0C Temperature Research Articles

Variations in Size of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber as Raw Material for Making Environmentally Friendly Plates

Plastic is a material that is often used as a storage medium, equipment and also furniture to support human activities, but plastic is not easily broken down by the environment. Bioplastic technology is one of the efforts made to address the problem of plastic packaging which can pollute the environment. Environmentally friendly plates, bioplastic products made from tapioca, glycerol and sugar cane bagasse. This research aims to determine the effect of variations in the size of bagasse on tensile strength, elongation at break, water resistance and biodegradability of environmentally friendly plates and to obtain the best formulation of varying sizes of bagasse as raw material for making environmentally friendly plates. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely variation in the size of the bagasse. The results of this research show that there is a real influence between tensile strength, water resistance and biodegradability, however, in the elongation test, variations in bagasse did not have a significant effect. Tensile strength values range from 20.00 N/mm2 to 47.72 N/mm2. The largest elongation value is 4.08%. The highest water resistance is at room temperature, namely 88.86% with a degree of curvature of 16⁰ and in water with a temperature of 60⁰C, namely 85.02% with a degree of curvature of 18.75⁰. Variations in the size of bagasse also affect the biodegradability of environmentally friendly plates which ranges from 11.77% to 14.65%. The best treatment is a sample with a variety of bagasse sizes of 60 mesh, because it has high strength compared to other samples.

Improved Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Mg-Doped Nickel Cobaltite Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Low-Temperature Microwave Hydrothermal Method

The specific capacitance of materials influences the energy storage capacity. A series of MgxNi1-xCo2O4 (x = 0.0 - 0.1) nanoparticles using the low-temperature microwave-hydrothermal (M-H) method at 160 0C temperature, and sintered at 600 °C. The samples were then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is observed from X-ray diffraction that all the samples are cubic spinel in nature with space group Fd-3m, and the lattice parameter varies between 8.097 (x = 0.0) and 8.083 (x = 0.10). The nanoparticles have a hexagonal nanoflake-like shape morphology with an average particle size of 180 nm to 350 nm. The tetrahedral and octahedral absorption bands were observed at 561 cm-1 and 654 cm-1, respectively. The valence states of Ni2+/Ni3+, Co2+/Co3+, and Mg2+ were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical studies using CV and GCD were performed on all the samples. High values of specific capacitance of 332 F g−1, energy densityof 9.05 Wh kg-1, and power density of 224.84 W kg-1 were observed for the sample x = 0.08. Therefore, Mg0.08Ni0.92Co2O4 sintered at 600 °C shows good impedance and electrochemical properties, which are helpful for supercapacitor applications. Figure 1

Degradation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride encapsulated in halloysite nanotubes under the influence of temperature and ultraviolet and visible light

The photosensitive pharmaceutical ingredient moxifloxacin hydrochloride degrades during storage under the influence of external factors, such as elevated temperature and ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of the active substance. To increase its resistance to these external factors, moxifloxacin hydrochloride was encapsulated in halloysite nanotubes. The aim of this study was to determine the level of degradation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride in its native and encapsulated states under the influence of temperature and ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. Encapsulation was carried out by the vacuum method and confirmed by TEM microscopy. The residual content of the photosensitive pharmaceutical ingredient after degradation was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography of a model solution with an initial concentration of 2 mg/ml, prepared from samples of native and encapsulated moxifloxacin hydrochloride previously tested under the influence of temperature and light irradiation. Encapsulated moxifloxacin hydrochloride showed increased resistance to degradation caused by visible light irradiation at 200 watt-hours/m2 (by 10.9%); resistance to degradation was increased by 13.4% and 14% under test conditions during 24 hours of ultraviolet light irradiation and thermostating at a temperature of 600C, respectively, compared to non-encapsulated moxifloxacin hydrochloride.

Validation of RP-HPLC-PDA method for determination of five Antidiabetic drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations

A gradient reverse phase technique can be considered as a good method for separation and quantification of drugs. High-performance liquid chromatography was developed and verified for the determination of five antidiabetic drugs “Metformin, Glipizide, Repaglinide, Acarbose and Glimepiride” in pure form and in their pharmaceutical formulations within 21.8 minutes. Separation was carried out using the C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of two solutions (A and B). PDA detection was set at 240 nm and temperature 30C. The retention time of metformin, glipizide, repaglinide, acarbose and glimepiride was detected at 2.12, 10.37, 12.49, 19.8, 21.8 min. respectively. Also, limits of detection were reported to be 0.0025, 0.0016, 0.005, 0.003, 0.002 mg/ml and limits of quantification as 0.0078,0.005, 0.017, 0.0091, 0.006 mg/ml. This analytical method, according to ICH standards, can also be relevant and beneficial for pharmaceutical and quality control studies.

INNOVATIVE TESTING STAND FOR CONTACT WITH FLAME - EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

One of the most important factors affecting the safety of firefighters is protection against heatwhile fighting a fire. Flame is considered the most dangerous phenomenon that can quickly causedamage to fire-resistant clothing and injury to a firefighter. The article presents testing methodsfor protective clothing. An innovative method of testing the impact of flame on protective clothingfabrics, developed at the State Fire Service Aspirants’ School in Krakow, was presented. The samplewas exposed to a flame from a burner powered by propane-butane gas. Temperature measurementswere executed with a thermal imaging camera Flir T430sc and K-type thermocouples, and thetime to reach the so-called pain threshold (temperature 60C) by a person wearing protectiveclothing. The tests were carried out on material samples of fabrics produced by ANDROPOL withreflective layers of nanocomposites applied and subjected to impregnation.

Activated carbon assisted cobalt catalyst for hydrogen production: synthesis and characterization

In this work, a cobalt catalyst supported by activated carbon was used to produce hydrogen through the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). First, hydrochar was produced from MDF powder by hydrothermal pretreatment. Then, ideal parameters (activator percentage, activation time, baking time, and temperature) for activated carbon production were determined. The best conditions for the synthesis of activated carbon were found to be a 70% activator rate, 24 hours of activation time, 45 minutes of baking time, and 700 ⁰C temperature, according to iodine number measurements. The iodine number was measured as 929 mg/g under optimum conditions. Activated carbon (as a support) produced under optimum conditions was combined with the cobalt catalyst. DT/TGA, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX analyses were used to evaluate the catalyst's structure. Supporting material ratio, NaOH concentration, catalyst amount, and NaBH4 concentration are the variables studied in catalyst synthesis. The trials led to the identification of the optimal catalyst parameters as being 70% support material, 5% NaOH, 40 mg catalyst, and 2% NaBH4 concentration. The hydrogen production rate with the catalyst synthesized in these conditions was determined as 8592.8 ml/g.min. As a result of the hydrolysis reactions carried out at different temperatures, it was determined that the reaction was n. order and the reaction activation energy was 31.19 kJ/mol. Even after the sixth use, 100% efficiency was attained when the catalyst activity was tested repeatedly.

Formulation Optimization and Characterization of Tizanidine Hydrochloride-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles Using Quality by Design Approach.

Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been used extensively in cancer biologics and as drug carrier systems for improved pharmacokinetics and effective therapeutic action. GNPs also ensure reliable diagnosis with sensitive imaging. This study aimed to synthesize tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN)-biodegradable gold (Au) nanoparticles by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with trisodium citrate using a microwave synthesizer and quality by design approach. The formulation method used was optimized using a 32 (two-factor, three-level design) factorial experiment. Temperature (X1) and concentration of gold salt (X2) were the two independent factors, and particle size (Y1), Percent drug entrapment efficiency (Y2), and polydispersity index (Y3) were the responses recorded for the study. The results of the study revealed that the optimized nanoparticles (TGN8) had a particle size (Y1) of 195 ± 1.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.2, and entrapment efficiency of 99.0 ± 2.9% at an optimized concentration of 14 mM gold salt (X1) and 100 0C temperature (X2). Atomic Force Microscopy showed the spherical shape particles. In vitro drug release was found to be 62.1 ± 0.5% release of TZN in simulated gastric buffer (pH 1.2) and 45.5 ± 2.8% in physiological buffer (pH 7.4). Overall, the study identified the optimal formulation conditions for TZN GNPs by considering the effects of independent variables on desired responses.

Investigation of water heating efficiency in cavitation mode at initial stage of grain molasses preparation

BACKGROUND: Grain molasses are a valuable source of digestible protein and feed sugar for farm animals. At the initial stage of production of this feed mixture, the existing devices and water heating schemes are not effective enough. In this connection, a new device for accelerated heating of passive-type water has been developed.
 AIMS: evaluation of the effectiveness of the cavitator for heating water in the plant for the production of grain molasses.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: for conducting studies, a cavitator made in the form of a cone with petals, the angle of the solution of which is 168ʹ, is installed in a glass pipe of the injection branch of the water circuit of the plant for the preparation of grain molasses. During the experiments, the petals were installed in the pipe straight or bent 15. Under laboratory conditions, a comparative experiment was carried out to heat water with a volume of 50 liters, starting from its temperature of 20C and through each degree to 30C, both with and without a cavitator. The process efficiency criteria were: time and specific energy consumption of water heating.
 RESULTS: as a result of the conducted studies, the values of the criteria for the efficiency of the water heating process using a cavitatora and without it are established. Linear dependence of water temperature on heating time is obtained. It has been shown that the created cavitation effect behind the base of the cone is not stable, but still more intense behind the cone with straight petals. It is noted that the coefficient of hydraulic resistance for a cavitator with bent by 15 lobes is 10% greater than with straight ones.
 CONCLUSIONS: use of a cavitatora when heating water at the initial stage of preparing grain molasses increases efficiency of the process by 20%.

The Libido and Semen Quality of Bali Bulls Supplemented with Micro-Nutrients of Zinc, Selenium, Vitamin A and Vitamin E

Low quality and quantity of food intake of bulls in the tropics might adversely affect libido and semen quality through their effects on spermatogenesis process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of micro-minerals (Zn and Se) and vitamins (A and E) on the libido and semen quality of Bali bulls. 2 (two) Bali bulls, aged 4-5 years old with a body weight 300-350 kg. The study was divided into 2 periods and each period was conducted for 8 weeks. At the first period (control), the experimental bulls were fed with natural grasses and concentrates (1% of body weight). Furthermore, at the second period (treatment period), they were fed diet similar to that used in the first period with an additional of a mineral mix (Zn and Se) and vitamin (A and E). Evaluation of libido and semen quality were carried out simultaneously twice a week. Libido was measured by calculating the time required for the bulls from approaching the teaser until they mounted for the first time and from approaching until they ejaculated, respectively. Semen was collected by using an artificial vagina. The volume, colour, pH, and, viscosity, as were recorded. Evaluation of semen quality in the form of the sperm concentration, motility, viability and abnormality were done by using Computer Assisted Semen Analyser (CASA). Fresh semen was diluted by Andromed®. The diluted semen was preserved at the temperature 50C for 144 hrs. Motility, viability and abnormality were observed every 12 hrs. Data were reported as mean and standard error of mean analysed by using the paired student’s t-test. Mean interval between the bulls approaching and mounting the teaser for the first time and between approaching and ejaculation after the supplementation of micro-nutrients were significantly shorter (P<0.05) in compared to those before the supplementation (2.68 vs. 6.52 and 5.09 vs. 10.06 minutes, respectively). The sperm viability after the supplementation of micro-nutrients was significantly higher in compared to that before supplementation. (82.25 vs. 87.50 %). Preservation of diluted bull semen at the temperature of 50C for 144 hrs showed that the sperm viability was significantly higher (P<0.05) and sperm abnormality was significantly lower (P<0.05) after the supplementation of micro-nutrients in compared to those before the supplementation. It can be concluded that the supplementation micro-nutrients in Bali bulls could increase libido, sperm viability and reduce the sperm abnormality.

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PEARL MILLET HUSK ASH AS A POZZOLAN O. M. Daramola1, Y. A. Jimoh2 and *S. F. Oritola1

This paper reports the characteristics of the pozzolan generated at different temperatures and times of exposure for the calcining process of millet husk for the determination of optimum metrics of production. Some millet husk samples were procured from a market in Nigeria and cleaned to remove sand and other impurities. The cleaned husks were burned in a muffle furnace at temperatures of 600 ⁰C, 750 ⁰C, and 900 ⁰C, with a dwelling time of 2 hours and 4 hours each. The six resulting brands of the ashes were analysed for chemical composition using X-ray fluorescence Spectrometry and further evaluated for pozzolan classification. The microstructure of the millet husk ash (MHA) calcined at 900 ⁰C and a 2-hour dwelling time, the optimum condition, was investigated through the scan electron microscope. The summation of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content of 92-96%, which is more than 70% benchmark for Class C ASTM C618-12 quality pozzolan, was computed for the MHA produced at 750 and 900 ⁰C calcination temperatures and the two dwelling times; while the corresponding values were 62-63% for the specimen produced at 600 ⁰C in the furnace closed environment, implying a different brand of pozzolan. Further, the per cent silica content of the MHA brand calcined at 600, 750, and 900⁰C for a dwelling time of 4 hours is less than those of the 2 hours (32.8%, 55.2% and 52.1% respectively as against 34.2%, 55%, and 58.3%), making the 900 ⁰C temperature and 2 hours calcination period the most optimum production metric for high silica content pozzolan from millet husk bio-wastes.

Synthesis of chitosan based new material for recovery of Pt (IV)

In this study a new type of adsorbent bead precursor was reached using chitosan and pretreated clay. The pretreated clay was produced from the clay of the "Tsogt-Ovoo" deposit in the Umnugovi province of Mongolia. It was produced by acid and heat treatment to remove its mechanical impurities. The mixtures of chitosan and pretreated clay were taken with various ratios (8:1, 8:2, and 8:3) for chemical processing to obtain a chitosan-based adsorbent bead for recovery of (Pt(IV)) from aqueous solution. It was examined that the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent bead when the chitosan and pretreated clay mass ratio 8:2 was the highest for platinum ion (Pt (IV)). The adsorption properties of Pt (IV) were studied depending on the solution pH, contacting time, temperature, initial concentration of platinum ion solution, and amount of adsorbent material. The adsorption efficiency was the highest (93.29%) when the initial concentration of the platinum ion was 50 mg/l at the following condition; pH=3, temperature 250C, time 3 hours, and the amount of the adsorbent material 0.1 g. It represents that the chitosan clay bead can be applied for the recovery of platinum (Pt (IV)) from aqueous solution.

Determination of isohydrafural and methyluracil in ear drops by high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Objective The aim of current study was the development and validation of a reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) method for the quantitative determination of two active ingredients, isohydrafural (IHF) and methyluracil (MU) in fixed dose combination ear drops. Methods: An efficient separation of the two compounds was achieved on a Teknokroma C1 5μm (150*4,6mm) column, with a methanol: water 60:40 (V: V) mobile phase, at 300C temperature and 0.6 mL/min flow-rate. The total analysis time was 5.5 min. Result: The verified validation parameters were: linearity, selectivity, specificity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), robustness, limit of detection and quantification. Conclusions: Good separation and lack of interference from other chromatographic peaks, rapidanalysis times were obtained. The newly developed chromatographic method can be applied for the analysis of fixed dose combination ear drops with isohydrafural and methyluracil.

Optimizing the Production of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mimosa Diplotricha Leaf Extract

Plant extracts are applicable over the other biological sources due to the availability and ability to act as stabilizing agent during the green nanoparticle synthesise. The present study evaluates the possibility of synthesising silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using plant leaf extracts of invasive weed Mimosa diplotricha. Biological and physical properties of synthesising Silver NPs were also evaluated using the UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). To determine the best volume ratio of leaf extract, salt and temperature condition, an experiment was carried out 1:1 and 1:9 (V/V) ratios reacted with (2 mM) of Silver Nitrate under room temperature and 60-80 0C temperature condition. The colour-change conformed formation of Silver NPs. The broad peak obtained at 420-460 nm with UV–Vis surface plasmon resonance studies confirmed that the synthesised nanoparticles were Silver NPs. SEM microscopic studies revealed that spherical shape nanoparticles were formed with the average sizes 28.20 nm. This study shows that M. diplotricha mediated SNPs production is dependent on the concentration, incubation time and temperature of the reaction mixture. The best ratio of plant extract and AgNO3 is 1:1 to optimize the production of SNPs. The temperature range 60-80oC promotes higher SNPs production comparative to the room temperature. Green synthesised SNPs are poly-dispersed without forming agglomeration. Based on the observations, it is possible to conclude that M. diplotricha leaf extract is an effective source for SNPs production. This study is useful to optimize protocols for biological synthesis of SNPs using other plants.

Designs of ultra-HPHT Electrical Component Packages for Downhole and Geothermal Wellbore Logging Tool Integrations

Conventional dielectric sealing materials (PEEK, glass and glass-ceramic) used for sealing electrical feedthroughs, connectors, interconnectors and bulkheads in electronic packages can provide reliable downhole wellbore long-term logging tool service up to 150C or short-term logging service for greater than/equal 200C, due primarily to low glass transition temperature of the used sealing materials. This paper will demonstrate that the maximum allowable operating pressure and temperature could be from 20KSI to 100KSI and from 200C to 400C with Borosilicate and Bismuth-Boron-Silica (XTS) sealing glasses. Borosilicate glass sealed Inconel-Kovar/Kovar electronic housing could maintain reliability up to the maximum pressures of ~35KSI at 200C or 25KSI at 400C. Similarly, a Bismuth-Boron-Silica XTS glass sealed stainless steel electronic package housing could have a maximum operating pressure of ~100KSI at 150C or ~50KSI at 300C temperature. It has been found that high glass transition temperatures of (440-560)C for Borosilicate glass and (44010)C for Bismuth-Boron-Silicate (XTS) glass are key for making highly reliable ultra-HPHT electronic component packages. It is shown that the tetrahedral diamond-like microstructures of these sealing glasses are keys to ensure water-repelling properties to maintain sufficient electrical insulation resistance regardless of their use in water or moisture-rich wellbores. Moreover, compressive pin stress is found to be additional key for mitigate frequently observed glass seal cracks during logging tool field services.

Testing of rapid vigor method for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) by using radicle emergence

Sorghum has a higher protein nutrient content (11%) than rice (6.8%) per 100 grams of ingredients. However the development and yield of sorghum is still low. One of the causes of low sorghum production yields is because seed deteriorate rapidly. The deterioration of sorghum seeds during storage signals a low seed vigor. So it is necessary to improve seed vigor tests efficiency in order to shorten test time. The objective of this research are determining observation time of Radicle emergence test and determining correlation between Radicle emergence test results with vigor test and seed viability. The results showed that radicula observations using Radicle emergence method can be carried out after the seeds are germinated for 96 hours at 25 + 2 0C temperature. The second result show there is positive correlation between Radicle emergence value to the vigor test and viability seed such as Vigor Index, Speed of Germination, Germination Seed, Maximum Growth Potential. It means the higher value of Vigor Index, Speed of Germination, Germination Seed, Maximum Growth Potential, the higher Radicle emergence value. The correlation between Radicle emergence and Mean Germination Time and Sprout Growth Rate changes shows a negative correlation.

Optimization of Rice Bran Oil Bleaching via Carotenoid Adsorption onto Activated Carbon using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Rice bran oil (RBO) is a by-product of rice processing with a good fatty acid profile and high oxidative stability. This study aims to optimize the bleaching stage of the rice bran oil refining process to determine the minimum levels of carotenoids in RBO by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This research used the Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design with three variables: bleaching temperature (50, 80, 1100C), bleaching time (20, 40, 60 minutes), and activated carbon concentration (0.4, 0.8, 1.2%). As a result, the model was enhanced to explain the correlation of each variable and the different data variations. This study employed the Derringer method to determine the most optimal variable variation that produces the lowest carotene levels. This study found that the optimal carotene level was 4.87 mg/kg with an activated carbon concentration of 1.18%, temperature of 500C, and time of 53.155 minutes.

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of anti- hypothyroidism drug in capsule dosage form

A simple, accurate, sensitive and precise Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic assay method for estimation of Levothyroxine sodium in dosage form was successfully developed. The chromatographic separation was performed on Welch Ultisil XB-CN, 150 x 4.6 mm, 5µm. column. The mobile phase consists of 0.05% OPA Buffer solution, and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 72:28, v/v. Mobile phase was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Samples were injected 50 μL the column temperature was kept at 40 0C and sample temperature 150C. The wavelength 221 nm were selected for the evaluation of the chromatogram. The retention time of the drug was found to be 3.7 min. The developed method was found to be linear in a concentration range of 5-15 μg/ml of the drug (r2= 0.999). The low value of % RSD indicates reproducibility of the method. Thus this method can be used for routine analysis of pomalidomide in formulation and to check the stability of bulk samples.

The Effect Of Curing Types On Compressive Strength Of High Performance Concrete

The present investigation considers the effect of curing temperatures (30, 40, and 50˚C) and curing compound method on compressive strength development of high performance concrete, and compares the results with concrete cured at standard conditions and curing temperature (21˚C). The experimental results showed that at early ages, the rate of strength development at high curing temperature is greater than at lower curing temperature, the maximum increasing percentage in compressive strength is 10.83% at 50C˚ compared with 21C˚ in 7days curing age. However, at later ages, the strength achieved at higher curing temperature has been less, and the maximum percentage of reduction has been 5.70% at curing temperature 50C˚ compared with 21C˚curing temperature in 91 days curing age. Also, the results showed that the specimens which are cured under field condition (using curing compound) have a various strength development rate, and the results indicate 92.11% as minimum field-standard curing strength ratio.

BIOPOLIMER DARI KITOSAN-COLLAGEN UNTUK APLIKASI PEMBALUT LUKA DENGAN CMC DAN GLUKOMANAN SEBAGAI BAHAN IKAT SILANG

Wound dressing is a nursing action to protect the wound by closing the wound, which can be done using sterile gauze that is not attached to the wound tissue. Currently, commonly used wound dressings are made of polymeric materials. Polymers for wound dressings consist of absorbents in contact with the wound. The absorbent layer will protect the wound and absorb the liquid that comes out of the wound. The purpose of this study is to make a biopolymer derived from chitosan, collagen and its cross-binding materials, namely CMC and glucomannan, and to find out the correct composition comparison to produce an ideal biopolymer. The method is drying in the oven on a thin glass printer for 24 hours. Mixing all raw materials with chitosan volume:collagen: CMC and chitosan:collagen: glucomannan in a ratio of 50:50:2,5; 50:50:5; 50:50:7,5; and 50:50:10. Then put in the oven with a temperature of 60⁰C during for 48 hours. The biopolymers formed are then tested to determine the characteristic properties of the biocomposites formed. The analysis carried out is FTIR group analysis, swelling analysis, absorption test and membrane thickness test. The results of the study with the comparison of chitosan: collagen: CMC and chitosan : collagen: glucomannan for the analysis of the FTIR group of the biopolymer membrane contains compounds (O-H), C-H, C =O, C-O-C, CH2, CN, and CH, for swelling tests on CMC additives the value obtained is 73%; 82%; 79%; 105% while for glucomannan additives, a result of 32%; 57%; 65%; and 51%, for absorption test on additives CMC the value that can be obtained is 125%; 176%; 285%; 233%; while for glucomannan additives, a yield of 97%; 96%; 90%; and 86% and for membrane thickness test additives CMC the value in can be 0.94 mm; 0.79 mm; 1.06 mm; 1.32 mm; while for glucomannan additives, the result is 1.3 mm; 1.58 mm; 1,6 mm; 1.67 mm.

Impact of N Supply on Some Leaf Characteristics of Maize Crop

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient widely used in maize crop production. The application of a high N rate is commonly practiced by growers as a "guarantee" of optimal growth and yield. However, excessive nitrogen consumption can cause wastage, negatively impact plants, and adversely affects the environment. This paper reports on the impact of N supply on leaf characteristics in maize. Maize was grown in an experimental plot of the Department of Agronomy, The Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hungary, during the spring and summer of 2021 (May - October). Four observation plots consisting of ​​102 m area size were evaluated for various N levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1 N a.i) with marked plants sampling in four replications. Data collection on leaf traits viz. leaf number plant-1 (B), leaf number plant-1 (S), temperature 0C (leaf surface), SPAD, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), and leaf area (cm2) were measured one week after application in weekly sequences of N until the eighth week. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer application increased the leaf number plant-1 (B), temperature, SPAD, and leaf width while contrasting with leaf number plant-1 (S). However, there was no difference in leaf length for all treatments studied. Although an increase occurred up to the use of 100 N. Whereas, the 150 N treatment showed low performance and exhibited a negative correlation for all traits except temperature and number of leaves (S). The results suggest that treatment of 100 N produced the best results in most traits studied. Furthermore, a detailed research study is needed to confirm the findings, as many other environmental factors influence maize plant growth.