evaluating behavioral fitness; and the role of ‘non‐Darwinian’ processes in behavioral change.

Arnold Rönnebeck and Alfred Stieglitz: Remembering the hill

Abstract Arnold R.onnebeck visited Stieglitz and O'Keeffe for a week at Lake George in October 1924. While there, he took a series of snapshots which record Stieglitz taking photographs of O'Keeffe, images which are unique since no other photographs document Stieglitz actually in the process of expanding what is arguably the most famous portrait of the twentieth century, an ongoing work of thematic and temporal depth. Other photographs in which Stieglitz is shown holding a camera (figure 1), perhaps even pausing in his work, appear self-consciously posed, and with the artist separated from his subjects. Ronnebeck's pictures are remarkable for the vivid image they convey of an artist thoroughly absorbed in his work.

Ictal spikes: a marker of specific hippocampal cell loss

Spontaneous seizures recorded from mesial temporal depth electrodes in the human are commonly manifested by one of two onset patterns: a high frequency discharge or a periodic spike discharge morphologically similar but clearly distinguished from ongoing interictal activity. We categorized medial temporal lobe seizure onset for the presence of periodic ictal spikes at a frequency of less than 2 Hz lasting for more than 5 sec to investigate the relationship of this ictal pattern to anatomical changes in the resected temporal lobe tissue. Fifty-one patients had hippocampal depth electrode recordings of spontaneous seizures, subsequent hippocampal resection, and quantitative cell counts of hippocampal subfields. Thirty-two of these patients had ictal spikes lasting at least 5 sec in more than 50% of their seizures. The presence of ictal spikes was significantly correlated with decreased cells in CA1 only ( P=0.015). The correlation of a common ictal pattern with focal cell loss in the hippocampus suggests that electrophysiological manifestations of seizures provide a clue to the underlying pathological substrate. Ictal spikes may be a cause or result of the cell loss. These observations should be correlated with independent investigations in humans and animal models that reflect the CA1 cell loss associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Simultaneous subdural grid and depth electrodes in patients with refractory complex partial seizures

Simultaneous implantation of intracerebral depth electrodes and subdural electrode grids is an extension of available techniques for invasive monitoring and seizure localization in epilepsy surgery candidates. This combined approach is described in 10 selected patients with refractory complex partial epilepsy, in whom previous intensive video/EEG monitoring with scalp or depth electrodes had indicated a lateralized seizure onset. All patients required subdural grids for further localization, functional mapping, or both. Ipsilateral depth electrodes were placed in mesial temporal or other regions through the same craniotomy. Four patients had seizures originating in the mesial temporal lobe, and the onsets were first seen in the temporal lobe depth electrodes. The other six patients had seizures beginning in lateral cortical structures, and the onsets were first seen in the subdural grid (overlying known structural lesions in four patients). The information from both electrode sources guided the surgical resections. All patients were improved after surgery; six are seizure-free with at least 12 months of followup. This preliminary experience indicates that simultaneous placement of depth and subdural grid electrodes is useful in localizing the site of seizure onset and in guiding surgical resections.

Role of the Frontal Lobes in the Propagation of Mesial Temporal Lobe Seizures

The depth ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) propagation sequence accompanying 78 complex partial seizures of mesial temporal origin was reviewed in 24 patients (15 from the University of Pittsburgh Epilepsy Center and 9 from UCLA). All patients were monitored with bilateral mesial frontal and mesial temporal depth electrodes and later received anterior temporal lobectomy. Ictal EEG records were categorized according to sequence of spread from the temporal focus to the other regions. Although propagation patterns varied both within and between patients, certain features were notable: (a) It was very common for seizure activity to spread initially to the ipsilateral frontal lobe (observed in 22 of 24 patients). (b) The most common mode of spread (15 of 24 patients) was initiating temporal lobe----ipsilateral frontal lobe----contralateral frontal lobe----contralateral temporal lobe. (c) Occasionally, seizure discharges invaded the frontal lobes but failed to invade the contralateral temporal lobe (2 of 24 patients). (d) Seizure activity occasionally invaded the contralateral temporal lobe prior to invading the frontal lobes (2 of 24 patients). Other notable features included (i) a clear tendency for mesial temporal seizure discharges initially to invade orbitofrontal (as opposed to anterior cingulate) cortex and (ii) the emergence of a period of clear asymmetry in the frontal lobes during which high-amplitude, rapid discharges were present on the side ipsilateral to the initiating temporal lobe. These results suggest that the prefrontal region, especially the orbitofrontal cortex, is strongly influenced by mesial temporal ictal activity. This region appears to be frequently involved in the propagation of seizures initiated in the mesial temporal lobe and may play a role in the interhemispheric propagation of mesial temporal seizures.

Leaching potential and decomposition of clopyralid in Swedish soils under field conditions

AbstractThe mobility and decomposition of the herbicide clopyralid (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐pyridinecar‐boxylic acid) were studied under field conditions in a sandy soil and a clay soil. Leachate was collected in lysimeters with undisturbed soil (sand) and in tile‐drained plots (clay). Soil samples were also collected down to 1 m depth in both soils to characterize the temporal depth distribution of clopyralid in the profiles. The herbicide was applied at two rates, i.e., 120 and 240 g acid equivalents (a.e.)/ha, representing normal and double doses of the compound for sugar beets and oilseed rape. Some lysimeters received supplementary watering. Concentrations of clopyralid above the detection limit {0.4μg/L}, i.e., 0.5 (normal dose) and 6 μg/L (double dose) were found in only two drainage samples from the clay soil. Both samples were collected simultaneously approximately two months after the herbicide application, by which time less than 1 mm of drainage had been collected. The overwhelming part of applied clopyralid remained in the topsoil at both sites. Four months after spraying, no clopyralid was detectable (&lt;2 μg/kg dry soil) in the soil.

Combined depth and subdural electrode investigation in uncontrolled epilepsy

We used both depth and subdural electrodes to obtain localization of the seizure focus in 47 medically refractory epileptic patients. Seizures were localized in 33 patients. Onset was consistently localized by the depth electrodes in 23 patients, was variable or simultaneous in depth and subdural electrodes in 6 (in the same lobe), and was consistently localized to subdural electrodes in 4. All patients localized with subdural electrodes were extratemporal and 3 of the 4 had lesions on imaging studies which helped guide location of electrode placement. Eighty-seven percent of temporal lobe seizures began in hippocampus (recorded by the depth electrode), and 80% were eventually propagated to the ipsilateral temporal neocortex (recorded by the subdural electrode). In 8 patients with bilateral temporal depth and subdural recording, seizures never spread to the contralateral neocortex before the ipsilateral neocortex. Subdural electrodes were 20% less sensitive than depth electrodes in detection of seizures beginning in hippocampus but were accurate when lateralized. Variable or simultaneous unilateral neocortical versus hippocampal temporal lobe seizure onset, determined by the combined study, was significantly correlated with less favorable seizure control after anteromedial temporal lobectomy and hippocampectomy.

Leaching potential and decomposition of fluroxypyr in Swedish soils under field conditions

AbstractThe mobility and decomposition of the herbicide fluroxypyr (4‐amino‐3,5‐dichloro‐6‐fluoro‐2‐pyridyloxyacetic acid) was studied under field conditions in a sandy soil and a clay soil. Leachate was collected in lysimeters with undisturbed soil (sand) and in tile‐drained plots (clay). Soil samples to a depth of one metre were also collected in both soils to characterize the temporal depth distribution of fluroxypyr in the profiles. The herbicide was applied as the I‐methylheptyl ester of fluroxypyr at two rates, 187.5 and 375.0 g a.e. ha−1, representing the normal and double the dose of the compound used for spring cereals. Some lysimeters received supplementary watering. Only two leachate samples (one from each soil) had concentrations of fluroxypyr above the detection limit (1 μg litre−1), i.e. 2 and 5 μg litre−1. Both samples were collected within two months after application, when less than 2 mm of drainage had been collected. The methylheptyl ester of fluroxypyr was not found in any of the samples. Fluroxypyr levels above the detection limit in soil (5 μg kg−1 dry soil), were never found below the topsoil (0.2 m) in the clay profile, while, in the sandy profile, levels just above the detection limit were found occasionally in deeper soil layers. Concentrations were reduced to undetectable or very low levels within three months after spraying.

Human hippocampal seizure spread studied by depth and subdural recording: the hippocampal commissure.

Eleven patients had seizures with unilateral temporal lobe onset recorded with simultaneous bilateral medial temporal depth electrodes and neocortical (subdural) electrodes at least on the side of seizure onset. Of a total of 55 seizures, four had simultaneous onset in neocortex and hippocampus, and 51 had onset in unilateral hippocampus. None originated solely in temporal neocortex. Three reproducible patterns of seizure spread from hippocampus were defined in which seizures spread initially to ipsilateral neocortex (32 seizures), spread first to contralateral hippocampus (13 seizures), or spread simultaneously to ipsilateral neocortex and contralateral hippocampus. Although the region of hippocampus in which seizures arose was constant, patterns of spread sometimes varied in the same patient. When contralateral neocortical involvement occurred, it was after or with contralateral hippocampus but never before. These results suggest the existence of an operational hippocampal commissure in humans.

Whigs, prigs and historians of science

The whig interpretation of history, which evaluates the past in terms of the present, is derided by the new historians of science. But their own anti-whig interpretation is priggish and fails to appreciate the temporal depth of scientific research.

Analysis of a four-year experience with depth electrodes and a two-year experience with subdural electrodes in the evaluation of ablative seizure surgery candidates.

Chronically implanted depth and subdural electrodes have both been shown to be satisfactory means of localizing epileptogenic foci. Utilizing bilateral mesial temporal depth electrodes, we have localized mesial temporal foci in a large percentage of patients. Depth electrode investigation of a more limited number of patients with suspected extramesial temporal foci has not been as reliable in giving localizing information. We have more recently used subdural electrodes to investigate this latter category of patients, and preliminary findings suggest that this technique may be of localizing value in several subcategories.

The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna and Flora of Vulture Cave, Grand Canyon, Arizona

The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna and Flora of Vulture Cave, Grand Canyon, Arizona

Trend Studies With Survey Sample and Census Data

The sociological literature has long been replete with statements about the need for more studies with a temporal dimension. Until recently, however, a large majority of published sociological studies have had only limited temporal depth, at best, and thus have tended to give a static view of the phenomena studied. Only in the past few years has there been a substantial increase in studies that utilize data collected over a period of years or decades. This increase can be largely attributed to (a) the accumulation of large bodies of comparable, or approximately comparable, data collected over a period of years; (b) the social indicators movement; (c) an increased interest in change, process, and the dynamic aspects of social and cultural phenom­ ena; and (d) establishment of better means of access to available data. The increase in diachronic

Prolonged stimulation of brain in awake monkeys.

ArticlesPROLONGED STIMULATION OF BRAIN IN AWAKE MONKEYSJosé M. R. DelgadoJosé M. R. DelgadoPublished Online:01 Jul 1959https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1959.22.4.458MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited BySensing-enabled hippocampal deep brain stimulation in idiopathic nonhuman primate epilepsyW. J. Lipski, V. J. DeStefino, S. R. Stanslaski, A. R. Antony, D. J. Crammond, J. L. Cameron, and R. M. Richardson15 February 2015 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 113, No. 4Behavioural state affects saccades elicited electrically from neocortexNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 28, No. 1High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus improves treadmill locomotion in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned ratsBrain Research, Vol. 983, No. 1-2Rage Attacks and Episodic Violent Behavior: Electroencephalographic Findings and General Considerations1 July 1978 | Clinical Electroencephalography, Vol. 9, No. 3Repeated stimulation of amygdala in awake monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 27, No. 1Decreased blood pressure due to brain septal stimulation: Parameters of stimulation, bradycardia, baroreceptor reflexPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 1, No. 1Generalized automatism evoked in cat from temporal depth electrodesElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 12, No. 4Studies in the Neurophysiology of Learning: V. Differential Effects of Various Rates of Cerebral “Driving” on Behavioral Modification31 August 2016 | Psychological Reports, Vol. 7, No. 1Posterior hypothalamic influence on water balance in the ratExperimental Neurology, Vol. 2, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 22Issue 4July 1959Pages 458-475 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1959.22.4.458PubMed13673297History Published online 1 July 1959 Published in print 1 July 1959 Metrics