Temperature 60oC Research Articles

Facile Synthesis of ZnO Nanofoam on ZnO Nanowire for Hydrogen Gas Detection

Background: ZnO nanofoam cluster was deposited on ZnO nanowires using SiO2/Si substrate. Nanocrystalline ZnO nanofoam cluster was grown on Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) grown ZnO nanowires by consecutive immersion (50 times) of the sample into Sodium Zincate (Na2ZnO2) bath (0.125M) kept at room temperature and into the de-ionized (DI) water maintained at 80oC. Methods: Sodium Zincate was prepared by reacting Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) and excess Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in aqueous solution. By simple Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique ZnO nanowires of length of 1-1.5 µm with diameter 2-3 nm were deposited on SiO2 coated <100> p-Si substrate. The ZnO nanofoam cluster area was found to be ~(0.5 x 0.5) µm2. After structural and morphological characterizations by FESEM, EDX and AFM, the sensor was tested for three different H2 concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1%) taking N2 as carrier gas at four different operating temperatures (50ºC, 75ºC, 100ºC and 125ºC). Results: The sensor offered ~98% response magnitude at very low operating temperature 100ºC at 1000 ppm H2 gas with very fast response time (16 sec) and recovery time (52 sec). The unique structure of nanofoam covers multidimensional area having more molecular surface interactions thus permitting better response in gas sensing. The I-V characteristics was studied to indicate ohmic nature of the silver contacts for four operating temperatures with 1% hydrogen in N2 and it was also observed that amplitude of current is higher with the presence of H2. Conclusion: Finally the stability study of the H2 sensor was also done in presence of carrier gas (N2) over a span of 24 hours (6 hr daily).

KARAKTERISTIK FLAKES YANG DIHASILKAN DARI TEPUNG HANJELI (Coix lacryma jobi L.) TERMODIFIKASI DENGAN METODE HEAT MOISTURE TREATMENT

The aim of this study was obtained suitable conditions on the modification of hanjeli flour with variations of hanjeli flour moisture and heating temperature so as to improve the characteristics of hanjeli flour and increased its used into flakes products. The benefit of this study was an increase the added value of local raw materials that widely used, to utilized the technology of modification method of Heat Moisture Treatment for food processing made from raw hanjeli for hanjeli characteristics can be applied to flakes products. The study was divided into three stages: preliminary, main and second research. The experimental design used in this study was Randomized Block Design (RBD) consist of two factors: moisture level and heating temperature with 3 levels and 3 time replications, so that 27 experimental units were obtained. The treatment design consisted of variations was conducted in moisture a1 (20%), a2 (25%), a3 (30%), and heating temperature b1 (90oC), b2 (100oC), b3 (110oC). The result of this study was obtained that the selected sample were a3b1 (moisture level 30% and heating temperature 90oC) with an average water content 9,657%, amylose 8,393% and setback viscosity 955,000 cP. The preparation of flakes from selected modified hanjeli flour was tested for water content, amylose, water absorption of flakes and the organoleptic response

Preparasi Matriks Alam Sekresi Kutu Lak Dengan Asam Adipat Pada Biokomposit Serat Rami

In this research, preparation of natural matrix from modified flea secretion (SKL) by the addition of adipic acid as matrix in biocomposites of ramie fiber have been carried out. This research was initiated by dissolving the chunks of flea secretion using ethanol with ratio 1:2 and heated at temperature 50oC. Flea secretion has modified by the addition of adipic acid in various concentration 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Viscometry technique with viscometer ostwald was used for characterizing intrinsic viscosityof natural matrix. The optimum value of intrinsic viscosity were reached at concentration 5% of adipic acid that has 77,08 mg/l viscosity. Biocomposites were made by mixing ramie fibers and natural matrix SKL which have been modified by the addition of adipic acid with optimum concentration at 60:40ratio of fibers: matrix. Biocomposites were evaluated for mechanical properties with ASTM D638 type IV standard. Biocomposite sampel was formed specimens and tested with tensile tester. Biocomposite from ramie fibers and natural matrix SKL modified by adipic acid has a tensile strength 15,14 MPa and elastic modulus was 1519,15 MPa.

Technology of integrated processing of fruit raw material in the small enterprise setting

The scientific and technological development of Russia is aimed at food security and food independence of the country. The problem is solved by using local raw materials, as well. Of high priority is the creation of food products with the pre-set functional properties. The government provides grant support for the projects and scientific programs of innovation activities. The challenge consists in rapid transition from the research results to their implementation. The task is effectively solved within the frames of R&D innovative projects in the system: “science and education – production –- market”. The specific features of growing and harvesting plant raw materials lie in their season character and a small scale. It actualizes its processing with the purpose of obtaining new food products in the small enterprise setting. The research on the technology of integrated processing of high cranberry was done. It involved whole berries pre-drying, cutting and further use of powder-like mixture in the syrup preparation. Modes and parameters for high cranberry drying are brought out: temperature 80ºC, time period – 72 hours with purification intensity of 30% of air volume an hour; kibbling of dry berries to powdery condition with the particle size of 0.001 mm. Rational technological modes and parameters for ready-made syrup are established: mass fraction of sugar syrup dry substances – 55%; the proportion “sugar syrup: high cranberry powder” in the recipe is 10:1.15; syrup cooking time – 30 minutes. Comparative analysis of nutritional value of fresh and dried high cranberry was carried out. The research has shown a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the latter, that proves the practicability of high cranberry integrated processing.

Adsorptive performances and characterisations of biologically synthesised zinc oxide based nanosorbent (ZOBN)

In the present study, we have synthesised zinc oxide based nanosorbent (ZOBN) by using the leaves extract of Shorea robusta (Sal) and removed Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from waste water. Biologically synthesised ZOBN has been characterised by using different analytical methods such as UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, powder XRD, FESEM and EDX. Adsorption study of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions onto ZOBN from waste water was performed under the batch adsorption experiments and maximum adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions found at optimized conditions such as higher contact time, higher acidic pH and moderate temperature. The adsorption efficiencies of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions have been recorded as 52.5% and 35.5% at contact time 60 min, 92.9% and 89.9% at pH 6 and 45.1% and 39.9% at temperature 60OC, respectively. Regression values indicated that the Pseudo first order kinetic model was best fitted to the adsorption of Pb2+ and intra particle diffusion model for Cd2+ ions onto ZOBN. The diffusion constant (kd) for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions have been evaluated as 0.41 and 0.28 mg/g min1/2. Langmuir isotherm model was found highly suitable for the equilibrium data of adsorption as compared to Freundlich, Temkin and Dubbin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The values of Langmuir equilibrium constant (L/g) and theoretical monolayer saturation capacity have been evaluated for Pb2+ ions as 7.19 L/g and 0.092 and for Cd2+ ions as 12.01 L/g and 0.03, respectively.

Effect of some environmental conditions on the growth of rhizobium species

Rhizobium species are involved in symbiotic relationship which can be exploited in agriculture to enhance crop and pasture growth without the addition of nitrogen fertilizers. However, a number of environmental factors are known to affect the symbiotic efficiency of Rhizobium. This current study evaluated tolerance of Rhizobium species isolated from root nodules of cowpea obtained from Akure, Nigeria to variation in temperature, pH levels, salt concentrations, heavy metals as well as antibiotics. Three Rhizobium species were isolated from root nodules of Vignaunguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris after 34 days of planting yeast extract mannitol agar (YEMA). Their tolerance to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, sodium chloride, heavy metals as well as antibiotics was determined. All the isolates grew very well at 28oC, moderately at 37oC but their growth was hampered at 50o C. Maximal growth was observed at neutral pH. However, Sinorhizobium sp showed high tolerance to pH 7.0. Also, the isolates showed high tolerance to low concentration of sodium chloride (0.1%) and heavy metals with reduction in their optical density at higher concentrations. Rhizobium sp showed high level of tolerance at 4% compared to Mesorhizobium sp. and Sinorhizobium sp. Rhizobium spp. showed resistance to all the antibiotics investigated while Mesorhizobium sp. was sensitive to only to pefloxacin and sparfloxacin, while Sinorhizobium sp. was only sensitive to pefloxacin. The isolates in this study can be assessed for their suitability as inoculants forcowpea in soils below temperature 50oC and at neutral pH.
 J. bio-sci. 26: 15-24, 2018

SINTESIS METIL ESTER DARI LIMBAH KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN SONOCHEMISTRY DAN CRACKING MENJADI BIOFUEL DENGAN KATALIS CrMo/HZ

This study aims to calculate the percentage methyl ester converted to biofuel through catalytic cracking reaction,analyzes component and determine characteristics using catalyst CrMo/HZ. This research begins with impregnation sample preparation which includes heating oil,degumming,bleaching and determination free fatty acid (FFA). Methyl ester obtained from liquid waste conversion crude palm oil through an esterification and transesterification reaction with H2SO4 and NaOH catalyst with sonochemistry methode is a method that utilizes ultrasonic waves origanating from a device is ultrasonic cleaner for one hour at temperature 60oC. The methyl ester obtained was cracked with a CrMo/HZ catalyst which was carried out for 2 hours at temperatur 380oC. To find out the components of compounds formed in methyl ester, an analysis was performed using GCMS then characteristics of biofuel are determined from the result of catalytic cracking obtained through acid number testing,density,viscosity,pour point and fog point. The result obtained from the conversion of methyl ester to biofuel with Crmo/HZ Catalyst Is 60,17% And For Testing The Physical Characteristics Of Biofuel Namely The Acid Number 1,87 Mg KOH/G, density 0,804 g/cm3, viscosity 1,162 Cst, pour point 0oC and fog point 1,4oC. The result of cracking produce a consituent component of biofuel namely gasoline 33,67%, kerosene 16,26%, gas oil 10,24% beside that, there are still methyl ester as much as21,89%.

Removal of heavy metal (Cu2+) by immobilized microalgae biosorbent with effect of temperature and contact time

The purpose of this research was to removed heavy metal of Copper (Cu2+) with biotechnology using mixed-microalgae of Chlorella sorokiniana, Monoraphidium sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus bound in Na-Alginate. The effect of contact time and temperature on biosorption rate to achieve the highest efficiency were studied. Mixed-microalgae were dried in the oven, hulled, and trapping onto alginate polymer to forming an immobilized biosorbent or beads. The decrease of Cu2+ concentration was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Optimization of parameters was conducted by photobioreactor in batch system using concentrations of 20 mg/L Cu which were containing wastewater, biosorbent concentration of 0.5 g/g, pH 4 with setting of contact time (60, 120, 180) minutes and temperature (25, 35.45) oC. The results show that the maximum biosorption occurred at pH 4, temperature 35oC, contact time 180 minutes and removal efficiency of 96.4% was achieved. The research proved that immobilized biosorbent was very effective in reducing Cu2+ in wastewater and able to be used as a competitive and environment-friendly alternative method to control heavy metal pollution in water.

Biodiesel Production Optimization using Heterogeneous Catalyst (Al2O3) in Karanja oil by Taguchi Method

Biodiesel is renewable and environmental friendly fuel which has the potential to obtain considerable performance of engine. The aim of this work is to optimize the transesterification process for production of biodiesel using Taguchi method. In this experimental work, the Karanja oil transesterification is done to produce biodiesel using Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst, using five parameters and five levels. Orthogonal array obtained by Minitab to analyze the interaction effect by using Taguchi method for the transesterification reaction. The parameters such as molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring speed are effect on biodiesel yield. Effect of these parameters is investigated on small scale. Experimental yield obtained at optimal conditions i.e. are 20:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 3% Al2O3 catalyst, reaction temperature 65ºC, reaction time 60 min and 600 rpm stirring speed is 80%.

Effect of Drying Duration on Production of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinachantus Nutans) Botanical Drink

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of drying duration of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinachantus Nutans) botanical drinks on sensory properties, total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (FRSA). Three types of drinks samples were produced using a Sabah Snake Grass leaves which dried by oven method at temperature 45oC for 2 days for Formulation 1 (F1), 5 days for Formulation 2 (F2) and without drying (FS). Sensory analysis is performed to determine the level of panel acceptance of attribute such as color, taste, aroma and overall acceptance of Sabah Snake Grass drinks. Next, all samples were analyzed to determine total phenolic content and antioxidant effect via 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) scavenging activity. For sensory analysis, F2 resulted highest acceptance level by panelist compared to F1 and FS for all attributes and overall acceptance. Based on the result, F2 also showed highest total phenolic content (0.78 ppm) and highest percentage of inhibition compared to other samples. The results showed drying process could increase the acceptance level of panelist, phenolic content and scavenging activity of the Sabah Snake Grass drinks.

Enhanced bioactivity of Pure ZnO and ZnO-Ag nanocomposite Using Sol-Gel method for Self-Cleaning Application

In the current study, Pure ZnO and Ag-ZnO nanocomposite are established using the sol-gel method with the influence of ammonia solution NH4OH to incorporate Ag ions into ZnO and form Ag-ZnO nanocomposites. Then pure ZnO and Ag-ZnO nanocomposites were annealed at 450oC for tow h in a muffle furaning using temperture controlling, and heat rate was set at temperature 100oC per min. The structural and morphological properties of samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and FESEM with Energy dispersive X-rays (EDX). In addition, the antibacterial activity of pure ZnO and Ag- ZnO nanocomposite was evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms by plate count test. The results of the test revealed strong antibacterial behavior of nanocomposite against bacteria as compared to pure ZnO and improved efficiency of incorporation Ag ion on ZnO.

PENENTUAN FAKTOR BERPENGARUH PADA EKSTRAKSI RIMPANG JAHE MENGGUNAKAN EXTRAKTOR BERPENGADUK

Giovani Anggista , Ilyas Teguh Pangestu, Dwi Handayani, M. Endy Yulianto, Septi Kusuma, in this paper explain that the main part of ginger used is rhizome. Processed ginger products that can be developed are ginger oleoresin which contains components of gingerol, shogaol, zingerone, resin and essential oils. Ginger oleoresin content ranges from 3.2 - 9.5%, while the content of gingerol in oleoresin is between 14-25% and shogaol between oleoresin. 2.8-7.0%. Considering the benefits of high-antioxidant ginger which functions as an anti-inflammatory and prevents tumor growth, it is necessary to extract the ginger rhizome. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that most influence the extraction of gingerol from the ginger rhizome using a stirred extractor and relatively good conditions. Experiments were carried out with various solvents, pH and temperature. Solvents 4 liters and 8 liters, pH 4 and 6 and temperatures 60oC and 100oC. The Gingerol content is measured by a VIS spectrophotometer. The most influential factor in extraction of ginger was determined by experimental design 23. The analysis of the results showed that for extracting 500 grams of powdered ginger using water as a solvent, the most influential factor was pH, in this case, at pH 6 containing 4% ginger.

OPTIMASI SUHU DAN LAMA PEMANASAN TERHADAP HASIL SINTESIS SENYAWA BENZOILTIOUREA DENGAN METODE ASILASI

To find new compounds acting on central nervous system (CNS), this research has been done the synthesis of benzoylthiourea by acylating the thiourea with benzoyl chloride, using tetrahydrofuran as solvent. Reaction temperature were respectively done at 90oC, 100oC, 110oC and 120oC, and heating duration was respectively accomplished at 0.5 hours, 1.0 hours, 1.5 hours, 2.0 hours and 2.5 hours. This research was aimed at finding out optimal heating duration and temperature to obtain maximal percentage yield of benzoylthiourea synthesis. The highest percentage yield of 59.89% obtained in optimum temperature 100oC and 2.0 hours heating duration. The purity test of the synthesis product is shown by the single spot on the thin layer chromatogram (TLC) and narrow range of melting point. Based on the structure identification with UV and IR spectrophotometries, H-NMR spectrometries and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometries (GC-MS), it was concluded that the structure of the synthesis product was accordance to the prediction.

PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI DENGAN GELOMBANG ULTRASONIK TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava L.)

This research was conducted to determine temperature and time extraction with ultrasonic waves on the antioxidant activity of guajava leaf extract and obtain the temperature and extraction time with ultrasonic waves that are appropriate to produce the highest antioxidant activity. The experimental design used in this research was a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with time treatment consisting of 3 levels, namely 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes and temperatures consisting of 3 levels, namely 40°C, 45°C and 50°C. The treatment was repeated two times, so that 18 experimental units were obtained. Data were conducted using analyzed of variance and if treatment had a significant effect, followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that the interaction between temperature and time of extraction of guajava leaves with ultrasonic waves had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on yield, total phenol, total flavonoids, total tannins and antioxidant activity of guajava leaves. The treatment of extraction temperature and extraction time of guajava leaves with ultrasonic waves had very significant effect (P<0.01) on yield, total phenol, total flavonoids, total tannins and antioxidant activity of guajava leaves. The best results showed that temperature of 45oC with time 20 minutes result antioxidant activity based on 89.03 %, free radical inhibition percentage with IC50 values 3.55 mg/L, yield 16.26 %, total phenol was 331.77 mgGAE/g extract, total flavonoids was 637.33 mgQE/g extract and total tannins were 583.75 mgTAE/g.
 Keywords : antioxidant, guajava leaves, temperature, time, ultrasonics

Sintesis Senyawa Aurivillius Lapis Empat PbBi4Ti4O15 dan PbBi3NdTi4O15 dengan Metode Lelehan Campuran Garam NaCl-KCl dan Karakterisasi Struktur

Four-layered Aurivillius phases PbBi4Ti4O15doped with Nd3+ with formula PbBi3NdTi4O15 were synthesized by molten-salt technique using NaCl and KCl (1:1 molar ratio) as the flux. Precursors were weighed stoichiometrycally and grinded with salts mixture in 1:7 ratio (product : salts mixture) until homogenous. The samples were heated at temperature 600oC, 700oC, 800oC, and 900oC for 5 hours for each temperature. The products were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and LCR-meter. XRD data were refined by Rietica program using Le Bail technique. Refinement results showed the best structure as the A21am of space group for both samples. Surface analysis for each samples morphology is the plate-like by SEM characterization. Dielectric constants measured at room temperature show that the sample doped Nd3+ has lower value than sample without containing Nd3+ cation.

Sintesis Senyawa Aurivillius Lapis Empat PbBi4Ti4O15 dan PbBi3NdTi4O15 dengan Metode Lelehan Campuran Garam NaCl-KCl dan Karakterisasi Struktur

Four-layered Aurivillius phases PbBi4Ti4O15doped with Nd3+ with formula PbBi3NdTi4O15 were synthesized by molten-salt technique using NaCl and KCl (1:1 molar ratio) as the flux. Precursors were weighed stoichiometrycally and grinded with salts mixture in 1:7 ratio (product : salts mixture) until homogenous. The samples were heated at temperature 600oC, 700oC, 800oC, and 900oC for 5 hours for each temperature. The products were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and LCR-meter. XRD data were refined by Rietica program using Le Bail technique. Refinement results showed the best structure as the A21am of space group for both samples. Surface analysis for each samples morphology is the plate-like by SEM characterization. Dielectric constants measured at room temperature show that the sample doped Nd3+ has lower value than sample without containing Nd3+ cation.

A Comparative Study of Copper, Zinc and Aluminium as Electrodes in the Preparation of Starch-based Polyelectrolyte

Alum (Al2 (SO4)3. 18H2O) has been the coagulant mostly used in the water treatment process. Alum imported into the country gets stuck at the port because of the congestion of the port. When alum is used to coagulate water, it depresses the pH of the water, thus, requiring a pH booster. Because of the high dependence on alum, alternative coagulants produced with local raw materials will be of great advantage. A starch-based polyelectrolyte was prepared by dispersing 3 g of cassava starch and 10 g of heaping teaspoon of high-test granular calcium hypochlorite (commercially available as HTH) in 100 ml distilled water; making it up to a litre solution with hot distilled water (temperature 80ºC – 100ºC) and electrolysing by means of stabilized power supply using aluminium rods as electrodes to produce polyelectrolyte A. Copper rods and zinc rods were similarly used to polyelectrolyte B and polyelectrolyte C respectively. To test the effect(s) and interaction of the charging variables, i.e. separating distance, power supply and time of charging, a three-factor experiment (23 factorial designs) was carried out. The variables were operated at High Level (+) and Low Level (-). The analysis indicates that the power of charging has the most significant effect on the coagulation characteristics of the starch-based polyelectrolyte. Polyelectrolytes A and C were tested with raw water drawn from Opa dam and were found to be effective water coagulants. Polyelectrolyte B on the other hand, adds to the turbidity of the raw water with which it was tested. Polyelectrolyte A was found to be as effective as Alum at natural water condition (pH 7) causing better than 88% turbidity removal with the dosage of 65 mg/l.

Multi-functionPlantDefensin,AntimicrobialandHeavyMetal Adsorbent Peptide.

Background: Defensin peptide isolated from plants are often heterogeneous in length, sequence and structure, but they are mostly small, cationic and amphipathic. Plant defensins exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and etc. Plant defensins also play an important role in innate immunity, such as heavy metal and some abiotic stresses tolerance.Objectives: In this paper, in vitro broad-spectrum activities, antimicrobial and heavy metal absorption, of a recombinant plant defensin were studied.Material and Methods: SDmod gene, a modified plant defensin gene, was cloned in pBISN1-IN (EU886197) plasmid, recombinant protein was produced by transient expression via Agroinfiltration method in common bean. The recombinant protein was tested for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and Fusarium sp. the effects of different treatments on heavy metal zinc absorption by this peptide were tested.Results: We confirmed the antibacterial activities of this peptide against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) bacteria, and antifungal activities of this peptide against Fusarium spp. (Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani). High metal absorption coefficient for this peptide was also observed. Results:Out of six actinobacterial isolates, VITVAMB 1 possessed the most efficient RO-16 decolorization property. It decolorized 85.6% of RO-16 (250 mg L-1) within 24hrs. Isolate VITVAMB 1 was identified to be Nocardiopsis sp. Maximum dye decolorization occurred at pH 8, temperature 35oC, 3% salt concentration and a dye concentration of 50 mg L-1.Conclusions: Results suggesting that modified defensin peptide facilitates a broader range of defense activities. dedefensins are an important part of the innate immune system in eukaryotes. These molecules have multidimensional properties that making them promising agents for therapeutic drugs.

Calcined Petroleum Scale- CaO a Cost-Effective Catalyst for Used Cooking Oil Methanolysis

THE OBJECTIVE of the research aim to study biodiesel production from used cooking oil using calcium oxide derived from petroleum scale (PS) as catalyst in transesterification process. Calcium oxide based catalyst was obtained by calcinations of petroleum scale at 850oC for 4 h. Calcined Petroleum scale catalyst (CPS-CaO) was characterized by different techniques such as: XRD, EDAX, N2-Adsorption /desorption and basic strength by Hammett method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing transesterification process depending on Independent variables, i.e. methanol to oil molar ratio (M:O), catalyst concentration and reaction time. The Optimal parametric values lead to maximum biodiesel yield (~97%) were obtained at Methanol:Oil molar ratio of 12:1; catalyst loading of 2.0 %w/v and reaction time of 2 h at constant temperature 65oC. The results of this study showed a high performance, and the proposed experiment could be used as a new and innovative way to produce biodiesel in the future using cost-effective heterogeneous catalyst based on petroleum scale as a waste materials.

Characteristic of Milkfish (Chanos - Chanos Forks) Bone Nanocalcium by Acids and Alkaline Extraction

Milkfish is a fishery commodity in Pangkep regency of South Sulawesi Province. Milkfish production in 2011 was 585,242 tons Directorate General Ocean and Fishery (2012). Utilization of milkfish bone waste as a source of calcium is an alternative in providing a rich source of calcium as well as reducing the negative impact of environmental pollution. Calcium derived from animals such as fish bone waste so far has not been widely used for human needs. The purpose of this research is to study the quality of milkfish bone nano calcium with the acid and alkaline extraction method. The treatment in this study are alkaline solution (A) A1 = 2 percentage, A2 = 3 percentage and A3 = 4 percentage, acid solution (B) B1 = 2 percentage, B2 = 3 percentage and B3 = 4 percentage. The design used is complete randomized design with two factors. Each treatment was repeated three times. The data analyzed by variance analysis using SPSS V. 19 software. Research result of milkfish bone nano calcium By using alkaline and acid extraction the best milkfish bone nano calcium is alkaline extraction with 40 percent NaOH cooking at temperature 100oC for 60 minutes where the water content is 5.21 percentage. The ash content is 52.87 percentage, the calcium content is 46.13 percentage, the protein content is 2.04 percentage and the color sensory test is 3.9 (likes) and the aroma is 4.6 (very like).