Television Viewing Research Articles

“And you think you’re so clever and classless and free” : Television and the working class in British films (1959-2021)

Many British feature films have presented a rather critical view of television since its development, especially when related to the representation of the working class, because of its ambivalent ideological damage. Since 1959, television has thus often been presented as both a tool to depoliticise and indoctrinate its audience. Yet, over the decades, the representation of television and its impact on British working-class households has morphed and become more nuanced as the medium went mainstream. By the late 1960s, television was less of a vehicle for the directors’ and their heroes’ misogyny and fear of “dumbing down” through advertising and consumerism. Instead, it was associated with more positive aspects of working-class culture and family entertainment. But the advent of real TV shows has proved to be the latest development in the class opposition that has always underlain the representation of television in British films. The irony being that television in films was initially criticised for its potentially damaging classlessness yet it has always remained a channel for cinema to express its class-related bias. Because whether British cinema looks at how the working class watches television or at how television shows the working class, the representation mostly results from one class (the upper-middle class) watching another.

Causal Relationship between Television Viewing Time, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Potential Mechanisms

Causal Relationship between Television Viewing Time, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Potential Mechanisms

Are the Relationships of Physical Activity and Television Viewing Time With Mortality Robust to Confounding? A Study, Utilizing E-Values, From the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.

Physical activity and sedentary behavior are associated with health outcomes. However, evidence may be affected by confounding bias. This study aimed to examine the relationships of physical activity and television (TV) viewing time with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a cohort of Australian adults, and determine the robustness of these relationships to residual and unmeasured confounding. Data from 27,317 Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study participants (mean age = 66) were used. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and categorized as insufficient, sufficient, or more than sufficient. TV viewing time was categorized as low, moderate, or high. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to evaluate associations of interest. E-values were calculated to assess the strength of unmeasured confounders required to negate the observed results. For highest versus lowest physical activity category, the hazard ratio was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.81) for all-cause mortality; E-values ranged between 1.79 and 2.44. Results were similar for cardiovascular mortality; however, hazard ratios were lower (0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-1.01) and E-values much smaller (1.00-2.12) for cancer mortality. For highest versus lowest TV viewing time category, the hazard ratio was 1.08 (1.01-1.15) for all-cause mortality; E-values ranged between 1.00 and 1.37. Results were similar for cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Physical activity and TV viewing time were associated with mortality. The robustness to unmeasured/residual confounding was moderate for physical activity (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality), but weaker for physical activity (cancer mortality) and TV viewing time in this study of Australian adults.

What affects perceived quality? An examination of television fiction series

With the number of television series increasing almost daily and resources becoming increasingly sparse, it is more important than ever for companies to determine which series will have market success or not. This paper attempts to identify the characteristics of television fiction series that cause consumers to perceive them as being of high quality. In a nation-wide survey, we surveyed 874 television viewers about ten series from four genres to investigate which characteristics of television series predict consumers’ perception of their quality. Although in most cases the coherence of the plot and the dialogues have a strong and positive effect on perceived quality, overall, we find that different genres have different predictors of perceived quality. We discuss the implications of our findings and provide recommendations for future research and practice.

Cognitive activity, cognitive function, and neurological blood biomarkers

AbstractBackgroundMore frequent engagement in cognitive activity is associated with better cognitive function in older adults, but the mechanism of action is not fully understood. Debate remains whether increased cognitive activity provides a meaningful benefit for cognitive health or if decreased cognitive activity represents a prodrome of cognitive impairment. Neurological biomarkers provide a novel way to examine this relationship in the context of cognitive aging.MethodsWe examined the association of cognitive activity, cognitive function, and concentrations of three biomarkers in community‐dwelling participants of a longitudinal, population‐based study. Cognitive activity was measured at baseline by asking participants to rate the frequency of 7 activities: 1) Viewing television, 2) Listening to the radio, 3) Visiting a museum, 4) Playing games, such as cards, checkers, crosswords, or other puzzles or games, 5) Reading books, 6) Reading magazines, and 7) Reading newspapers. Cognitive function was measured with a battery of four tests (Mini‐Mental State Examination, Digit Symbol Test, and the immediate and delayed recall of the East Boston Test) averaged into a composite score. At baseline, we evaluated the concentration of total tau (tau), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).ResultsThe study sample comprised 1,168 older participants, primarily non‐Hispanic Blacks (60%) and women (63%). At baseline, they were an average of 77 years old with 12.6 years of education. Mixed‐effects models showed that cognitive activity was associated with better cognitive functioning at baseline and over time. These relationships remained after each biomarker was added to the model. Over an average of 6.4 years of follow‐up, cognitive activity was associated with cognitive decline in the model with tau (estimate = 0.0123; p‐value = 0.03) and was mildly attenuated in the models with NfL, (estimate = 0.0110; p‐value = 0.06), and GFAP (estimate = 0.0111; p‐value = 0.06). Biomarkers did not modify the association between cognitive activity and cognitive function over time.ConclusionThe benefits of cognitive activity on cognition appear to be independent of biomarkers: tau, NfL, and GFAP. More frequent cognitive activity may benefit the cognitive health of older adults with a wide range of potential disease risk and presentations.

Television Viewing Time and All-cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Japanese Adults with and without a History of Stroke or Myocardial Infarction.

We examined the association between television (TV) viewing time and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among Japanese adults with and without a history of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI). In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study, 76,572 participants (851 stroke survivors, 1,883 MI survivors, and 73,838 persons without a history of stroke or MI), aged 40-79 years at baseline (1988-1990), completed a lifestyle, diet, and medical history questionnaire, and were followed up regarding mortality until 2009. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause and CVD mortality. During the 19.3-year median follow-up period, 17,387 deaths were documented. TV viewing time was positively associated with all-cause and CVD mortality regardless of stroke or MI history. The multivariable-adjusted HRs of all-cause mortality with 95% CIs for TV viewing time of 3-4.9 h, 5-6.9 h, and ≥ 7 h were 1.18 (0.95-1.48), 1.12 (0.86-1.45), and 1.61 (1.12-2.32) for stroke survivors; 0.97 (0.81-1.17), 1.40 (1.12-1.76), and 1.44 (1.02-2.03) for MI survivors; and 1.00 (0.96-1.03), 1.07 (1.01-1.12), and 1.22 (1.11-1.34) for persons without a history of stroke or MI, respectively, compared with ＜3 h. Prolonged TV viewing time was associated with higher risks of all-cause and CVD mortality in stroke or MI survivors and in persons without a history of them. It may be recommended to reduce sedentary time for stroke or MI survivors, independent of the level of physical activity.

The Utilization of Television Media by the Rural Community in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India: A Study

This study investigates the utilization of television media in the rural community of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, focusing on the preferences and behaviors of different demographic groups. The research entails an extensive literature review on television media within the region, followed by a targeted survey among housewives, youths, farmers, and professionals in rural areas, conducted in the Tamil language. The survey results indicate that more than 30.49% of housewives, 26.83% of youths, 23.17% of farmers, and 19.51% of professionals exceeded the surveyed thresholds, highlighting significant engagement with television in diverse demographic segments. The findings illuminate the substantial role of television media in the rural community, emphasizing the need to comprehend and address the specific needs and interests of various demographic groups. This study contributes valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between television viewership patterns and demographic characteristics in rural areas, laying a foundation for further research and initiatives aimed at optimizing the impact of television in rural development.

Differentiating from TV Representations: Shame and the Process of Gay/Lesbian Identification Among Chilean Television Viewers

ABSTRACT The representation of gays and lesbians on Chilean television has increased steadily over the last decades. This paper offers an analysis of the role these images had in the processes of sexual identification of a sample of 25 members of the audience who identify as gays or lesbians. Through a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, it is shown that the respondents believed that the televisual representations of homosexuality have contributed to further marginalize gay and lesbian lives. This strengthened damaging feelings that fed into a sense of shame that was originating from multiple institutions and texts, thus complicating their processes of self-recognition and self-acceptance during their childhood and adolescence. Taking examples of how participants described their relationship with these representations and the ways in which they circulated socially, it is argued that they could only articulate their identification as gays or lesbians by disassociating themselves from these images and establishing a clear difference in regard to them. This was in a process in which several other informational and experiential opportunities came into play, which allowed them to resignify the categories gay/lesbian and lead less conflictive processes of identification.

Methods for designing strategic narratives in the description of the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian war in documentaries


 
 
 The article discusses methods of designing strategic narratives in teledocumentaries created by various production teams and distributed through the YouTube platform. The authors underline the important role of teledocumentaries in creating an emotional and intellectual response to geopolitical topics among television viewers and attempt to analyse six documentaries focusing on the current war in Ukraine. The aim of the research was to determine key narrative patterns that are presented by production teams from various countries in the context of the armed aggression of the Russian forces in Ukraine. From this research, we can outline three main narrative templates: identity issues (“Us” vs. “Them”), temporal cognition and feeling of “stopping the time”, the image of enemy inter-twined with death, unforgiveness and fear.
 
 

Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran TATV Untuk Meningkatkan Jumlah Pengiklan

The television industry places itself in business competition to obtain commercial benefits for the company’s sustainability. The reduced number of television viewers has an impact on declining advertising revenue. To meet sales targets, companies must carry out various appropriate strategies to attract advertisers to buy the company’s products, namely through advertising. TATV has implemented various strategies but has not been able to increase significantly. This study aims to find out and describe how the marketing communication strategy is carried out by TATV to increase the number of advertisers. This research uses descriptive qualitative research with the case study method. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the five marketing mixes, such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, and direct marketing, ara important to increase TATV sales. Of the 5 most frequently used marketing activities, personal selling is face to face selling or face to face with clients and online via WhatsApp and email. This is because it makes it easier for clients to be able to provide immediate feedback and frequent dealing or buying occurs.

Мултижанровият артист в съвременното изкуство: звезда от телевизията или професионалист?

Is it possible to have a definition of a professional artist in the 21st century? In an era of absolute democratization of artistic forms, can anyone become the author of a work if he wants to be one? The article provides an overview of the definition of a professional artist over the past few centuries and traces the processes that have shaped or modified this definition in the modern world. The analysis refers to the field of institutional theory and examines two specific events of the last six months in Sofia, which serve to demonstrate the thesis that the popular image, formed by television among the mass audience, defined by Theodor Adorno as the halo effect of previous experiences, can give almost professional status to any face, familiar enough from the small screen. In the specific case the exhibitions MO! and DIS/HARMONIES are an illustration of the active influence of television programs not only on the mass viewer, but also on the professional practice in Bulgaria. We draw such conclusions after their authors Maria Sylvester and Ruth Koleva, known for their active participation in entertainment reality formats, were presented in one of the most famous and defined as professional spaces for contemporary art in Bulgaria – the galleries Structura and Credo Bonum. These curatorial decisions are an up-to-date example indicative of the phenomenon of television careerism, which, despite the emergence of streaming platforms and the respective decreasing number of television viewers in the last few years, continues in the logic of its action, described decades ago by Nathalie Heinich and Theodor Adorno. Despite the more general nature of the thesis, the article is a critical analysis on the border with sociological studies of art and specifically addresses the problem of the contemporary art professional.

Leisure-Time Television Viewing and Computer Use, Family History, and Incidence of Dementia

Introduction: Time spent on screen-based sedentary activities is significantly associated with dementia risk, however, whether the associations vary by family history (FHx) of dementia is currently unknown. We aimed to examine independent associations of two prevalent types of screen-based sedentary activities (television [TV] viewing and computer use) with dementia and assess the modifying effect of FHx. Methods: We included 415,048 individuals free of dementia from the UK Biobank. Associations of TV viewing, computer use, and FHx with dementia risk were determined using Cox regression models. We estimated both multiplicative- and additive-scale interactions between TV viewing and computer use and FHx. Results: During a median follow-up of 12.6 years, 5,549 participants developed dementia. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we observed that moderate (2–3 h/day; hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.03–1.23) and high (>3 h/day; 1.33, 1.21–1.46) TV viewing was associated with a higher dementia risk, compared with low (0–1 h/day) TV viewing. Using restricted cubic spline models, the relationship of TV viewing with dementia was nonlinear (relative to 0 h/day; p for nonlinear = 0.005). We found that >3 h/day of TV viewing was associated with a 42% (1.42, 1.18–1.71) higher dementia risk in participants with FHx while a 30% (1.30, 1.17–1.45) in those without FHx. For computer use, both low (0 h/day; 1.41, 1.33–1.50) and high (>2 h/day; 1.17, 1.05–1.29) computer use were associated with elevated dementia risk, compared with moderate (1–2 h/day) computer use. We observed a J-shaped relationship with dementia (relative to 2 h/day; p for nonlinear <0.001). Compared with 1–2 h/day of computer use, the HRs of dementia were 1.46 (1.29–1.65) and 1.10 (0.90–1.36) for 0 h/day and >2 h/day of computer use in participants with FHx, respectively, while the corresponding HRs were 1.40 (1.30–1.50) and 1.19 (1.06–1.33) in those without FHx. We observed a positive additive interaction (RERI 0.29, 0.06–0.53) between computer use and FHx, while little evidence of interaction between TV viewing and FHx. Conclusions: The time spent on TV viewing and computer use were independent risk factors for dementia, and the adverse effects of computer use and FHx were additive. Our findings point to new behavioral targets for intervention on preventing an early onset of dementia, especially for those with FHx.

The Role and Challenges of Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) in Facing the Digitalization Era of Broadcasting Media in Indonesia

This research discusses the role of the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) in facing the challenges of digitization of broadcast media in Indonesia. KPI has the authority to make broadcast program standards and broadcasting code of conduct and supervise their implementation, including sanctioning violations. In the context of media digitization, KPI's role is crucial in ensuring that television shows do not only display the culture of consumerism, but also provide educational content that is beneficial to society. However, the implementation of digitalization does not come without obstacles. One of them is the readiness of the majority of television viewers who still use analog devices. In addition, there are technical obstacles such as broadcast interruptions and the need for special skills in operating digital devices. Nonetheless, digitization of broadcast media has many advantages, such as efficient use of frequencies and improved picture and sound quality. In facing these challenges, a joint effort is needed between KPI, broadcasters, and the public. KPI needs to continue developing appropriate regulations to support responsible and ethical digitization. In addition, broadcasters must improve their shows to not only follow the trend of consumerism, but also provide content that educates and benefits. Improving human resources in operating digital technology is also important. This research underscores the importance of KPI's role in guiding the transformation of broadcast media into the digital era, while still ensuring that the content presented is useful and in accordance with the values upheld by Indonesian society.

Television Viewing and Divorce in Indonesia: Evidence from Macro Data

The rise in divorce incidence seems to be the most apparent social phenomenon in Indonesia during the last decade. As the Ministry of Religious Affairs noted, the number of divorces has increased by 9% to 408,202 in 2018 compared to the previous year. One rationale that may explain this phenomenon comes from the role of television, which has the potential to influence the opinions of society through its programs. In developing countries, including Indonesia, television is still relevant as a medium to reach a large portion of society at a low cost. Hence, this study aims to determine the role of television viewing on divorce in Indonesia. Unlike previous studies, which use qualitative data collected with in-depth interviews at the individual level, we utilize quantitative analysis based on macro data at the provincial level from Statistics Indonesia in 2018. We perform a multiple regression model using the ordinary least squares method and find statistical evidence that divorce rates are positively associated with television viewing, particularly in rural areas. From this finding, the government should regulate media by limiting the frequency and duration of soap operas and celebrity news and by promoting television stations to provide diversified content on their channel.

Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity, Television Viewing, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The CARDIA Study.

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in U.S. adults is over 30%, yet the role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of NAFLD remains understudied. We examined the associations of physical activity, by intensity and type, and television viewing with prevalent NAFLD. Cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample of 2726 Black (49%) and White (51%) adults (Mean (SD) age, 50 (3.6) years; 57.3% female) from the CARDIA study. Exposures were aerobic activity by intensity (moderate, vigorous; hours/week); activity type (aerobic, muscle-strengthening; hours/week); and television viewing (hours/week), examined concurrently in all models and assessed by validated questionnaires. Our outcome was NAFLD (liver attenuation < 51 Hounsfield Units), measured by non-contrast computed tomography, after exclusions for other causes of liver fat. Covariates were sex, age, race, study center, education, diet quality, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index or waist circumference. 648 participants had NAFLD. In the fully adjusted modified Poisson regression model, the risk ratios per interquartile range of each exposure were moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.97-1.26); vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, 0.72 (0.63-0.82); muscle-strengthening activity, 0.89 (0.80-1.01); and television viewing, 1.20 (1.10-1.32). Relative to less active participants with higher levels of television viewing, those who participated in ≥2 h/week of both vigorous-intensity aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity and <7 h/week of television viewing had 65% lower risk of NAFLD (risk ratio = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.51). Adults who follow public health recommendations for vigorous-aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity, as well as minimize television viewing, are considerably less likely to have NAFLD than those who do not follow the recommendations and who have relatively high levels of television viewing.

Childhood and Adolescent Television Viewing and Metabolic Syndrome in Mid-Adulthood.

Excessive sedentary behaviors, such as television viewing or other screen time, may have adverse metabolic effects. We hypothesized that television viewing time in childhood would be associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age. We studied a population-based birth cohort born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1972 and 1973. Parent- and self-reported weekday television viewing times were recorded at ages 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 32 years. The primary outcome was metabolic syndrome at age 45 years, defined as 3 or more of: high glycated hemoglobin; high waist circumference; high blood triglyceride; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and high blood pressure. Reported television viewing time and metabolic syndrome data were available for 870 (87%) of 997 surviving participants. Mean television viewing time between ages 5 and 15 years was associated with metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age. This association persisted after adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, and BMI at age 5 (odds ratio: 1.30; 95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 1.58; P = .006) and after further adjustment for adult television viewing (odds ratio: 1.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.03 to 1.54; P = .026). Childhood television viewing was also associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness and higher BMI at 45 years of age. Time spent watching television during childhood and adolescence is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in mid-adulthood. Interventions to reduce screen time for children and young people may have long-lasting benefits for health.

Broadcasting demand for Formula One: Viewer preferences for outcome uncertainty in the United States

ABSTRACT We explore the determinants of broadcasting demand for Formula One racing in the United States of America and pay specific attention to the relationship between outcome uncertainty and television viewership figures. Using implied probabilities derived from betting odds, we offer an approach to measuring outcome uncertainty that differs from those currently established in the Formula One broadcasting demand literature. We do not find any evidence to support the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. On the contrary, viewers display a preference for less closely contested races. We find that scheduling and accessibility to live races are important determinants of viewership. Our results have practical implications and can guide the sport's administrators and television broadcasters seeking to understand a growing national market for F1 broadcasting.

Does the Game Matter? Analyzing Sponsorship Effectiveness and Message Personalization in Sport Live Broadcasts

This study aims to increase the effective use of in-stadium sponsor message placement by analyzing the influence of various run-of-play characteristics on television viewers’ visual attention allocation. Sports broadcasts constitute one potential platform for sponsors to place personalized messages. However, literature still questions the effectiveness of in-stadium sponsor messages, and the influence of game-related factors on viewers’ visual attention has received little consideration in this context. In addition, researchers call for more reliable and realistic measures concerning the effective evaluation of sponsorship-linked marketing. Therefore, this study uses real-time adaptions (eye-tracking, in-play betting odds, etc.) utilizing live soccer broadcasts as one of the first. Data were analyzed second by second (n = 100,298) using generalized linear mixed models. Results indicate significant associations of several run-of-play characteristics with viewers’ visual attention to sponsor messages depending on the characteristic, the games’ degree of suspense, and playing time. Findings provide hands-on advice for practitioners to enhance sponsor message placement during live broadcasts.

Research on the Application of MEMS Gyroscope in Inspecting the Breakage of Urban Sewerage Pipelines

Long-term corrosion, construction irregularities, road pressure and other reasons lead to various defects in urban sewer pipelines. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) and quick view (QV) are currently the most commonly used techniques to detect the internal state of the pipeline, but CCTV requires a large amount of capital investment and manpower costs, while QV is faced with the use of limitations and inaccurate positioning. The inspection of urban sewerage networks has long been a challenge for the relevant management authorities to overcome. To this end, in this study, an device was assembled using a six-axis MEMS gyroscope sensor as the core component to inspect and locate the breakage point of the pipe. Specifically, a six-axis MEMS gyroscope sensor is used as the core component along with a small lithium battery and a remote control switch assembled in a highly waterproof round box, and dropped into a laboratory to simulate a sewage pipe that has external water infiltration. Then the device is recovered and the SD card on which the data is stored is removed, the data is loaded to perform the coordinate conversion process and restore the trajectory and attitude of the device along its travel. The three axis axial acceleration of the device before and after passing through the infiltration point is analyzed for anomalies, as well as changes in the roll and pitch angle fluctuations of the device. Multiple experiments demonstrated that the six-axis MEMS gyro sensor response is very sensitive, generating data and storing it through the DATALOG module. With the reading and analysis of the data, when the pipeline is broken by external water intrusion, the axial acceleration value, pitch angle and roll angle of the device will change abruptly after flowing through the infiltration point, based on the analysis of these indicators the preliminary judgment of the extent of external water infiltration and locate the location of the infiltration point, potential applications of MEMS gyroscopic sensors in the field of sewerage are believed to be vast.

Analisis Teori Hypodermic Needle Pada Iklan Sirup Marjan Di Bulan Ramadhan Tahun 2023

This study seeks to analyze how the hypodermic needle theory works on Marjan syrup advertisements in the month of Ramadan 2023. The research was conducted by observing marjan syrup advertisements both aired on television and Marjan Badoin's YouTube account. Data collection techniques were carried out by collecting data about mass communication, especially about the hypodermic needle theory, relevant journals and books as well as Marjan Syrup advertising videos on television and Marjan Boudoin's Youtube account. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of the study concluded that the mass media, in this case television and YouTube, which display advertisements in the form of Audio Visual Marjan Syrup messages play a strong role in influencing affectively, cognition and behavior of the audience/society. Especially for people with an undeveloped level of education, the audience/society is more easily influenced because the majority of television viewers in Indonesia are people with a level of education that is not yet well established and children who have not received higher education. third, the message conveyed is easier to understand, Audio visual shows are more interesting, more accepted and easier to understand by the public/public. Viewers don't have to bother reading to understand what messages the advertisements convey on television or YouTube channels.