Temperature Sensitivity Research Articles

TRPV3 in skin thermosensation and temperature responses.

Human skin, as a sophisticated sensory organ, is able to detect subtle changes in ambient temperature. This thermosensory capability is primarily mediated by temperature-sensitive TRP channels expressed in both sensory neurons and keratinocytes. Among these, TRPV3, which responds to warm temperatures and plays a crucial role in various skin functions, is particularly notable. TRPV3 channels not only detect moderate warmth but are also sensitive to chemical ligands that evoke thermal sensations. The activation of TRPV3 by warm temperatures and compounds highlights its importance in the molecular mechanisms underlying skin thermosensation. This review mainly discusses the role of TRPV3, particularly its contribution to skin thermosensation and structural insights into its temperature sensitivity, providing an understanding of how TRPV3 modulates thermal perception at the molecular level.

Drilling mechanism of temperature‐sensitive non‐directional UHMWPE fiber composites

AbstractUltra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber composites have been widely used in aerospace, construction, and other fields; however, chip winding and poor drilling quality was greatly influenced by the drilling temperature because of the fiber and substrate's inherent temperature sensitivity. Drilling Experiments of nondirectional UHMWPE short fiber composites was conducted with four different drill bits to investigate the drilling mechanism affecting by drill bits types and drilling temperature. A unique chip‐winding mechanism and its relationship with drilling temperature and drilling force was proposed. The results showed that the spindle speed was the key factor affecting the drilling force, drilling temperature, chips morphology and chip‐winding. The polycrystalline diamond (PCD) drill bit was better than the other drill bits in terms of chip removal capacity, hole wall surface quality, and drilling temperature. When the spindle speed was set at 135 m/min, the drilling temperature and quality were the most stable. The melting temperature of the fibers in the drilling process was about 20°C (24%) higher than its real melting point. In addition, when the drilling temperature was lower than the melting point of UHMWPE fiber (90–140°C), the fracture modes of fibers was mainly tensile and extrusion fracture; while fibers melted on hole inner wall to increase the roughness of the hole wall at temperatures above the melting point (140 ~ 175°C).Highlights The winding mechanism of UHMWPE fiber composites was analyzed for the first time. The spindle speed and drilling temperature are both determinants of the hole quality. PCD drill bit achieved better hole quality when drilling UHMWPE fiber composites. The fiber fracture mechanism under the influence of drilling temperature was analyzed.

Application of High‐Density Polyethylene as a Modifier to Prepare Desulfurized Rubber Asphalt With Excellent Storage Stability

ABSTRACTTo address the issues of poor temperature sensitivity and unstable storage performance in rubber asphalt, this paper proposes a formulation that blends high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) with desulfurized rubber. The goal is to develop high‐performance desulfurized rubber asphalt that exhibits excellent storage stability. The study found that adding HDPE not only enhances the temperature sensitivity of the asphalt but also significantly improves the high‐temperature viscosity of the rubber asphalt. The asphalt modified with 3% HDPE showed an increase of 31.8% in viscosity–temperature indices compared to the desulfurized rubber asphalt. HDPE facilitates the formation of a structure in the mixture where rubber particles are encapsulated by polyethylene. This structure restricts the movement of particles within the modified asphalt, reducing asphalt deformation and rubber particle agglomeration, thus enhancing the uniformity and stability of the desulfurized rubber asphalt. Rheological tests indicate that HDPE not only enhances the elasticity of the entire asphalt system but also significantly improves the rutting resistance of rubber asphalt under dynamic strain loads. Specifically, at 46°C, the asphalt modified with 3% HDPE showed an increase of 34.1% in rutting factor and 35.6% in complex modulus compared to the desulfurized rubber asphalt. Furthermore, HDPE improves the low‐temperature crack resistance and aging resistance of rubber asphalt. This is because HDPE promotes vulcanization reactions between sulfur bonds in the asphalt and free sulfur or other sulfur‐containing functional groups in the rubber, forming new sulfur bonds and creating a cross‐linked structure within the rubber. This phenomenon can be verified through fluorescence microscope images.

Refractive index and temperature dual-parameter sensors based on loss mode resonance and directional coupler in side-polished hole-assisted dual-core fiber.

A refractive index (RI) and temperature dual-parameter sensor, based on a side-polished hole-assisted dual-core fiber (HADCF), has been proposed. In this sensor, SnO2 film has been deposited on the suspended core of HADCF by RF sputtering to produce loss mode resonance (LMR). The energy of the center core has been shown to be able to be coupled into the suspended core, taking advantage of the small distance involved and phase matching between two cores. The 10 mm long HADCF can be used to form a directional coupler. LMR and the directional coupler are integrated in parallel on the same section of HADCF, which realizes the high integration of sensing measurement. The sensor achieves simultaneous measurement of both RI and temperature through measuring both the LMR dip and coupling dip. The RI and temperature sensitivities achieved were 3812.5 nm/RIU and 521.4 pm/°C, respectively. The sensor discussed shows important advantages of high sensitivity, simple fabrication, high integration, and the ability to make measurements of two key parameters.

A 614 MW/cm2 AlGaN-channel Schottky barrier diode with high breakdown voltage and high temperature sensitivity

A 614 MW/cm2 AlGaN-channel Schottky barrier diode with high breakdown voltage and high temperature sensitivity

Selection and Engineering of Novel Brighter Bioluminescent Reporter Gene and Color- Tuning Luciferase for pH-Sensing in Mammalian Cells.

Firefly luciferases have been extensively used for bioanalytical applications, including their use as bioluminescent reporters, biosensors, and for bioimaging biological and pathological processes. Due to their intrinsic pH- sensitivity, in recent years we have demonstrated that firefly luciferases can also be harnessed as color- tuning sensors of intracellular pH. However, it is known that mammalian cells require temperatures higher than 36 °C, which red-shift the bioluminescence spectra of most firefly luciferases, decreasing their activities and the resolution of ratiometric pH analysis. Therefore, we prospected and engineered novel pH-sensitive firefly luciferases for mammalian cells. We humanized the luciferases of Amydetes vivianii (Amy-Luc) and Cratomorphus distinctus (Crt-Luc) fireflies, inserted them into the pCDNA3 vector, and compared their bioluminescence and pH-sensing properties with those of Macrolampis firefly luciferase (Mac-Luc) inside fibroblasts. The transfected COS-1 with Mac-Luc and Crt-Luc displayed lower bioluminescence activity and considerably red-shifted spectra (611 and 564 nm, respectively) at 37 °C, whereas Amy-Luc displayed the highest bioluminescence activity and spectral stability at 37 °C inside cells, displaying the most blue-shifted spectrum at such temperatures (548 nm) and the best spectral resolution at different pH values, making it possible to ratiometrically estimate the pH from 6.0 to 8.0. These results show that Amy-Luc is a novel brighter reporter gene and suitable pH- indicator for mammalian cells. Furthermore, whereas at pH 8.0 the spectrum was thermally stable, at pH 6.0 Amy-Luc showed higher temperature sensitivity, raising the possibility of using this luciferase as an intracellular temperature sensor. Thus, the improved bioluminescence properties as compared to existing luciferases could offer advantages for in vivo imaging and pH- sensing for the study of mammalian cellular physiology.

Interfacial water confers transcription factors with dinucleotide specificity

AbstractTranscription factors (TFs) recognize specific bases within their DNA-binding motifs, with each base contributing nearly independently to total binding energy. However, the energetic contributions of particular dinucleotides can deviate strongly from the additive approximation, indicating that some TFs can specifically recognize DNA dinucleotides. Here we solved high-resolution (<1 Å) structures of MYF5 and BARHL2 bound to DNAs containing sets of dinucleotides that have different affinities to the proteins. The dinucleotides were recognized either enthalpically, by an extensive water network that connects the adjacent bases to the TF, or entropically, by a hydrophobic patch that maintained interfacial water mobility. This mechanism confers differential temperature sensitivity to the optimal sites, with implications for thermal regulation of gene expression. Our results uncover the enigma of how TFs can recognize more complex local features than mononucleotides and demonstrate that water-mediated recognition is important for predicting affinities of macromolecules from their sequence.

Anisotropic Nanofluidic Ionic Skin for Pressure-Independent Thermosensing.

Ionic skin can mimic human skin to sense both temperature and pressure simultaneously. However, a significant challenge remains in creating precise ionic skins resistant to external stimuli interference when subjected to pressure. In this study, we present an innovative approach to address this challenge by introducing a highly anisotropic nanofluidic ionic skin (ANIS) composed of carboxylated cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibrillar network achieved through a straightforward one-step hot drawing method. The inherent anisotropic nanostructures endowed the ANIS with a modulus (20.9 ± 4.9 MPa) comparable to that of human cartilage and skin, alongside higher fracture energy (41.4 ± 0.3 kJ/m2) and fatigue threshold (1360 J/m2). Incorporating carboxylated CNF not only improves the negative potential but also increases the ionic conductivity of ANIS up to 0.001 S/cm, even at very low ionic concentration (1.0 × 10-6 M). Furthermore, the ANIS exhibits pressure-independent temperature sensitivity due to its high deformation-resistant performance. Thus, this work introduces a facile strategy for fabricating ANIS with pressure-independent thermosensing properties, promising prospects for practical healthcare applications.

Fiber Optic Micro-Hole Salinity Sensor Based on Femtosecond Laser Processing.

This study presents a novel reflective fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) salinity sensor. The sensor employs a femtosecond laser to fabricate an open liquid cavity, facilitating the unobstructed ingress and egress of the liquid, thereby enabling the direct involvement of the liquid in light transmission. Variations in the refractive index of the liquid induce corresponding changes in the effective refractive index of the optical path, which subsequently influences the output spectrum. The dimensions and quality of the optical fiber are meticulously regulated through a combination of femtosecond laser cutting and chemical polishing, significantly enhancing the mechanical strength and sensitivity of the sensor's overall structure. Experimental results indicate that the sensor achieves salinity sensitivity of 0.288 nm/% within a salinity range of 0% to 25%. Furthermore, the temperature sensitivity is measured at a minimal 0.015 nm/°C, allowing us to neglect temperature effects. The device is characterized by its compact size, straightforward structure, high mechanical robustness, ease of production, and excellent reproducibility. It demonstrates considerable potential for sensing applications in the domains of biomedicine and chemical engineering.

Multiple Elevation‐Dependent Climate Signals From Quantitative Wood Anatomical Measurements of Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine

AbstractSouthwestern North America has experienced significant temperature increases over the last century, leading to intensified droughts that significantly affect montane forests. Although tree‐ring data have provided long‐term context for this recent drought severity, the varying physiological responses of trees to climate variability make it challenging to disentangle the combined influence of temperature and soil moisture. Here we investigate complex climate‐growth relationships in Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) at a low‐elevation and a high‐elevation site using quantitative wood anatomy (QWA). Significant correlations with climate were found for low‐elevation tree‐ring width (TRW) and earlywood chronologies, including positive correlations with spring and early summer precipitation and drought indices and negative correlations with spring and early summer maximum temperatures. At high elevations, TRW and earlywood chronologies show positive responses to summer moisture, whereas latewood chronologies correlate positively with August and September maximum temperatures and negatively with August precipitation. We leverage this differing seasonality of moisture and temperature signals and compare the QWA data to known droughts. The earlywood lumen area is found to be highly responsive to drought because of its physiological reliance on water availability for maintaining turgor pressure during cell enlargement. We also observed a decline in temperature sensitivity at the high elevation site, suggesting shifts in the dominance of limiting factors. Integrating QWA with traditional dendrochronology improves interpretations of tree‐ring data for use in climate reconstruction, offering detailed insights into tree physiological responses and the mix of environmental and developmental controls on cell growth.

Microfluidic Synthesis of miR-200c-3p Lipid Nanoparticles: Targeting ZEB2 to Alleviate Chondrocyte Damage in Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration. Chondrocyte inflammation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation accelerated OA progression. MicroRNA (miRNA) has the potential to be a therapeutic method for osteoarthritis. However, it is difficult to penetrate the cell to exercise its biological function, and its extracellular effect is unclear. lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p was created by combining miR-200c-3p with silver nitrate polyvinylimine nanoparticles on a microfluidic device. The drug release curve, stability, temperature sensitivity, cytotoxicity, and the impact of lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p on the expression of proteins linked to matrix disintegration, apoptosis, and inflammatory factors were all detected. Results showed that the particle size of Lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p was about 130 nm, the Zeta potential was lowered to 1.08±0.12 mV. Lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p could increase cell viability, prevent cell apoptosis, and decrease the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1 in ADTC5 cells following LPS stimulation. MMP3, MMP13, and ADAMTS-4 expression was downregulated whereas collagen II expression was upregulated. The ZEB2 expression was greatly elevated following LPS stimulation and dramatically decreased following transfection of miR-200c-3p. Collagen II expression rose following transfection of si-ZEB2, whereas the expression levels of inflammatory factors, apoptosis-related proteins, MMP3, MMP13, and ADAMTS-4 decreased. The dual luciferase experiment demonstrated that ZEB2 was the target gene of miR-200c-3p. The synergistic effect of AgPEI and miR-200c-3p can inhibit the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and matrix degradation of chondrocytes. Lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p can also improve transfection efficiency and obtain good physicochemical properties of drugs. miR-200c-3p may be crucial in the development of OA and can influence the target gene ZEB2, control the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and chondrocyte matrix breakdown.

Efficient Sr2Ta2O7:Bi3+,Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Eu3+,Sm3+) phosphors for optical thermometry and anti-counterfeiting

A series of novel optical thermometers with an optimal relative sensitivity of 2.98% K−1 were designed based on the luminescence of the Bi3+ and Ln3+ ions with different temperature sensitivities.

Thermo-TRP regulation by endogenous factors and its physiological function at core body temperature.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels with temperature sensitivities (thermo-TRPs) are involved in various physiological processes. Thermo-TRPs that detect temperature changes in peripheral sensory neurons possess indispensable functions in thermosensation, eliciting defensive behavior against noxious temperatures and driving autonomic/behavioral thermoregulatory responses to maintain body temperature in mammals. Moreover, most thermo-TRPs are functionally expressed in cells and tissues where the temperature is maintained at a constant core body temperature. To perform physiological functions, the activity of each thermo-TRP channel must be regulated by endogenous mechanisms at body temperature. Dysregulation of this process can lead to various diseases. This review highlights the endogenous factors regulating thermo-TRP activity and physiological functions at constant core body temperature.

Soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in Pinus koraiensis plantations are mediated by temperature, humidity, and wind speed

Soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in Pinus koraiensis plantations are mediated by temperature, humidity, and wind speed

Multiple signal amplification strategy for ultrasensitive sensing of Mycobacterium bovis based on 8-17 DNAzyme and CRISPR-Cas13a.

Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is not only responsible for economic losses but can also seriously jeopardize human health. Therefore, for the ultra-sensitive detection of M. bovis, a novel triple-cycle amplification system was developed based on 8-17 deoxyribozyme (DNAzyme), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 13a (CRISPR-Cas13a)-mediated cleavage cycles and the catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) reaction (termed as DzCCR). In the presence of the target, the A-sequence containing 8-17 DNAzyme fragments was released from A-B using a strand displacement reaction, which could specifically cleave the HX-gRNA probe, releasing the sequence of gRNA and H and realizing the first signal amplification. Then, the released gRNA could bind to the Cas13a-g complex and activate the trans-cutting ability of Cas13a to re-cut RNA bulge sequences in HX-gRNAs, achieving the second signal amplification. Moreover, the H-sequence generated by the upstream 8-17 DNAzyme and Cas13a cleavage reaction further triggered the CHA, allowing the G-quadruplex dimer to be exposed, realizing signal output by adding thioflavin T (THT), and thereby achieving the third signal amplification. Benefiting from the triple signal amplification, the DzCCR system could quantitatively detect the M. bovis target down to a concentration of 0.5 fM with a linear calibration range from 1 to 500 fM. Furthermore, we investigated the ability of this system to detect M. bovis in real samples by standard addition method, the recovery ranged from 92.6% to 107.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 1.9% to 4.1%. Owing to the constant temperature and high sensitivity, the proposed strategy could be used as a new approach for the detection of M. bovis.

Geographic differences in the phenology of gonadal development and moult, but not of egg laying, are genetically based in a small songbird.

To forecast how fast populations can adapt to climate change, it is essential to determine the evolutionary potential of different life-cycle stages under selection. In birds, timing of gonadal development and moult are primarily regulated by photoperiod, while laying date is highly phenotypically plastic to temperature. We tested whether geographic variation in phenology of these life-cycle events between populations of great tits (Parus major) has a genetic basis, indicating that contemporary genetic adaptation is possible. We carried out a common garden experiment in which we bred first- and second-generation pairs in captivity originating from eggs from Gotland (Sweden) and Hoge Veluwe (The Netherlands), two populations that showed different temperature sensitivity of laying date in a recent meta-analysis. We recorded the phenology of egg-laying, moult and gonadal size in early spring. We found no significant differences in laying date between the populations, but they did differ in moult timing and testis size. This implies that under climate change the timing of gonadal development and moult, which are mainly regulated by photoperiod, will not respond to increased temperature but can respond by genetic adaptation in response to selection, while the opposite holds for laying date, perhaps indicating that plasticity is constraining genetic adaptation.

A bio-based alginate hydrogel with considerable thermoelectric performance, mechanical strength and flame retardancy for ultra-fast and sustained early fire-alarm system.

Recently, the widespread utilization of combustible materials has increased the risks associated with building fires. Early fire-warning systems represent a pivotal strategy in mitigating losses incurred from fire incidents and offer considerable potential for the enhancement of fire safety management. This study focuses on the synthesis of bio-based ionic hydrogels, specifically calcium alginate/polyacrylamide/glycerol/lithium bromide (CPG-LX), as a novel fire sensor. The synthesis was conducted using a one-pot polymerization method combined with solvent exchange techniques. The CPG-L2 hydrogel exhibits impressive mechanical properties, demonstrating a maximum tensile strength of 1.24MPa. Moreover, its Seebeck coefficient of 9.31mV/K indicates a considerable thermoelectric performance. The fire-warning system based on CPG-L2 is capable of triggering an alarm circuit just within 0.07s under a heating plate condition of 70°C, maintaining a warning duration of up to 855s. Furthermore, it also has considerable flame-retardant, self-healing and water-retention properties. This research indicates the exceptional thermoelectric properties and temperature sensitivity of the bio-based ionic hydrogels, marking a significant advancement in the application of bio-based materials for early fire-warning systems.

Explainable deep learning identifies patterns and drivers of freshwater harmful algal blooms.

The escalating magnitude, frequency, and duration of harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose significant challenges to freshwater ecosystems worldwide. However, the mechanisms driving HABs remain poorly understood, in part due to the strong regional specificity of algal processes and the uneven data availability. These complexities make it difficult to generalize HAB dynamics and effectively predict their occurrence using traditional models. To address these challenges, we developed an explainable deep learning approach using long short-term memory (LSTM) models combined with explanation techniques that can capture complex patterns and provide explainable insights into key HAB drivers. We applied this approach for algal density modeling at 102 sites in China's lakes and reservoirs over three years. LSTMs effectively captured daily algal dynamics, achieving mean and maximum Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.48 and 0.95 during testing phase. Moreover, water temperature emerged as the primary driver of HABs both nationally and in over 30% of localities, with stronger water temperature sensitivity observed in mid-to low-latitudes. We also identified regional similarities that allow for the successful transferability in modeling algal dynamics. Specifically, using fine-tuned transfer learning, we improved the prediction accuracy in over 75% of poorly gauged areas. Overall, LSTM-based explainable deep learning approach effectively addresses key challenges in HAB modeling by tackling both regional specificity and data limitations. By accurately predicting algal dynamics and identifying critical drivers, this approach provides actionable insights into the mechanisms of HABs, ultimately aids in the implementation of effective mitigation measures for nationwide and regional freshwater ecosystems.

Strong near-infrared upconversion luminescence of the Er3+/Y3+ co-doped YbVO4 phosphor for multimode optical temperature measurement

This study explored the enhancement of near-infrared emissions in YbVO4: Er3+ through Y3+ ion doping under a 980 nm laser excitation. The phosphor exhibits weak green emissions at 527 nm (2H11/2 → 4I15/2) and 553 nm (4S3/2 → 4I15/2), red emissions at 654 nm (4F9/2 → 4I15/2), and a strong near-infrared emission at 803 nm (4I9/2 → 4I15/2). Optimal doping concentration of Y3+ ion in YbVO4: 0.02 Er3+ was determined to be 0.1, resulting in a 7.6-fold enhancement of near-infrared luminescence. This enhancement is attributed to defect bands facilitating energy transfer from green and red levels to the near-infrared levels. Furthermore, a multi-mode temperature sensor based on YbVO4: Er3+/Y3+ was developed, offering four distinct temperature sensing modes: TCEL of 2H11/2/4S3/2, NTCEL of 2H11/2/4F9/2 and 4S3/2/4F9/2, and single luminescence emission intensity of 4I9/2 energy level. The sensor demonstrates maximum relative sensitivities of 1.17 % K−1 at 298 K, 0.66 % K−1 at 298 K, 0.41 % K−1 at 298 K and 1.29 % K−1 at 673 K. YbVO4: Er3+/Y3+ phosphor exhibits high temperature sensitivity, showcasing significant potential for optical temperature sensing applications.

Functional analysis of AtTX11/12 TIR-domain proteins identifies key residues for basal and temperature-insensitive growth inhibition.

Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains function as NADases and ribosyl-transferases generating second messengers that trigger hypersensitive responses. TIR-X (TX) proteins contain a TIR domain with or without various C-terminal domains and lack the canonical nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat domain. In a previous study, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana activation-tagging line with severe growth defects caused by the overexpression of the AtTX12 gene. Here, we investigated the domains and specific amino acid residues required for the growth inhibition activity of AtTX12 and its homolog AtTX11. C-terminal truncation analysis revealed that the AtTX12C173Δ mutant, lacking 30C-terminal amino acids, retained partial activity, whereas the C163Δ, lacking 40 amino acids, lost activity entirely indicating that the fifth α-helix within the TIR domain is critical for activity, while the sixth α-helix in the extra domain is dispensable. The substitution mutagenesis revealed that residues essential for enzymatic activities (E79 for NADase, C76 for 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetase), self-association (H25, E43, K142/G144, K150), and undefined roles (I97) were crucial for growth inhibition activity with varying effects. Temperature sensitivity tests revealed that the AtTX12 N36D mutant, which exhibited moderately strong growth inhibition activity at normal temperatures, became inactive under high-temperature conditions in which Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) is almost non-functional. In contrast, wild-type AtTX12 retained activity under elevated temperatures, implicating N36 in maintaining temperature-insensitive functionality. Furthermore, a slightly reduced growth inhibition phenotype induced by AtTX12 overexpression in the eds1 mutant was consistently observed under both normal and high temperatures. These results suggest that AtTX12-mediated growth inhibition integrates EDS1-dependent (temperature-sensitive) and EDS1-independent (temperature-insensitive) pathways. Our findings suggest that attenuated AtTX11/12 mutants could be used to optimize the growth-defense trade-off, enhancing plant defense with minimal growth penalties.