Temanggung District Research Articles

THE INFLUENCE OF PRINCIPALS' LEADERSHIP MODEL ON THE AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN TEMANGGUNG DISTRICT

School success and educational success depend on the level of commitment among school staff, especially teachers. This study aims to 1) determine the leadership model, 2) determine the affective commitment of teachers, and 3) determine the influence of the principal's leadership model on the affective commitment of teachers in elementary schools in Temanggung District. This research was conducted with a descriptive quantitative approach. The population in this study were elementary school teachers in Temanggung Regency, totaling 142 teachers from 9 schools. The sampling technique used in this study was probability sampling, which included 50% of the total population. Thus, the number of samples in this study was 71 teachers. The data collection technique used in this study was a questionnaire. Data analysis is used to analyze descriptive statistics and linear regression. The results of this study showed: 1) the leadership model of principals in elementary schools in Temanggung Sub district from a total of 9 schools found two schools with autocratic leadership and four schools with democratic leadership models, as well as three schools with laissez-faire (free control) leadership models; 2) Teachers' affective commitment is in a good category, this is evidenced by the percentage distribution of 3) There is a positive and significant influence between the principal's leadership model on the affective commitment of teachers, the autocratic leadership model influences the affective commitment of teachers by 24 2%, the free control/laissez-faire leadership model with details of the effective contribution of 64.9%, which gives influence to the affective commitment of teachers is a democratic leadership model with an effective contribution of 49.2%.

Implementation of Pancasila Democracy in Temanggung District in the General Election

This research examines the implementation of Pancasila democracy during general elections in Temanggung District, focusing on public participation and trust in the electoral process. The study aims to analyze the application of Pancasila values in the democratic process, assess public involvement and trust, identify obstacles, and propose solutions. Normative legal research methods and a conceptual approach were employed to analyze the implementation of Pancasila democracy. Findings indicate the need to optimize measures to achieve democracy aligned with Pancasila principles, including enhancing public trust and awareness of the collective goal of elections. Residents of Temanggung Regency demonstrate a high level of trust in community participation as a manifestation of Pancasila democracy. The study identifies strengths and weaknesses in implementing Pancasila democracy, highlighting obstacles like low awareness and limited engagement. Proposed solutions include increasing public awareness, enhancing voter education, and fostering community engagement to strengthen democratic values. Addressing challenges such as voter education, political apathy, and distrust in the electoral system is crucial for a robust Pancasila democracy. Enhancing public participation, trust, and awareness is essential for upholding Pancasila democracy in Temanggung District.

Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan, Pendapatan dan Technology Acceptance Model (Tam) Terhadap Minat Penggunaan Quick Response Indonesian Standar (QRIS) pada Pelaku UMKM di Kecamatan Temanggung

QRIS is a payment instrument officially issued by Bank Indonesia to be used in daily payment transaction activities by the public. MSMEs are an important sector in the use of QRIS as a transaction tool. However, MSMEs in Temanggung District have not fully used QRIS as part of their payment transaction activities. There are many factors that cause these problems to occur including financial literacy, income, and the basic concepts of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), namely perceptions of usefulness and perceptions of ease in applying interest in using QRIS. This study aims to analyze the effect of variables related to these problems, namely financial literacy, income, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use on interest in using QRIS for SMEs in Temanggung District. This research uses multiple regression analysis methods in empirical testing. The data used are primary data obtained from distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale, with the subject of active MSMEs in Temanggung District. This study uses the SPSS 26.0 application as an analytical tool. From the results of the analysis carried out, this study shows that the financial literacy variable has a significant influence on the interest in using QRIS. The income variable has no significant effect on interest in use. Variables of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use also have no significant effect. The variables of financial literacy, income, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use simultaneously have a positive and significant effect. Of these variables, financial literacy has the greatest influence on interest in using QRIS. Therefore, the government needs to pay attention to and strengthen policies, especially in the field of financial literacy as the main factor in increasing the interest of MSMEs and the public in using QRIS as a means of payment transactions.

Comparative Analysis Of Performance Of Teacher Recipients And Non-Recipients Of Incentives In The LPQ Coordination Environment Agency, Kedu Sub-District, Temanggung District

Teachers are an important element in implementing educational programs through learning activities in formal and nonformal education. Giving an incentive of IDR 100,000 per month is a form of government attention to teachers in the hope of improving their performance. The government distributes this incentive in collaboration with the Ministry of Religion at the regency level. With this nominal, the teachers remain enthusiastic and teach; even teachers do not receive incentives but remain enthusiastic in teaching students every day. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the teachers and the significance of differences in the performance of incentive recipients and non-incentive recipients within the Coordinating for Qur'an Education Institutions of the Kedu subdistrict. The research approach uses mixed method research (MMR), namely research that combines qualitative and quantitative forms with data collection techniques through questionnaires, interviews, documentation, and observation. The research population is the teachers in the Coordinating for Qur'an Education Institutions of Kedu subdistrict with a sample of 30 people. The performance of the teachers in the Coordinating for Qur'an Education Institutions of Kedu subdistrict is generally good based on seven aspects of assessment: teaching preparation, being fair (non-discriminatory), giving awards to students, applying discipline to students, applying appropriate learning, recognizing students in situations, and have exemplary actions. Good performance is influenced by several factors, namely ability, motivation, and individual, and environmental factors. Evidenced by the results of the analysis using the independent sample t-test with the value of count on the assumed equal variances obtained a value of 0.271 and for the sig p-value of 0.353 > 0.05 so it can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the performance of incentive recipient and non-recipient teachers. Keywords: Teacher Performance, Incentives, Qur'an Educational Institutions

The Effect of Storytelling Learning Using Role Playing Model Assisted by Audiovisual Media on Students Written and Storytelling Skills of Students Grade V Elementary School in Pringsurat Sub-District Temanggung District

The Role Playing learning approach aims to make learning more meaningful for students. The Role Playing learning approach, combined with multimedia resources, stands out as a chosen and viable strategy for overcoming emerging challenges. In this study, experimental research with a quantitative approach was applied to assess the impact of using storytelling learning models paired with various media on storytelling skills and writing stories in a fifth-grade elementary school class. Based on the assessment process that has been carried out, the results in this study are an assessment of typical differences in comprehension tests between experimental and control groups supporting the acceptance of H1 versus H0. With a bidirectional significance probability value of 0.005, H1 is accepted, and H0 is rejected because 0.000 is less than 0.05. Therefore, this study ensures that the Role Playing learning model has a significant influence on students' storytelling skills. Similarly, the evaluation of typical differences in comprehension tests between the experimental group and the control group also favored the acceptance of H1 over H0. With a bidirectional significance probability value of 0.005, H1 is accepted, and H0 is rejected because 0.000 is less than 0.05. In summary, role playing has a significant influence on students' storytelling skills. Assessment of typical differences in comprehension tests between the experimental group and the control group led to acceptance of H1 versus H0. With a bidirectional significance probability value of 0.005, H1 is accepted, and H0 is rejected because 0.000 is less than 0.05. In conclusion, Role Playing significantly affects students' ability to tell stories and write stories. Keywords: role playing, storytelling skills, story writing skills, audio-visual media.

Survei Manajemen Guru Pendidikan Jasmani di Kecamatan Temanggung

The purpose of this study is to determine the management of planning (planning), organizing (organizing), directing (actuating), and controlling (controlling) Physical Education teachers to support the success of learning. This research is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach and survey research design. The population of this study were all physical education teachers from 36 elementary schools in Temanggung District. The sampling technique is saturated sampling technique (total sampling) so that the total research sample is 25 teachers. Data collection techniques used observations and questionnaires which were then analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that (1) The implementation of planning management (planning) for State Elementary School Physical Education teachers in Temaggung District to support learning success was classified as good criteria with an average of 76.4%. (2) The implementation of organizing management in the criteria is quite good with an average of 68.2%. (3) The implementation of organizing management in the criteria is quite good with an average of 68.6%. (4) The implementation of management supervision (controlling) in the criteria is quite good with an average of 66.4%. The conclusion of this study is that the management of physical education teachers at the State Elementary School of Temanggung District has been running quite well starting from planning, organizing, directing and supervising

Assessing the sustainability of garlic production for determining strategies in Garlic Sustainable Development Program

Indonesia is the largest garlic importer in the world, relies on imports for over 95% of its garlic needs. To address this import dependence and meet domestic demands, the Government initiated the National Garlic Development Program. However, the program has yet to achieve the targeted production, even the development of garlic faces many obstacles that threaten its sustainability. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to determine the sustainability status of garlic production based on the dimensions of sustainability, and (2) to identify the leverage factors for the sustainability of garlic farming. The research location was purposively selected in Temanggung District, Central Java, which is Indonesia’s largest garlic production center. The sustainability status of garlic production was analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results indicate that garlic production exhibits a less sustainable status across multiple dimensions. The identification of leverage variables, suggested interventions involve the following measures; enhancing irrigation systems and minimizing reliance on chemical fertilizers, providing price and marketing guarantees, reducing farmers’ dependency on subsidies, expanding the cultivated land through the application of advanced technologies for mass production of superior seeds, strengthening the involvement of agricultural extension officers, fostering consumer preferences and farmers’ engagement in garlic cultivation.

Identification Liangan Site: Archeological Predictive Modeling

This research was conducted in Liangan Site, an archeological Hindu temple site situated on the eastern slope of Mt. Sundoro, Temanggung District. The discovery of Liangan Site was in the area of sand mining. This research’s interest is trying to disclose of the spatial component of the site that are important to the history, science and culture. The objectives of this research: Mapping the width of Liangan Site that still has the potential to contain of archaeological artifacts. The method that used for this research analyze the distribution of archaeological remains at the Liangan Site with the scoring method through field surveys. While cultural resource management is done by knowing the predictions of the length area of the site using Archaeological Predictive Modeling. Results from this research include the entire potential zone that contains archaeological remains at the site of 20,71 ha. The zone sensitivity archaeological remains are divided into zones of high sensitivity (3.007 ha), medium sensitivity zones (4.369 ha) and low sensitivity zones (13.34 ha).

Training of School's Mailing Administration Based on Digital in “PAUD Mutiara Kids”, Traji Village, Temanggung District

This community service aims to increase the knowledge and skills of Administration employees at Paud Mutiara Kids in managing incoming and outgoing letters to help smooth school activities. The method of implementing activities is planned using a participatory approach, with service work procedures that include training preparation, training implementation, training monitoring and evaluation, mentoring and mentoring monitoring and evaluation. The target of this community service is PAUD KIDS in Traji Village, Temanggung Regency. The results of this service activity, which was carried out on Tuesday, 24 August 2021, at Mutiara Kids Early Childhood Education, Traji Village, Temanggung Regency face-to-face as well as online, material delivery was carried out online via Zoom with a discussion of letter management at work while mentoring was carried out face-to-face with keep following health protocols by using e-agenda software. This activity concludes that the "Training and Assistance for Digital-Based School Letter Administration Management at Early Childhood Education in Traji Village, Temanggung Regency" community service activity has been carried out well, received good feedback, and participants expect the training event to be held again. This activity suggests that community service activities are expected to be carried out regularly and targets that really need them. Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan pegawai Tata Usaha di Paud Mutiara Kids dalam mengelola surat masuk dan surat keluar sehingga membantu kelancaran kegiatan sekolah. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan direncanakan dengan menggunakan pendekatan partisipatif, dengan prosedur kerja pengabdian yang meliputi persiapan pelatihan, pelaksanaan pelatihan, pemantauan dan evaluasi pelatihan, pendampingan dan pemantauan dan evaluasi pendampingan. Sasaran dari pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini yaitu PAUD KIDS Desa Traji Kabupaten Temanggung. Hasil kegiatan dari pengabdian ini yang dilaksanakan pada hari Selasa, 24 Agustus 2021 di Paud Mutiara Kids, Desa Traji Kabupaten Temanggung secara tatap muka dan juga daring, pemberian materi dilaksanakan secara daring melalui zoom dengan pembahasan pengelolaan surat ditempat kerja sedangkan pendampingan dilakukan secara tatap muka dengan tetap mengikuti protokol kesehatan dengan menggunakan software e-agenda. Simpulan dari kegiatan ini adalah kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat “Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Tata Kelola Administrasi Persuratan Sekolah Berbasis Digital di Paud Kids Desa Traji, Kabupaten Temanggung” telah terlaksana dengan baik, mendapatkan feedback yang baik dan peserta mengharapkan acara pelatihan diselenggrakan kembali. Saran dalam kegiatan ini adalah diharapkan kegiatan pengabdian dilakukan secara rutin serta sasaran yang benar-benar membutuhkan.

The Influence of Self-Leadership and Professional Competence on Teacher Performance

This study aims to examine the effect of self-leadership and professional competence on teacher performance in Raudhatul Athfal's Temanggung District. This study used a purposive random sampling technique with a quantitative approach. The research subjects were 61 Raudhatul Athfal teachers in Temanggung Regency. The independent variables in this study are self-leadership and professional competence, while the dependent variable is teacher performance. Data was collected using a Google Form questionnaire on self-leadership, professional competence, and teacher performance indicators. The data were analyzed using Smart PLS 4. The results showed a positive and significant effect of self-leadership on teacher performance. Likewise, the analysis results of professional competency variables also positively and significantly influence teacher performance

Pengaruh Minat Baca Terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Awal Pada Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di TK Se-Kabupaten Temanggung

The importance of early literacy skills is useful to make it easier for a child to master literacy activity at a later stage. Some studies show that early literacy is related to a child's interest in reading from an early age. The literacy and parenting environment of parents has an important role to play in the emergence of a child's reading interest that subsequently promotes reading competence. Research on early literacy is still rare in early childhood in Temanggung district. This study aims to find out the influence between reading interests on early literacy skills of children aged 5-6 years in Se-Kab District Temanggung. The type of research is quantitative correlational. The sampling technique uses Simple Random Sampling with a sample of 60 children. The research data was obtained from a survey questionnaire namely Children's Reading Interest Scale and Early Childhood Early Literacy Skill Scale. Data analysis techniques are simple linear regression. The results of the study show that there is a positive influence between the interest in reading and the early literacy skills of 5-6year-olds in a Temanggung district high school. Simultaneously, reading interests were influenced by 35.9% of early literacy and the rest were influenced by other variables not included in the study. It can then be concluded that if the interest in reading increases then early literacy also improves.

Philantrophy in Education of Religious Tolerance in Kurikulum Merdeka at Elementary School Temanggung District

The multicultural Indonesian nation consisting of various tribes, languages, ethnicities, cultures, and religions must uphold tolerance education. including the implementation of the "Kurikulum Merdeka" in educational units in schools. Various cases of religious intolerance show a lack of voluntary action through an understanding of the treatment of volunteerism for social purposes through love (philanthropy) in the form of acts of generosity (compassion). This paper discusses the Philanthropy of Religious Tolerance Education in the Implementation of the "Kurikulum Merdeka" at Al-Kautsar Elementary School and Pangudi Utami Elementary School.This research qualitative field research with a data collection approach through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of the study show that philanthropy is always closely related to things that are engaged in charity or are closely related to material elements. This narrow view is currently beginning to erode, especially with the increasing interest of school students in philanthropic activities which are closely related to the behavior of those who do them out of concern. The meaning of philanthropy is expanding and developing. Philanthropic activities are increasingly organized and directed. During modern currents, forms of philanthropy emerge in society, one of which is philanthropy in implementing “Kurikulum Merdeka” with two different schools with students from Pangudi Utami Catholic Elementary School and Al Kautsar Islamic Elementary School.

Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran dalam Materi Praktik Penjas pada Masa Pandemi di SMP Negeri se Kecamatan Temanggung

The problem of this research is how to apply learning strategies in Physical Education practice material during the pandemic at State Junior High Schools throughout the Temanggung District. Objectives through the application of learning strategies. Descriptive qualitative research method. Data analysis uses data reduction, data presentation, concluding. The results of the study are online according to the pandemic period. The results of the study concluded that the application of learning strategies in physical education practice material during the pandemic was still not by basic competencies, especially in guided practice material, it still seemed less well implemented due to certain obstacles

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA INTERAKTIF DAN IMPLEMENTASI APLIKASI MYBIDAN SEBAGAI UPAYA UNTUK PENURUNAN ANGKA STUNTING

According to the report on the implementation of the Integration of the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), the prevalence of stunting in the Temanggung district is 25.79%, which is higher than the standard given by WHO, which is 20%. Stunting is a condition where toddlers have a length or height that is less than their age. The long-term impact of stunting is the disruption of physical, mental, intellectual, and cognitive development. In this regard, Telkom University in collaboration with the Temanggung DPPPAPPKB (Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan, Perlindungan Anak, Pengendalian Penduduk dan Keluarga Berencana ) plans to increase community knowledge of stunting and collaboration in supporting the Temanggung Regency government program by developing an interactive educational platform, as well as a collaboration platform that can facilitate communities and institutions to participate in helping prevent stunting in Temanggung Regency. This activity expected that the implementation of this application can assist in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of delivering messages and campaigns against stunting problems, one of the programs belonging to the Temanggung DPPPAPPKB.

Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pola Pengelompokkan Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Temanggung, Jawa Tengah

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Central Java Province is in the second position after East Java-based on mortality rates and Temanggung District is one of the areas in Central Java, which is in high endemic status. The level of dependence of DHF in an area can be influenced by DHF in other adjacent areas. The spread of this disease through mosquito bites from one place to another depends on the presence of the cases and the vector of Aedes sp. This study aimed to identify factors related to the clustering pattern of DHF cases in Temanggung, Central Java. This study used a cross-sectional design and was carried out in the Kandangan Health Center Work Area, Temanggung District. The sample of this study was the houses of all DHF cases in 2020 as many as 60 houses with the research variables: the existence of Aedes sp., vector breeding sites, population density, and time of occurrence. This study uses clustering analysis in the form of the Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) test with =0.05. The results showed that the factors related to the case-grouping pattern in the Kandangan Health Center Work Area were the presence of Aedes sp., vector breeding sites, high population density, and peak dengue cases that occurred in January and February. The results of this study can be used to determine priority areas in controlling dengue cases in an area.

ANALYSIS OF LIQUIDITY AND SOLVENCY RATIOS ON THE BALANCE SHEET OF THE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF TEMANGGUNG IN 2014-2015


 The purpose of this study is to determine the ratio of liquidity and solvency on the balance sheet of the Temanggung Regional Government. The object of research used is the balance sheet of the Temanggung Regional Government for the period of 2014-2015. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study indicate that the Temanggung district government has sufficient assets to pay off its debts and can pay debts quickly and with a high level of liquidity. Hence, it can be concluded that the Temanggung district government has financial adequacy to carry out government operational activities, and able to fulfill all its obligations, both short-term and long-term obligations, as well as the Temanggung district government has the opportunity to attract investors and creditors to channel their funds for the development of the Temanggung government.

Motivasi Masyarakat Terhadap Aktivitas Car Free Day di Alun-alun Kabupaten Temanggung

The purpose of this research to describe the community's motivation to sport activities In the Car Free Day Square of Temanggung district. The research method used Is a survey through a quantitative approach. Data collection Is done by observation, Interviews, and questionnaires. The results showed that the community's motivation to exercise due to physiological needs had a percentage of 23,3%, a safety requirement of 23,03%, a social need of 19.30%, the need for an award of 12,55%, and self-actualisation requirement of 21,49%. For the people of Temanggung distict,it is hoped that they can make as good as possible of Car Free Day activity because the Car Free Day is a means of self-actualization which is very beneficial for improving health, physical fitness, social and self-actualization. Then for the local government to expand the hygiene facilities such as trash cans and handwashing places and for organizers or community leaders still provide the best service so that the community Is Increasingly motivated to exercise In the Car Free Day of Temanggung District Square.

DETERMINASI NIAT PEMBAYARAN PAJAK ATAS TRANSAKSI E-COMMERCE (STUDI PADA WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI DAN BADAN PELAKU E-COMMERCE DI WILAYAH KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG)

This study aims to test whether knowledge and understanding of tax regulations, taxpayer awareness and taxpayer environment have an effect on tax payment intentions for E-commerce transactions. The research method uses quantitative descriptive methods and primary data with a questionnaire. This study took a sample of individual taxpayers and the E-commerce Implementing Body in the Temanggung district. Data processing was carried out by classical assumption test and hypothesis test with normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, T test, F test, and R2. The sampling technique in this study is to use incidental sampling. The collection technique is done by using a link questionnaire in the form of google. The number of questionnaires that were processed was 100 questionnaires. The results showed that the knowledge and understanding of tax regulations and the taxpayer environment had a negative effect on tax payment intentions for E-commerce transactions, while taxpayer awareness had a positive effect on tax payment intentions for E-commerce transactions on individual taxpayers and trading entities. electronic.

Getting Married is a Simple Matter: Early Marriage among Indonesian Muslim Girls in Rural Areas of Java

The high rate of child marriage has become a global community concern, including in Indonesia as the world's biggest Muslim country. This study explores the views and experiences of Muslim girls and local actors about early marriage in rural areas of Java, Indonesia. The case study was performed in a hamlet on Mount Sumbing, approximately 10 km from Temanggung District, Central Java, Indonesia. Eighteen female informants were interviewed, consisting of girls married before 18 years old during the 1990-2020 periods. The data were also collected from several vital informants: community figures, parents, and married couples. This study concluded that women who married at a young age still consider early marriage normal and acceptable from a socio-cultural perspective. For the local community, marrying their child at a very young age will guarantee labor availability, psychological security in old age and strengthen family bonds. On the other hand, the seriousness of life's challenges towards adulthood leads marriage at a young age to become a choice of socio-psychological coping mechanisms idealized by some young women. This phenomenon is also influenced by the existing local socio-cultural values that place marriage as a solution to socio-economic, socio-cultural problems and guarantee future generations' continuity. The seriousness of life's challenges towards maturity lead youth marriage as a socio-psychological coping mechanism was idealized by some young women due to gaps in knowledge about the impact of young married labor. This perspective is also influenced by the existing local socio-cultural values that place marriage as a solution to socio-economic problems and a simple procedure for marrying young through marriage dispensation.

Genetic diversity of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner in Temanggung District, Indonesia based on molecular marker RAPD

Abstract. Authors. 2021. Genetic diversity of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner in Temanggung District, Indonesia based on molecular marker RAPD. Biodiversitas 22: 4775-4783. Temanggung District in Central Java Province, Indonesia is one of robusta coffee production centers. The condition of coffee plantations in Temanggung shows variations in some morphological traits. Variations in coffee phenotypes are considered less profitable for farmers because they produce yields of undesirable quality in the global market. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of robusta coffee in Temanggung. The coffee plants were derived from six villages located at two levels of altitude. The morphological traits were observed from canopy width, trunk diameter, plant height, cherry volume, and bean volume, while the biochemical compositions were determined by caffeine content and brew’s pH value. The molecular assays were performed using PCR-RAPD with ten primers and species identification was based on the ITS rDNA. Our finding showed a variation in all morphological characters and biochemical compositions based on the LSD test 5%. The molecular marker RAPD revealed the genetic diversity by showing the DNA polymorphism levels of 95%, with the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.35 to 0.86. The species identification also demonstrated that our robusta coffee was 97.11-99.70% similar to robusta coffee MK615737.1 from Philippines and robusta coffee DQ153593.1 from Cameroon. Thus, genetic diversity on six populations of robusta coffee was found, along with its variations on phenotypes which might lead the coffee yield quality to become uneven.