Walls Of Temples Research Articles

Blacksmith: Between history, culture, and economy

This research was aimed at describing the historical, cultural, and economic value of blacksmith activities. The research method used was a literature study (library research). Data collection techniques were carried out through collecting research results that had been carried out and published in reputable indexed journals, Google Scholar, etc. The research results showed that blacksmithing had historical value whose development varied in each region of the world. In Asia, especially Indonesia, the historical development of blacksmithing was estimated to have existed since the 7th century AD. This was based on findings on temple wall reliefs, inscriptions, and ancient manuscripts found as relics from the royal era. Meanwhile, the historical development of blacksmiths in Europe, Africa, and other Asian regions was quite diverse, having developed from 1150-1400 BC. The blacksmiths of Dokdak Village also had cultural values ​​that were very important to be passed on. This was based on data which showed that in blacksmithing activities there were cultural elements, namely the knowledge system, livelihood system, and equipment and technology systems used. Furthermore, Dokdak Village's blacksmith activities had economic value, because the carried-out activities could produce production goods that have economic value. Based on this, it is important to protect and maintain the livelihood of blacksmiths to pass on values ​​to the younger generation.

Reflectance Transformation Imaging for the Recording of Incised Graffiti

AbstractPrecolumbian Maya graffiti is challenging to document because it is complex, multilayered, and difficult to see with the naked eye. In the Maya Lowlands, precolumbian graffiti occurs as etched palimpsests on parts of substructures such as stucco walls of residences, palaces, and temples that are frequently only accessible through dark and narrow tunnel excavations. Experienced iconographers or epigraphers with advanced drawing skills are the most qualified researchers to accurately record, analyze, and interpret precolumbian Maya graffiti. Because these scholars have a vast knowledge of conventions and styles from multiple time periods and sites, they are less likely to document the complex and seemingly chaotic incisions incorrectly. But as with many specialists in Maya archaeology, iconographers and epigraphers are not always available to collaborate in the field. This raises the question, how might an archaeologist without advanced training in iconography accurately record graffiti in subterranean excavations? Advances in digital applications of archaeological field recording have opened new avenues for documenting graffiti. One of these is Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), a method that uses a moving light source and photography in order to visualize, interact with, and analyze a three-dimensional object in a two-dimensional image. With practice, RTI images can easily be produced in the field and later shared with specialists for the purposes of analysis and interpretation. Performed on a series of 20 unique graffiti from the Maya archaeological site of Holtun (two examples are presented here), RTI shows promise as a viable technique for documenting and preserving graffiti as cultural heritage.

ВІД БИТВ НА КОЛІСНИЦЯХ ДО МОРСЬКИХ ЗАВОЮВАНЬ: ВІЙСЬКОВІ СЦЕНИ НА СТІНАХ ХРАМІВ ТА ГРОБНИЦЬ ДОБИ НОВОГО ЦАРСТВА

This article examines the military scenes depicted on the walls of New Kingdom temples and tombs, specifically those belonging to the pharaohs Thutmose III, female pharaoh Hatshepsut, Tutankhamun, Ramses III, and Seti I. The author examines the artistic features, composition, and symbolism of these images, as well as their historical and political significance. Through an analysis of these military scenes, the article seeks to shed light on the political, social, and religious functions of the pharaohs’ military campaigns, as well as their impact on ancient Egyptian society. These scenes often depict military campaigns, battles, and triumphs, as well as offerings made to the gods in gratitude for victory. Some scenes depicted the pharaoh defeating foreign enemies in order to protect Egypt and maintain Ma’at, the ancient Egyptian concept of order and balance in the universe. One example of such scenes can be found in the Temple of Karnak, which features a relief showing King Seti I leading a procession of soldiers in tribute to the gods. Another example is the depiction of the Battle of Kadesh, fought between the Egyptians and the Hittites, which can be seen in the Temple of Abu Simbel. The study draws on a range of primary and secondary sources, including archaeological data, textual evidence, and art historical analysis, to provide a comprehensive examination of these important historical artefacts. Ultimately, the article argues that the military scenes found in New Kingdom temples and tombs offer valuable insights into the ways in which the pharaohs projected their power and authority, and how they sought to legitimize their rule through both military might and religious symbolism. Overall, the military scenes on the walls of temples of the era of the New Kingdom offer a fascinating glimpse into the culture and values of ancient Egypt.

Restoration of ancient temple murals using cGAN and PConv networks

India is a fountainhead of several art forms like paintings, inscriptions, sculptures, pottery, textile arts, and so on. Mural paintings are one in all of them and are usually seen on the walls of temples and caves. A redeeming feature of temple murals is that the architectural elements of the given space are simultaneously incorporated into the paintings. The majority of these paintings have faded with time, and a select handful have cracks and dirt stains on top of them. Understanding the nuances of the paintings become difficult as they deteriorate further. These paintings need to be restored by qualified craftsmen, who are difficult to find today. Therefore, a powerful image restoration method is needed to meet the requirements of the mural paintings. Thus an efficient inpainting technique for the reconstruction of ancient temple murals that ignores these multiple random irregularities is being proposed. The proposed method makes use of cGAN for both the automatic development of masks and the identification of degraded sections. A mask is an example of a black and white image where the white pixels require some editing while the black pixels do not. These masks are used by the algorithm as a hyper-parameter to forecast which patch has to be filled in next. The deteriorated murals are rebuilt using a sliding window-based Deep Convolutional Network, where the convolution is masked and renormalized to be conditioned on only valid pixels. As part of the forward pass, the proposed work automatically creates a changed mask for the following layer. The performance of our combined cGAN-Deepconv inpainting technique has been compared with six state-of-the-art inpainting methods. The experimental reconstruction results confirmed that our Sliding-window-Deepconv inpainting is more adaptable and better suited for mural restoration. Further, the proposed method achieved the best reconstruction results with the absolute best values of several performance parameters, i.e. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Mean Squared Error, and Structural Similarity Index.

Opening Kailasanatha: The Temple in Kanchipuram Revealed in Time and Space

Opening Kailasanatha: The Temple in Kanchipuram Revealed in Time and Space

ANALISIS PERGESERAN DINDING CANDI BOROBUDUR MENGGUNAKAN ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION (RTS)

Borobudur temple is one of the world's cultural heritages which located in Magelang, Central Java. This largest temple in Indonesia has historical and cultural values that are very valuable, so it is important to be maintained and preserved. One way of preservation that can be done is to monitor the structure of temple walls. This purpose of this monitoring is to observe if there is a shift or movement in the earth’s plates and non-natural factors. The development of survey technology with Robotic Total Station (RTS) will make easier to monitor the structures. The monitoring method is carried out used the principle of geodetic measurement to measure 60 monitoring prisms on all sides of the temple in three cycles. The results of the monitoringshowedthat magnitude of the shift in this temple walls was small, which was under than 1 mm on all sides, so that it can be categorized as relatively stable temple wall.

Portraiture of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism: colonial transformation and the social role

ABSTRACT Today, single portraits representing Guru Nanak are very popular among the Sikhs and are frequently hung on the walls of houses and temples. It is during the Singh Sabha Movement from the 1870s that portraits of Guru Nanak came to be hung on the walls of Sikhs' temple and house by the urban middle class. Wall-hung portraits of Guru Nanak symbolises the uniqueness of Sikhism and, since they were painted both in a unique three-quarter face and in a Hindu-like frontal, Guru Nanak portraiture has played a pivotal role in social cohesion among the Sikhs who belonged to different factions.

Representation of Ptolemaic Kings in cloaks on the walls of the Egyptian Temples

Representation of Ptolemaic Kings in cloaks on the walls of the Egyptian Temples

Analisis Intertekstualitas di Relief Candi Prambanan Makna Fisik Wanita

The existence of women, especially regarding their physical beauty and beauty, is not a myth found in works of art or literature, including those found in temple reliefs. Many temple reliefs in Indonesia depict women and their exoticism, both physically and their activities and position in society. Prambanan Temple is a temple that is known to be closely related to the figure of a beautiful woman named Roro Jongrang who occupies the main statue. In addition to the main statue, on the reliefs of the walls of Prambanan Temple there are also reliefs about other women. This relief is a text that describes women and their existence. This study seeks to explore and interpret the physical woman on the wall reliefs of Prambanan Temple. The research was conducted by using semiotic-semanalytic analysis of Juli Kristeva. The results of the intertextual research show that almost all of the women's physical relief panels at Prambanan Temple are constructed to read the signs on the reliefs as a text, so that the story or story conveyed can be easily recognized and understood. The meaning of genotext in the context of women on temple wall reliefs who appear without a physical cover or naked is a common thing or a habit in society based on geographical and social conditions. The upper physical nudity of women at that time did not affect the views of the people around, especially men. Because women are chosen not based on their body shape but other attractions that are sometimes mystical. The meaning of phenotext, women who appear naked has a negative meaning and leads to pornography, can cause unlimited male attraction, can become victims of sexual crimes, and can even be in contact with the law.

Imitation of the Lotus Flower in Architecture: its Use in the Decoration of Walls and Ceilings of Palaces, Houses, and Tombs in Ancient Egypt

Plant motifs were of great importance in the arts of ancient Egypt. It was very interested in decorative units and its aesthetic forms. The lotus flower is one of the most well-known plants in ancient Egyptian civilization due to its association with the religious and daily life of the ancient Egyptians. This fragrant flower in its colors white, blue, red, and as a sacred symbol in the life of the ancient Egyptian was not only an aesthetic decorative component that was depicted by the ancient Egyptians on walls of temples, or used in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics, but also used it in the decoration of palaces, houses and tombs in a specific decorative form. This study investigates on how the ancient Egyptians imitated the lotus flower in architecture and used it in decorative decoration of walls and ceilings in naturalistic scenes on walls or ceiling decoration with floral composition, and also in the form of pattern border strip (frieze), both in civil and religious architecture.

Descifrando códigos

The Rosetta Stone was important in deciphering the meaning of the hieroglyphs inscribed on the walls of temples and tombs of the ancient Egyptians. Thanks to the interest and perseverance of Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion we now know what was kept in those texts with figures of plants, animals and other symbols ""meaningless"" for those who did not know their secrets. Here we summarize part of that history that now allows us to communicate with a past of more than 3000 years ago. The Rosetta Stone was important in deciphering the meaning of the hieroglyphs inscribed on the walls of temples and tombs of the ancient Egyptians. Thanks to the interest and perseverance of Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion we now know what was kept in those texts with figures of plants, animals and other symbols ""meaningless"" for those who did not know their secrets. Here we summarize part of that history that now allows us to communicate with a past of more than 3000 years ago.

НЕОБХОДИМАЯ ЖЕСТОКОСТЬ: К ВОПРОСУ О ГЕНДЕРНОЙ ИКОНОГРАФИИ ТУТМОСА III

Thutmose III went down in history as a great warrior pharaoh who expanded borders of Egypt, conquered many peoples in the Middle East and upstream of the Nile, in Nubia. His victories were secured by a professionally trained army, as well as personal qualities of the king himself, such as courage, determination, cunning and the ability to inspire. No less important, as the Egyptians believed, was support of gods who gave the ruler victory over foreigners and power over conquered territories. Triumph over the enemies was imprinted on walls of temples, including one in Karnak. In the scenes, the pharaoh acts as a warrior ruthlessly cracking down on numerous opponents. This paper is devoted to study of gender role of the ruler defeating enemies, as well as artistic techniques of representing this role on reliefs.

Organic Matter and Pigments in the Wall Paintings of Me-Taw-Ya Temple in Bagan Valley, Myanmar

Pagán is an ancient city located in Myanmar that is renowned for the remains of about 4000 pagodas, stupas, temples and monasteries dating from the 11th to 13th centuries. Due to a magnitude 6.8 earthquake in 2016, more than 300 ancient buildings were seriously damaged. As a part of the post-earthquake emergency program, a diagnostic pilot project was carried out on Me-taw-ya temple wall paintings to acquire further information on the materials and on their state of conservation. This article presents our attempts at characterising the painting materials at Me-taw-ya temple using non-invasive portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), portable Raman spectroscopy and micro-invasive attenuated total reflectance—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and environmental scanning electron microscope—X-ray energy dispersive system (ESEM-EDS) investigations with the aim of identifying the composition of organic binders and pigments. The presence of a proteinaceous glue mixed with the lime-based plaster was ascertained and identified by GC-MS. In addition, this technique confirmed the occurrence of plant-derived gums as binders pointing to the a secco technique. Fe-based compounds, vermillion, carbon black and As-compounds were identified to have been incorporated in the palette of the murals.

Representation of the King in the Henu Praise on the Egyptian Temples During the Graeco-Roman Period

The souls of Pe and Nekhen used to be depicted in Henu posture. It is done by striking chest with a fest while raising other arm, while kneeling on one knee. This praise was done to greet new-born sun or celebrate animated soul of king during the recitation of Glorifications ritual. The king was represented in Henu posture during Pharaonic period in tombs. However, he was rarely represented in this posture on walls of temples. In late period, statues of kings in this posture appeared. During Graeco-Roman period, king was more frequently represented in this posture on walls of temples, precisely on doors and windows. It could be an imitation of souls of Pe and Nekhen that used to be represented flanking doors mortuary temples of Old Kingdom.

REFLECTION OF MUSIC & DANCE IN ANCIENT INDIAN INSCRIPTION

The word ‘inscription’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Inscripto’ which means something that is inscribed or engraved. It was engraved on clay (terracotta), stone pillars, copper plates, walls of temples, caves, and on the surface of much other metal and also even palm leaves. Very often we’ve seen it on coins and seals. It consists of important texts or symbols that reveal crucial information and evidence of ancient kings and their empires. Music is the soul of Indian culture. Indian music has an affluent tradition with its root in Vedic time. It is said that Indian music owes its origin to the Sāma Veda. The Vedic hymns were chanted with a particular pitch and accent which are used in religious work. Dance in India also has a rich and vital tradition since the beginning of our civilization. Dances of Indi were to give symbolic expressions which are also enlightened to religious ideas. Ancient Inscriptions, Engraving of Inscription, Music, Dance, Epigraphical Evidence.

Neurosurgery in Egypt from ancient Egyptians to Modern Neurosurgery, African Perspective

Neurosurgery has been practiced for more than 12,000 years worldwide. Cranial and transnasal approaches to the brain have beenpracticed for variable religious, mystical, or therapeutic purposes in ancient civilizations of Africa and specifically in Egypt (1). AncientEgyptian medicine is documented in the paintings on the walls of temples and numerous papyri (figure 1) (2-4).Ancient Egyptian medicine dates to 3500 BC when Athotis (Hor-Aha), the second king of the first dynasty, was found to have in his tombthe first “Book of the Dead” that was later quoted with modifications till it reached “Practical Medicine and Anatomic Book” in Ani’spapyrus (5, 6).

THE ROLE OF ALTERNATIVE MEDIA IN DEVELOPING YOUTH CONCEPTS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS ECOTOURISM IN EGYPT

This study drives at developing youth perceptions and attitudes towards recognizing to the ecotourism in Egypt. The study problem is crystallized in the following question: To what extent can alternative media contribute to developing youth concepts and attitudes towards ecotourism? The study belongs to the experimental types of studies, relying on one-group design and the pre/post measurement and using tools represented in (the Test of Concepts – Scale of Attitudes). The study sample consists of (100) university youth from Ain Shams University. The most prominent results are: the high level of follow-up of respondents to the page (Ecotourism in Egypt) on Facebook, and the reason for this can be attributed to the fact that the page provides a tremendous amount of information about ecotourism in Egypt, its resources and reinforcing youth positive attitudes towards the environment. Added to that, the diversity in presenting information through pictures, videos, comics and various comments on environmental events towards the environment. There is a statistically significant correlation between the degree of respondents’ use of the page (Ecotourism in Egypt) on Facebook and their attitudes towards the environmental issues. There is a statistically significant correlation between the degree of the respondents’ dependence on the (Ecotourism in Egypt) page on the facebook and their knowledge and awareness of the information concerning these addressed environmental issues. The study recommends the protection of natural reserves and places that represent ecotourism and represent about 20% of Egypt's area and embodied in (30) announced formally natural reserves and (14) unannounced informally natural reserves called the future natural reserves. There are also other places represent also the ecotourism in Egypt such as (safari tourism, deserts, green tourism, diving tourism, mountain climbing, medical tourism, antiquities and inscriptions tourism, hospitalization tourism). Everyone should preserve the environment, even through simple actions such as preventing throwing waste and paper into natural reserves, writing on the walls of temples and monuments, and dumping waste in the Nile and rare natural lakes.

Survey and Digital Documentation of Endangered Temple Wall Paintings in Shanxi Province, China

Summary report on the fist season of digital recording of temple architecture and wall paintings in Shanxi Province, China.

TOPRAK, BEREKET VE EL İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yeryüzündeki varlığını sürdürmek ve yeme, içme, barınma gibi temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak adına pek çok çareye başvuran insanoğlu, modern teknolojinin gelişmediği çağlarda veya teknolojik ilerlemelerle bir bağı bulunmayan kırsal mekânlarda pek çok dinsel-büyüsel uygulamaya başvurmuş, pek çok inanışı benimsemiştir. Ele alınan çalışmanın amacı, insanoğlunun en eski çağlardan bu yana yeryüzündeki bereketi avına, soyuna, toprağına çekmeye yönelik geliştirdiği toprak, bereket ve el odaklı inanış ve uygulamaları incelemektir. İnsanın hayatî bir uzvu olan elin yaşam enerjisi, bereket ve bollukla olan ilişkisi ise bu inanış ve uygulamaları çözümlemede hareket noktası olmuştur. Tarihöncesi çağlardan itibaren gerek mağara gerek tapınaklarda karşılaşılan el sembolü, bolluk ve bereket sağlamak adına başvurulan bir unsurdur. Çalışmanın içerisinde dikkat çekilen önemli bir husus, tarih öncesi çağlardan itibaren dişil prensiple ilgili görülen el sembolünün günümüzde dahi toprakla ilişkili kutsal kadın imajıyla birlikte pek çok inanış ve uygulamada yer alıyor olmasıdır. Diğer önemli bir husus ise, elin kutsallığı ve bereket getiriciliğinin odak noktası olduğu tarıma bağlı inanış ve uygulamalardır. Tohumun toprağa ekiminden hasat dönemi yapılan bayramlara kadar geniş bir zaman diliminde karşılaşılan bu inanış ve uygulamalar çalışma içerisinde analiz edilecektir.

Ethnoornithology: Identification of bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana, a 9th-century Javanese poem (Java, Indonesia)

Abstract. Mulyanto D, Iskandar J, Gunawan R, Partasasmita R. 2019. Ethnoornithology: Identification of bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana, a 9th-century Javanese poem (Java, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 20: 3213-3222. Birds have played an important role in Javanese culture for a long time. For example, birds have been culturally used as sources of folk stories, myths, illustrated old manuscripts, paintings on relief walls of temples, and inspiration of writers to make poems. This article presents the results of an ethnoornithology study that tried to identify all bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana (KR), an old Javanese poem, using a qualitative method, mainly interpreting KR text based on an ethnoornithological approach. The results showed that 84 bird names are mentioned in the Kakawin Rāmāyana, belonging to 26 families, and 17 orders. The birds mentioned in KR are predominantly residents, some are regular visitors or vagrant, and only a few are absent. The orders whose members appear most often are Passeriformes (18), Columbiformes (7), Pelecaniformes (6), Ciconiiformes (5), and Cuculiformes (5). There are only 13 names which are Sanskrit in origin. Based on this study, it can be inferred that birds have played an important role in Javanese culture.