Temple Site Research Articles

홍천 물걸리사지 불교조각의 복원과 조성의의

홍천 물걸리사지에는 현재 1기의 삼층석탑과 4기의 석조대좌, 2기의 석조광배, 2구의 석불좌상이 있다. 물걸리사지 삼층석탑은 보물 제545호로 지정되어 있으며 2층 기단을 구비한 평면 방향의 일반형 석탑이다. 보물 541·542호로 지정된 석조여래좌상과 석조비로자나불좌상은 대좌와 석불로 구성되어 있다. 보물 제533·544호는 각각 석불대좌 및 광배로 구성되어 있다. 물걸리사지에는 9세기 후반 경 석조비로자나불좌상(보물 제542호)이 건립된 이후 9세기 말에 이르러 다시 석조불상 두 구(보물 제541호, 제543호)가 조성된 것으로 보인다. 9세기 말에 물걸리사지에 조성된 석조불상과 유사한 불상은 인제 한계사지에도 거의 동시기에 조성되었다. 이는 대좌 하대석의 가릉빈가와 광배가 유사한 점을 통해 알 수 있다. 홍천 물걸리사지에 조성된 석조대좌 2기는 한계사지 석조대좌와 매우 유사하다. 두 사찰의 불상이 동시기에 조성되었으며 그 형태가 유사한 이유는 9세기 말기의 사회상과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 생각된다. 보물 제544호의 조성시기는 9세기 말에 조성된 대좌를 모방하고 있는 점을 들어 고려초에 제작된 것으로 추정하였다. 보물 제544호가 고려 초 제작된 다른 근거로는 고려초 강원지역에 유행하였던 육각건물지와 금강산 정양사 약사전 불상대좌를 비교하여 근거를 제시 하였다. 보물 제542호 석조비로자나불좌상이 앉아 있는 대좌 상대석은 광배가 올라갈 수 없는 크기로 인하여 별도의 불상 대좌 상대석으로 추정하였다. 이를 고려한다면 물걸리사지에는 현재 보호각 안에 봉안된 4기의 대좌 이외에 별도의 대좌 1기가 더 있었음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 물걸리사지에는 석조비로자나불좌상과 대좌 한 짝이 가장 먼저 조성되었음을 밝혔다. 이후 보물 제541호 대좌와 불상 및 보물 제544호 광배를 한 짝으로 한 석조 불상이 조성되었다. 이와 동시에 비슷한 형태의 보물 제543호 대좌가 조성된 것으로 생각된다. 보물 제543호 대좌 상면에는 보물 제541호 불상과 유사한 석조불좌상이 봉안되었을 것이다. 물걸리사지에는 2개체의 철불편이 출토되었다. 보물 제544호 대좌는 출토된 철불편 중 크기가 작은 철불의 대좌일 가능성이 있다. 보물 제542호 석조비로자나불좌상의 대좌는 현재 파악된 불상의 개체수를 고려한다면 출토된 철불편 중 크기가 큰 철불좌상의 대좌 상대석으로 추정 할 수 있다물걸리사지에 9세기 후반부터 고려초까지 다양한 불교조각과 석조미술이 조성된 배경은 교통로와 밀접한 관계가 있음을 언급하였다. 물걸리사지는 명주지역의 주요 사찰인 한계사지, 선림원지와 원주지역을 연결시켜주는 징검다리 같은 장소라는 점을 본문에서 언급하였다. 결론적으로 물걸리사지는 통일신라시대뿐만 아니라 고려왕조의 성립 이후에도 교통로의 안전한 확보를 통해 중앙정부의 지방통제를 원활하게 수행 할 수 있게 하였던 중요한 사찰이라 할 수 있다.

漆谷 僊鳳寺址의 史蹟과 原位置에 대한 試論

漆谷 僊鳳寺址의 史蹟과 原位置에 대한 試論

Review: Rediscovering Architecture: Paestum in Eighteenth-Century Architectural Experience and Theory, by Sigrid de Jong

Sigrid de Jong Rediscovering Architecture: Paestum in Eighteenth-Century Architectural Experience and Theory New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2015, 352 pp., 100 color and 185 b/w illus. $85.00 (cloth), ISBN 9780300195750 Sigrid de Jong's Rediscovering Architecture is about several things at once. Most evidently, it is a book about a group of three famous, if not iconic, archaic Greek-Doric temples: Paestum's Temple of Hera I, built around 530 BCE, the oldest and most idiosyncratic of the three, commonly referred to in the eighteenth century as the Basilica because visitors could not believe such a peculiar building had been a temple; the Temple of Athena, constructed ca. 520 BCE, the smallest of the three; and the Temple of Hera II, built ca. 460 BCE, the largest and the most conventional. At the time of their rediscovery around the middle of the eighteenth century, these structures were met with a variety of reactions, including vivid and often dismissive descriptions expressing everything from astonishment to distaste. These temples did not resemble any buildings with which eighteenth-century visitors were familiar; Paestum turned accepted ideas of classical architecture upside down. De Jong notes, for instance, that it is known that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, upon arriving on the site of these porous limestone temples with their rough columns, was at first uncertain whether he was seeing rocks or ruins. And Antoine Vaudoyer, visiting Paestum in the summer of 1787, found the temples “of heavy and clumsy character,” with “the form, the grace and subtlety of Hercules” (47). The temples were the subject of captivating drawings and paintings, as in Thomas Hardwick's sketchbooks and William Turner's dramatic watercolors (many of which provide beautiful illustrations for this book), and of lavish publications. Between Gabriel-Pierre-Martin Dumont's Suitte [Suite] de plans (ca. 1750) and Paolo Antonio Paoli's Paesti (1784), mid-eighteenth-century authors produced no less than seven monographs on the temples of Paestum. De Jong's book is also about the life of the temples in eighteenth-century architectural thought. Rather than starting …

Five-Story Stone Pagoda from the Goryeo Period from the Yullisa Temple Site, Pyongyang

Five-Story Stone Pagoda from the Goryeo Period from the Yullisa Temple Site, Pyongyang

A Study of the Rock Buddhist Carvings at Namha-ri Temple Site in Jeungpyeong

A Study of the Rock Buddhist Carvings at Namha-ri Temple Site in Jeungpyeong

부여 정림사지 오층석탑의 초기 조사와 탑신 명문에 관하여

한국의 시원석탑이자 현존하고 있는 2기의 백제 석탑 중 하나인 정림사지 오층석탑은 양식적인 측면뿐 아니라 사비도성에서 寺址가 차지하는 위상과 초층 탑신의 명문으로 인하여 선학들의 많은 관심을 받아왔다. 나아가 한국 석탑사에서 정림사지 석탑은 신라의 전형석탑을 탄생시키는 바탕이 되었으며, 이후 독특한 一群의 석탑양식을 계승하고 있는 백제양식계열 석탑의 模本으로 그 수량은 많지 않으나 9세기 이후부터 등장하는 이들 석탑에 오래도록 殘影을 남기게 되었다. 필자는 이러한 백제양식계열 석탑을 연구하는 과정 중 왜 동일한 지역 내에서 그토록 오래도록 정림사지 석탑의 외양을 고집했는지에 대한 의문을 가지지 않을 수 없었다. 그리하여 정림사지 석탑과 관련된 기존의 자료를 다시 정리하였고, 그 과정에서 주목해야 할 두 부분을 찾아 본고에서 논의하고자 한다. 그 하나는 석탑과 관련하여 가장 초기 조사라고 할 수 있는 일제강점기의 유리원판 자료와 日人학자들의 보고는 당시 석탑의 보수와 기단부의 원형을 추정할 근거가 될 수 있다는 것이다. 두 번째는 조선시대 고문서에 등장하는 석탑과 관련된 자료가 생각보다 다양했고, 그 자료 속에는 석탑 명문의 刻字시기와 復刻여부, 그리고 별도의 독립적인 비석의 존재 여부를 고려해야 할 기록이 남겨져 있다는 것이다.

A Study of the Clay Buddhist Sculptures Found at the Jeongnimsa Temple Site in Buyeo Using Chinese Clay Buddhist Sculptures

A Study of the Clay Buddhist Sculptures Found at the Jeongnimsa Temple Site in Buyeo Using Chinese Clay Buddhist Sculptures

완주 鳳林寺址 三尊石佛의 훼손과 변천에 대한 試論的 考察

완주 鳳林寺址 三尊石佛의 훼손과 변천에 대한 試論的 考察

Characteristics and Style of the Stone Stele National Preceptor Jingak at the Wollamsa Temple Site

Characteristics and Style of the Stone Stele National Preceptor Jingak at the Wollamsa Temple Site

Jumi-sa Temple(舟尾寺) Site and the Rule over Woong-ju(熊州) by Silla

Jumi-sa Temple(舟尾寺) Site and the Rule over Woong-ju(熊州) by Silla

An investigation of the dye palette in Chinese silk embroidery from Dunhuang (Tang dynasty)

‘Sakyamuni preaching on Vulture Peak’ is one of the largest known Chinese silk embroideries thought to date to the eighth century, under the Tang dynasty (618–907). It was found at the cave temple site of Qian Fo Dong, near Dunhuang, one of the most famous archaeological sites in China, and is now in the British Museum (BM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the state of degradation of the original and restoration fibres, which appeared very brittle in many areas. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry was undertaken to give an indication of the mordants. Although the results were difficult to interpret due to elemental contamination, some indications were obtained regarding aluminium and iron mordants on the silk embroidery. Selected dyed threads were sampled and analysed using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The samples were representative of the entire dye palette used. In some of the areas that are now demonstrated to be extremely faded, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) was identified. More than one source of indigotin was probably used for the blues, and the greens were obtained by mixing these with at least two sources of yellow dyes: a berberine- and a luteolin-based dye. Browns were tannin-based. Two sources of reds were also present: a plant of the Rubiaceae family and a currently unknown red source. The presence of shikonin, probably from gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), was revealed in a purple stripe in mixture with sappan wood Caesalpinia sappan (Biancaea sappan) to obtain a particular hue. Other molecular components were often present with the main dyes and tandem mass spectra were acquired in an attempt to elucidate their structures and discuss the possible reasons for their presence. This work represents an important addition to the current knowledge about Chinese dyes and available mass spectral data for the identification of dye sources in archaeological textiles from the Silk Road.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA DIGITAL SITUS CANDI JAGO DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MAHASISWA SEJARAH IKIP BUDI UTOMO MALANG

The purpose of this research is to design the learning media of Indonesian cultural history, and to describe the effect of media usage on student learning outcomes. This research is a development research using Sugiyono model, while tehadap learning result using pseudo experiment to know effectiveness to result learn. The findings in the field show there are 4 relics of the temple building from the Hindu-Buddhist era and which is used as a model is Jago temple. The result of validity test of learning media is expressed well by validator with obtained validation result: 75,5% from media expert which mean included in criterion good enough, while from material expert equal to 80% good category. Result of data of questionnaires validation of practitioner 1 validation toward learning media obtained percentage 85%. Learning media developed after tested try to get good response from students with percentage of 81% with good category. Learning media developed effectively because after tested, and obtained the results: (1) the average learning outcomes in the form of absorption of material comprehension, the number of students who complete learning as much as 28 of 29 students with students’ learning completeness classically is 96.5% average value 84.48, (2) students’ experimental class learning outcomes are better than control class, (3) there is statistically significant difference or significant use of digital learning media of jago temple site to increase student learning outcomes.

Radiokarbon Bagi Penentuan Umur Candi Bojongmenje di Rancaekek, Jawa Barat

AbstractThe finding of the temple in Bojongmenje, cangkuang, bandung is a historic event for west java community. Bojongmenje temple site on cemetery land located between the factories, houses and plantation. The visible condition of the archaelogical objects consists of a stone structure which is in west side of the temple building. The discovery of the remains of the temple in Rancaekek must be addressed as a chalenges phenomenon. In west java that there only has a few heritage which is seriously handled. An archaelogical excavation has not been implemented systematic and planned so that the conclusion cannot be made scientifically and rationally. In addition to archaelogicy, to reveal the history it is necessary using other sciences such as palaentology, anthropology, geocronology. One method used to determined the geological and archaelogical events, especially those the occur on period of geological quarter is radiocarbon method.

Analyzing the Floating Market System in Thailand for Sustainability

Humans and water share a close relationship in Thailand. Before modernization, Thailand had many canals, a developed water traffic system, and many floating markets. These markets functioned as community spaces for the inhabitants. Moreover, environmental sustainability had been reached and the system seemed important to the culture. In this work, the remaining floating markets in and around Bangkok are surveyed and then compared. The results are as follows. Bangkok has 28 floating markets, as of 2016. These markets can be divided into three types based on their “target customers.” Some markets used a temple site because temples function as community spaces for the local inhabitants; others are only meant for sightseeing and do not function as community spaces. Based on their contribution to the “local economy,” these markets can be divided into three types. The type of market differed according to location. The markets where anything is sold, however, are not useful to the local economy. The floating markets can be divided into four types based on their “space composition.” These markets are cool spaces, a characteristic of water spaces. Based on their “waterway network,” these markets can be divided into three types. Markets at closed sites are not connected to other places because they are only meant for tourists. Consequently, “target customers,” “local economy,” “space composition,” and “waterway network” are determined as necessary factors in considering a sustainable floating market system in the present and future. This study contributes to adopting a sustainable development concept of a floating market in attracting policymakers and local people to draw tourist appeal.

UTILIZATION OF THE DIENG TEMPLE SITE AS HISTORICAL RESOURCES TO INCREASE HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION STUDENTS (CLASSROOM ACTION RESEARCH IN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL 1 WONOSOBO)

Dieng Temple site in the highlands of Central Java has not been used as a source of learning history. The site can be used to bring learners closer to their environment. This study aims to improve the historical comprehension of learners through the use of Dieng Temple site as a source of historical learning. This research is a Classroom Action Research in Public High School 1 Wonosobo. Data were collected by observation, inter-view and documentation. The results showed that the learning process of history through Dieng Temple site can provide the ability to learners to interpret the literal meaning of Dieng Temple by using their own language. This makes students able to understand the history of existing sites in the Dieng area. Understanding the history has been raising awareness of learners to take part in maintaining the sustainability of Dieng temple site.

안동 법흥사지 칠층전탑에 대한 고찰

안동 법흥사지 칠층전탑에 대한 고찰

익산 제석사지 출토 수막새에 대한 일고찰 - 익산 왕궁리유적 및 미륵사지 출토 수막새와 비교를 중심으로 -

익산 제석사지 출토 수막새에 대한 일고찰 - 익산 왕궁리유적 및 미륵사지 출토 수막새와 비교를 중심으로 -

Old fights, new meanings: Lions and elephants in combat

Old fights, new meanings: Lions and elephants in combat

The Implementation of Tri Hita Karana on the World Heritage of Taman Ayun and Tirta Empul Temples as Tourist Attractions in Bali

Cultural Landscape of Bali Province has been determined by Unesco as World Heritage List in 29 June 2012. The outstanding universal value of the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province is based on Tri Hita Karana which is basically deal with harmony and balance between religous, social, and environment. The Cultural Landscape of Bali Province consists of several temples in association with subak include: Ulun Danu Batur temple, Tirta Empul temple and several archaeological sites along the Pakerisan river, Taman Ayun temple, and subak of Catur Angga of Batukaru temple. Ulun Danu Batur, Tirta Empul, and Taman Ayun temples are considered as the sources of water for several subaks in the Southern Bali. This paper will describe the implementation of Tri Hita Karana philosopy in relation to the temple of Taman Ayun and Tirta Empul as parts of World Heritage list and tourist attractions in Bali. It should be noted that Tri Hita Karana philosopy is also the basis of cultural tourism program in Bali. In other words, the outstanding universal value of the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province is in line with cultural tourism program which is based on Tri Hita Karana. The philosopy of Tri Hita Karana has been implemented at Taman Ayun and Tirta Empul temples as tourist attractions in Bali. However, touristification or commodification has occurred in relation to religious aspects. For instance, tourists are allowed to enter the temple at Taman Ayun without wearing Balinese costumes, and tourists are permitted to enter the the most sacred yard or jeroan at Tirta Empul although restriction for tourists is implemented. Social aspects of Tri Hita Karana have been neglected at Taman Ayun and Tirta Empul. Information concerning the functions of shrines (palinggih), ceremonies, history as well as local guides are not available at both temples. The environment surrounding of both temples have been managed properly, however toilets and rubbish bins need to be improved and put on the right places at Tirta Empul. The philosopy of Tri Hita Karana need to be implemented properly in order to gain harmony and balance between religious, social, and environment on the World Heritage sites of Taman Ayun and Tirta Empul temples as tourist attractions in Bali.

The archaeological research on the Sarira reliquary of Mireuksa temple site

The archaeological research on the Sarira reliquary of Mireuksa temple site