Template Style Research Articles

Strategically Speaking English: Upgrading Public Speaking Skills through Strategy Training in High Schools

This article describes planning, implementation, and long-term strategies of a community service project and aims to help high school students become more proficient public speakers. The first step of the preparation process was determining the needs of the students through preliminary surveys. Next, a WhatsApp group was created for coordination, and Zoom meetings were held to address the difficulties that the students were having with English public speaking. The main problems that were found were pessimism, fear of making mistakes, articulation difficulties, and lack of confidence. To solve these problems, training materials including the basic theory of public speaking, speaking techniques, real-world exercises, and self-evaluation were created. Videos and PowerPoint presentations were also included in both onsite and online training. The program's execution comprised eight sessions where students learned about different public speaking techniques, put them into practice, and got feedback. Strategies for sustainability, including ongoing teacher training, frequent workshops, the creation of accessible learning modules, the establishment of public speaking groups, and recurring evaluations, were suggested to guarantee the program's long-term impact. The project effectively increased students' self-assurance and public speaking abilities, and continued and increased training efforts.To format your abstract, use the Microsoft Word template style.

"I managed to stand on my own. I saved my baby's life.": qualitative analysis of birth experiences from women living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa.

There is growing recognition of obstetric violence in health facilities across the globe. With nearly one in three pregnant women living with HIV in South Africa, it is important to consider the influence of HIV status on birth experiences, including potential experience of obstetric violence as defined by the Respectful Maternity Care Charter. This qualitative analysis aims to understand the factors that shape birth experiences of women living with HIV, including experiences at the nexus of HIV status and obstetric violence, and how women react to these factors. Data were collected in a Midwife Obstetric Unit in Gugulethu, Cape Town, South Africa, through 26 in-depth interviews with women living with HIV at 6-8weeks postpartum. Interviews included questions about labor and early motherhood, ART adherence, and social contexts. We combined template style thematic analysis and matrix analysis to refine themes and subthemes. Participants described a range of social and structural factors they felt influenced their birth experiences, including lack of resources and institutional policies. While some participants described positive interactions with healthcare providers, several described instances of obstetric violence, including being ignored and denied care. Nearly all participants, even those who described instances of obstetric violence, described themselves as strong and independent during their birth experiences. Participants reacted to birth experiences by shifting their family planning intentions, forming attitudes toward the health facility, and taking responsibility for their own and their babies' safety during birth. Narratives of negative birth experiences among some women living with HIV reveal a constellation of factors that produce obstetric violence, reflective of social hierarchies and networks of power relations. Participant accounts indicate the need for future research explicitly examining how structural vulnerability shapes birth experiences for women living with HIV in South Africa. These birth stories should also guide future intervention and advocacy work, sparking initiatives to advance compassionate maternity care across health facilities in South Africa, with relevance for other comparable settings.

Reactions to a Nicotine Reduction Policy Among Adolescents Who Smoke: A Qualitative Study.

The Biden administration is pursuing a nicotine reduction policy in the United States to render cigarettes less addictive. In this study, we qualitatively investigated adolescents' subjective responses to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, reasons for incomplete adherence to using them, and their expected responses to a nicotine reduction policy. Adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily (ages 15-19; N = 60) were enrolled in a 3-week double-blind randomized clinical trial and assigned to smoke either normal nicotine content or VLNC research cigarettes. Following the trial, 52 participants completed qualitative interviews about their reactions to the cigarettes and to the idea of a nicotine reduction policy. We utilized a template-style approach to thematic analysis involving immersion in the data, codebook development with both inductive and deductive codes, and iterative refinement of themes. Reasons for incomplete adherence to smoking only research cigarettes focused on dislike for cigarette taste and lower satisfaction compared to usual brand cigarettes. Negative evaluations of research cigarettes were common across both groups. Many participants in both groups reported that they would decrease their smoking or quit entirely if the research cigarettes were the only ones legally available for purchase in the United States. Adolescents may respond to a cigarette nicotine reduction policy by decreasing their cigarette smoking and eventually quitting. These findings suggest a need for public health strategies to reduce smoking initiation and progression in young people and to encourage cessation in the context of a nicotine reduction policy. Participants' negative subjective responses and challenges with research on cigarette adherence offer insight into factors that might influence young people's reactions to a real-world nicotine reduction policy. Adolescents who smoke may increase their use of alternative tobacco products, especially e-cigarettes, if this policy were implemented. Specifically, themes identified across participant responses highlight important considerations for how such a policy might be implemented with specific attention to the unique smoking behaviors and needs of this vulnerable population.

Barriers to and opportunities for advancing racial equity in cervical cancer screening in the United States

BackgroundIn the United States (U.S.), racially minoritized people have higher rates of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality compared to white individuals as a result of racialized structural, social, economic, and health care inequities. However, cervical cancer screening guidelines are based on studies of predominately white individuals and do not substantially discuss or address racialized cervical cancer inequities and their social determinants, including racism.MethodsWe conducted in-depth interviews with health care providers (N = 30) and key informants with expertise in health equity (N = 18). We utilized semi-structured interview guides that addressed providers’ views and experiences delivering cervical cancer screening to racially minoritized individuals and key informants’ recommendations for advancing racial equity in the development and implementation of cervical cancer screening guidelines. Interviews were analyzed using a template style thematic analysis approach involving deductive and inductive coding, memo writing, and matrix analysis for theme development.ResultsMost health care providers adopted a universal, one-size-fits-all approach to cervical cancer screening with the stated goal of ensuring racial equality. Despite frequently acknowledging the existence of racialized cervical cancer inequities, few providers recognized the role of social inequities in influencing them, and none discussed the impact of racism. In contrast, key informants overwhelmingly recommended that providers adopt an approach to cervical cancer screening and follow-up care that recognizes the role of racism in shaping racialized cervical cancer and related social inequities, is developed in partnership with racially minoritized communities, and involves person-centered, structurally-competent, and trauma-informed practices that address racially minoritized peoples' unique lived experiences in historical and social context. This racism-conscious approach is not to be confused with race-based medicine, which is an essentialist and racist approach to health care that treats race as a biological variable rather than as a social and political construct.ConclusionsDevelopers and implementers of cervical cancer screening guidelines should explicitly recognize and address the impact of racism on cervical cancer screening, follow-up care, and outcomes, meaningfully incorporate racially minoritized communities' perspectives and experiences, and facilitate provider- and institutional-level practices that foster racial equity in cervical cancer.

Using structured templates or free text style in reporting CT staging on colon cancer: a national survey.

Computed tomography (CT) is a widely used method for the staging of colon cancer. Accurate reports could lead to a better preoperative evaluation and planning of the treatment of colon cancer. To evaluate the use of CT free-text reports and structured report templates when it comes to staging CT imaging of colon cancer. A multiple choice questionnaire survey was conducted over four weeks. Online questionnaire software was used, and a link was shared to medical doctors with help from the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG) and from a social media radiologist group. Clinicians preferred the template style (95%), whereas the level of support was lower among the radiologists (76%). All female responders preferred the template style, in contrast to only 84% of the male responders. Furthermore, the survey showed a slightly deficient level of the national CT reporting quality; only 7/13 questions and sub-questions, concerning CT report quality, achieved an approval rate >85%. The colorectal cancer multidisciplinary team consultants who always or usually work with template style reporting of CT scans of colon cancer tend to be more satisfied with the quality and content of the reports, compared to those who rarely use or read template reports. The following indicators were insufficiently reported: tumor invasion growth; number of hepatic metastases; segment location of hepatic metastasis; and retroperitoneal lymph node involvement. In the template reports group, nearly all participants found relevant information easily accessible.

Experiences of and resistance to multiple discrimination in health care settings among transmasculine people of color

BackgroundResearch shows that transmasculine people experience discrimination based on their gender identity and/or expression (i.e., cissexism) while obtaining health care. However, studies examining the experience of other forms of discrimination in health care settings among diverse subgroups of transmasculine individuals, including those from minoritized racial/ethnic backgrounds, are very limited.MethodsGuided by intersectionality, we designed a qualitative research study to explore how transmasculine people of color experience—and resist—multiple, intersecting forms of discrimination in health care settings. Guided by a purposive sampling strategy, we selected 19 transmasculine young adults of color aged 18–25 years to participate in 5 mini-focus groups conducted between February and May 2019 in Boston, MA. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using a template style approach to thematic analysis that involved both deductive and inductive coding using a codebook. Coded text fragments pertaining to participants’ experiences of health care discrimination were clustered into themes and sub-themes.ResultsTransmasculine people of color described experiencing notable challenges accessing physical and mental health care as a result of structural barriers to identifying health care providers with expertise in transgender health, finding providers who share one or more of their social positions and lived experiences, and accessing financial resources to cover high health care costs. Further, participants discussed anticipating and experiencing multiple forms of interpersonal discrimination—both independently and simultaneously—in health care settings, including cissexism, racism, weight-based discrimination, and ableism. Moreover, participants described the negative impact of anticipating and experiencing multiple interpersonal health care discrimination on their health care utilization, quality of care, and mental and physical health. Lastly, participants discussed using various strategies to resist the multiple, intersecting forms of discrimination they encounter in health care settings, including setting boundaries with health care providers, seeking care from competent providers with shared social positions, engaging in self-advocacy, drawing on peer support during health care visits, and obtaining health information through their social networks.DiscussionEfforts are needed to address cissexism, racism, weight-based discrimination, ableism, and other intersecting forms of discrimination in clinical encounters, health care institutions and systems, and society in general to advance the health of transmasculine people of color and other multiply marginalized groups.

Preprocessing Pipelines for EEG

(Use the Microsoft Word template style: Author Email) or (Use Times New Roman Font: 10 pt, Italic, Centered) Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals collected, present a lot of challenges in order to process the data. Usually, the signals collected contain a lot of artifacts and noises. To address this issue and to make the preprocessing method easier and automated. EEG is widely used to record brain signals and activity for clinical and research purposes. EEG signals are the best way to understand brain signals compared to other methods because of how accurate it is. However, it comes with certain setbacks like being highly sensitive to noise and susceptible to artifacts. Hence developing a pre-processing method ensures a smooth understanding of the signals. These pre-processing methods include filtering and noise removal techniques. Section 1 includes the pre-processing pipelines that have been popularly used by researchers during this study. Section 2 consists of the results and comparisons of various pipelines and our understanding of what is more effective.

Community Perceptions in New York City: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Policies and Programs in the First 1000 Days

ObjectivesTo examine perceptions of Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) policies and programs focused on the first 1000 days—gestation through age 2 years—among community stakeholders in Washington Heights and the South Bronx, two neighborhoods in New York City with disproportionately high prevalence of childhood obesity.MethodsA multilevel framework informed interview guide development. Using purposeful sampling, we recruited study participants who were (1) able to speak English or Spanish and (2) resided or employed in Washington Heights or the South Bronx. Participants included community leaders (local government officials, community board members, and employees from community- and faith-based organizations) as well as community members. Trained research staff conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews. Using immersion/crystallization and template style coding, the study team performed thematic analysis until no new relevant themes emerged.ResultsAmong the 19 female study participants, perceived facilitators to SSB policy and program implementation included sustained partnerships with broad coalitions; continual education and clear messaging; and increased accessibility to healthier beverages. Perceived barriers included systems-level challenges accessing programs that support healthy beverage options, and individual-level lack of access to affordable healthy beverages. Acceptable potential intervention strategies included messaging that emphasizes health in pregnancy and infancy; policies that require healthy beverages as the default option in restaurants; and policies that remove SSBs from childcare settings. Some strongly favored SSB excise taxes while others opposed them, but all participants supported reinvestment of SSB tax revenue into health resources among marginalized communities.ConclusionsA multi-pronged approach that incorporates engagement, access, equitable reinvestment of revenue, and continual clear messaging may facilitate implementation of policies and programs to reduce SSB consumption in the first 1000 days.

Expectations and experiences of psychological therapy from the client perspective: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT This article examines how client expectations about psychological therapy compare with subjective experiences of undertaking therapy. We interviewed 10 clients who had recently completed therapy about their expectations and experiences, and thematically analysed data in the template style. Three themes are presented ([1]”I didn't know what I was capable of”; [2] “It's 50% me, 50% her”; [3] “You take your stabilisers off and off you go”) which describe the experience of psychological therapy from the client perspective, and highlight how expectations compared to experiences of therapy, and changed over time. Findings could inform the development of materials to ensure those referred to therapy are well informed and prepared for therapy, potentially promoting improved client experiences and therapy engagement.

Mental health nurses' understandings and experiences of providing care for the spiritual needs of service users: A qualitative study.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Addressing spiritual issues to maintain a sense of hope, meaning and purpose can be an important aspect of mental health care which goes beyond simply providing facilities for religious observance. Expressions of spiritual need from service users can potentially be confused with symptoms of mental ill health. Little is known about how mental health nurses understand or provide this aspect of care for service users. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: An understanding from the mental health nurse perspective of how mental health nurses understand and care for service users' spiritual needs, and what influences their practice in this area. Ideas about how education and opportunities for good practice in this area might be advanced. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Nurses need more education and guidance as well as supportive team and management cultures so that they feel comfortable and able to deliver this important aspect of care. Abstract Introduction Mental health nurses have a professional obligation to attend to service users' spiritual needs, but little is known about specific issues related to provision of care for spiritual need faced by mental health nurses or how nurses understand this aspect of care and deliver it in practice. Aim/Question To explore mental health nurses' ́understandings of spiritual need and their experiences of delivering this care for service users. Method A qualitative study was conducted in one NHS mental health service. Interviews were undertaken with seventeen mental health nurses practising in a variety of areas. Results Four themes were generated from thematic analysis of data in the template style: Expressing personal perspectives on spirituality; Expressing perspectives on spirituality as a nursing professional; Nursing spiritually; and Permeating anxiety (integrative). Discussion Participants had complex understandings of spiritual need and evident anxieties in relation to this area of care. Two different approaches to nursing spiritually are characterised as (a) pragmatic (concerned with procedural aspects of care) and (b) spiritually empathetic. Mental health nurses were uncertain about the acceptability of attention to spiritual issues as part of care and anxious about distinguishing between symptoms of mental ill health and spiritual needs. Implications for practice Educational experiences need to emphasise both pragmatic and empathetic approaches, and work needs to be organised to support good practice.

Systematic mapping study of template-based code generation

Context: Template-based code generation (TBCG) is a synthesis technique that produces code from high-level specifications, called templates. TBCG is a popular technique in model-driven engineering (MDE) given that they both emphasize abstraction and automation. Given the diversity of tools and approaches, it is necessary to classify existing TBCG techniques to better guide developers in their choices.Objective: The goal of this article is to better understand the characteristics of TBCG techniques and associated tools, identify research trends, and assess the importance of the role of MDE in this code synthesis approach.Method: We survey the literature to paint an interesting picture about the trends and uses of TBCG in research. To this end, we follow a systematic mapping study process.Results: Our study shows, among other observations, that the research community has been diversely using TBCG over the past 16 years. An important observation is that TBCG has greatly benefited from MDE. It has favored a template style that is output-based and high-level modeling languages as input. TBCG is mainly used to generate source code and has been applied to many domains.Conclusion: TBCG is now a mature technique and much research work is still conducted in this area. However, some issues remain to be addressed, such as support for template definition and assessment of the correctness and quality of the generated code.

EMERGENCY MEDICAL DISPATCH: DO THE DEAD TAKE PRIORITY OVER THE DYING?

BackgroundIn the UK demand for emergency ambulances is increasing. To deal with this increase, Ambulance Service Trusts must use resources effectively and ensure that they are deployed appropriately.AimThe aim of...

Too little and too much trust: performance measurement in Australian higher education

A striking feature of contemporary Australian higher education governance is the strong emphasis on centralized, template style, metric-based, and consequential forms of performance measurement. Such emphasis is indicative of a low degree of political trust among the central authorities in Australia in the intrinsic capacity of universities and academics to do their work efficiently and effectively. At the same time, it is indicative of a deep-seated political trust in highly centralized and top–down forms of performance measurement, and their capacity to effectively control and coordinate the work of universities and academics. In this article, we argue with regard to performance measurement that these patterns of trust and mistrust embody contradictory assumptions regarding the agency and motivations of universities and academics and prevent adequately coming to terms with the unintended effects that the current performance measurement regime has on universities and the academics working in them.

The UG Parametric Design of Vertical Horizontal Circular Vibration Drier Chassis

Vibration chassis is the point parts of vertical horizontal circular vibration drier, the paper used UG software to conduct parametric design. The paper established parts template, parts library and UG style menu of the vibration chassis. The paper also used UG further development module and the corresponding C++ program in Visual C++ development environment to control and transmit the parameters. The paper established parametric design based on the combination of the two factors. When the users input parameters, they could get more complete design project after a short time of operation in this designing software. The software could reduce or even avoid a large number of manual tedious and boring modification processes. It also could reduce calculation and workload for the designer and has higher practical application value.

Identifying, understanding and overcoming barriers to medication error reporting in hospitals: a focus group study

ObjectivesThe under-reporting of medication errors can compromise patient safety. A qualitative study was conducted to enhance the understanding of barriers to medication error reporting in healthcare organisations.MethodsFocus groups (with physicians,...

A Clinical Pathway for Treating Pneumonia in the Nursing Home: Part I: The Nursing Perspective

This paper examines nursing staff's perspectives on the utility and sustainability of a clinical pathway for treating nursing home residents with pneumonia. A qualitative (case study) design was used. Data were collected from 6 nursing homes in Southern Ontario (5 from metro regions and 1 from a nonmetro region). Nursing homes were drawn from a larger randomized controlled trial of a clinical pathway for nursing home-acquired pneumonia conducted between 2001 and 2005. The clinical pathway was designed to assist in the identification, diagnosis, and management of pneumonia, including a decision tool for determining the appropriate location of treatment (hospital versus nursing home). A total of 7 focus groups and 1 one-on-one interview were conducted between February 2003 and May 2004. Interview data were analyzed using the template style, described by Miller and Crabtree, to identify key themes. Nurses strongly supported the idea of the clinical pathway and believed that providing pneumonia care in the nursing home was better for the resident. As a result of using the clinical pathway, nurses felt that pneumonia was being identified, diagnosed, and treated earlier, resulting in fewer hospitalizations. In addition to the benefits to resident care, the nurses felt that their skills and knowledge also improved. Nurses generally supported the implementation of the pathway although some concern was expressed about the additional responsibility and resources that would entail. The implementation of a clinical pathway for treating pneumonia in nursing homes and quick access to a backup clinician are desired by nurses who also believe it will result in better care and fewer hospitalizations of residents.

A Clinical Pathway for Treating Pneumonia in the Nursing Home: Part II: The Administrators’ Perspective and How It Differs From Nurses’ Views

This paper examines the utility and sustainability of a clinical pathway for treating nursing home residents with pneumonia from the perspective of nursing administrators and medical directors in Ontario, Canada. The discussion includes a comparison of the perspectives of the administrators and the nursing staff (reported in part I of this article). A qualitative case study design was used. Data were collected from 6 nursing homes in Southern Ontario that were drawn from a larger randomized controlled trial of a clinical pathway to help identify, diagnose, and manage cases of nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Six interviews were conducted with nursing administrators and 2 with medical directors (1 per facility). Key themes were identified in the interview data using the template style of analysis described by Miller and Crabtree. Administrators were in favor of using a clinical pathway for identifying and treating pneumonia in nursing home residents. Participants thought that during the study residents with pneumonia received better and more timely care, and that nurses' clinical skills, knowledge, and confidence had improved. In comparison with views expressed by nurses and medical directors in the same facilities, nursing administrators tended to report less clinical training and staff support were required to successfully implement the pathway. Even though nurses and administrators strongly support the use of a pneumonia clinical pathway in nursing homes, implementation plans should be tailored to individual facilities and be informed by the perspectives of both administrators and staff.