Teheran Conference Research Articles

Soviet War Aims at the Moscow and Teheran Conferences of 1943

Previous articleNext article No AccessSoviet War Aims at the Moscow and Teheran Conferences of 1943Vojtech MastnyVojtech Mastny Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 47, Number 3Sep., 1975 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/241341 Views: 21Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1975 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Susan Santoli (Re)Writing the Second World War: United States, Russian and German National History Textbooks in the Immediate Aftermath of 1989, (Dec 2018): 255–273.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96986-2_15Mark A. Stoler Wartime Conferences, (Nov 2012): 448–461.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325018.ch27William E. Kinsella Relations with the Soviet Union, (Apr 2011): 564–589.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch29MARINA CATTARUZZA ‘Last stop expulsion’- The minority question and forced migration in East-Central Europe: 1918-49 To Hans Lemberg, in memory, Nations and Nationalism 16, no.11 (Jan 2010): 108–126.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00416.xGeoffrey Roberts Stalin at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences, Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no.44 (Oct 2007): 6–40.https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.4.6Wolfgang Mueller Stalin and Austria: New Evidence on Soviet Policy in a Secondary Theatre of the Cold War, 1938–53/55, Cold War History 6, no.11 (Aug 2006): 63–84.https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740500395444 Historiese tydskrifte Historical journals, Kleio 8, no.1-21-2 (Jun 1976): 73–73.https://doi.org/10.1080/00232087685310091

Post-Conference Thoughts

The Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society certainly did things properly: not only did it organize to perfection the conference for seven hundred participants; it spared no effort to create an atmosphere of cordiality and friendship. Incidentally, the Teheran conference centre is the equal of the official bodies of the international institutions; its staff is courteous, its hostesses efficient and charming, and the work is done smoothly and with a good grace.

Recent British government publications

This article follows an earlier one with the same title which appeared in R Q, 1 1, 1, Fall 1971, pp. 3941. As before, it consists of a number of brief reviewsof some significant, recent British government publications likely to be of interest to North American libraries. United States libraries should order from Pendagon House Inc., 220 University Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94301. There is a 20 percent discount for libraries on the prices quoted. Canadian libraries should order from their nearest Information Canada Bookstore. Of topical interest is the 361 page Report of the Committee on Privacy, of which Kenneth Younger was chairman. This committee was appointed to consider to recommend whether legislation is needed to give further protection to the individual citizen and to commercial and industrial interests against intrusions into privacy by private persons, organizations, or companies. After a general review of the concept of privacy and its importance, the committee examined those areas of most concern in this area: invasion of privacy by the pmss, radio and television, credit rating agencies, banks, employers, students and teachers, doctors, neighbors and landlords, salesmen, private detectives, and industrial espionage. The report includes a section on technical surveillance devices and computers insofar as they concern privacy. It was issued as Cmnd. 5012. Price $8. SBN 10 1 150120 X. Volume II of British Foreign Policy in ‘the Second World War by Sir Llewellyn Woodward has now appeared; volume I was noticedin the previous article in this series. The timespan of this present volume is from June 194 1, when Germany invaded Russia, until the end of 1943. The major events dealt with are Anglo-Russian relationships, culminating in the Teheran Conference; events leading to Japan entering the war; matters affecting General de Gaulle and the Allied governments; differences between the British and United States governments over policy towards Italian surrender; and the formulation of the Atlantic Charter. Price $18. SBN 11 630068 X. The situation in Northern Ireland remains in the news headlines. Two recent reports illusttate dramatically the gulf which has been created there between Protestant and Catholic, leading to frequent outbursts of death and violence. The calm, measured prose of these reports describes scenes which have become a part of the almost daily turmoil in Northern Ireland. Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in I969 is a twovolume report of a Tribunal of Inquiry, Chairman: Mr. Justice Scat-man. It was presented to the Parliament of Northern Ireland as Cmnd. 566. Price $12. SBN 337 10566 9. Slighter in format is the 45 page Report of the Tribunal Appointed to Inquire into the

RECENT BRITISH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

This article follows an earlier one with the same title which appeared in R Q, 1 1, 1, Fall 1971, pp. 3941. As before, it consists of a number of brief reviewsof some significant, recent British government publications likely to be of interest to North American libraries. United States libraries should order from Pendagon House Inc., 220 University Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94301. There is a 20 percent discount for libraries on the prices quoted. Canadian libraries should order from their nearest Information Canada Bookstore. Of topical interest is the 361 page Report of the Committee on Privacy, of which Kenneth Younger was chairman. This committee was appointed to consider to recommend whether legislation is needed to give further protection to the individual citizen and to commercial and industrial interests against intrusions into privacy by private persons, organizations, or companies. After a general review of the concept of privacy and its importance, the committee examined those areas of most concern in this area: invasion of privacy by the pmss, radio and television, credit rating agencies, banks, employers, students and teachers, doctors, neighbors and landlords, salesmen, private detectives, and industrial espionage. The report includes a section on technical surveillance devices and computers insofar as they concern privacy. It was issued as Cmnd. 5012. Price $8. SBN 10 1 150120 X. Volume II of British Foreign Policy in ‘the Second World War by Sir Llewellyn Woodward has now appeared; volume I was noticedin the previous article in this series. The timespan of this present volume is from June 194 1, when Germany invaded Russia, until the end of 1943. The major events dealt with are Anglo-Russian relationships, culminating in the Teheran Conference; events leading to Japan entering the war; matters affecting General de Gaulle and the Allied governments; differences between the British and United States governments over policy towards Italian surrender; and the formulation of the Atlantic Charter. Price $18. SBN 11 630068 X. The situation in Northern Ireland remains in the news headlines. Two recent reports illusttate dramatically the gulf which has been created there between Protestant and Catholic, leading to frequent outbursts of death and violence. The calm, measured prose of these reports describes scenes which have become a part of the almost daily turmoil in Northern Ireland. Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in I969 is a twovolume report of a Tribunal of Inquiry, Chairman: Mr. Justice Scat-man. It was presented to the Parliament of Northern Ireland as Cmnd. 566. Price $12. SBN 337 10566 9. Slighter in format is the 45 page Report of the Tribunal Appointed to Inquire into the

A Territorial Pattern for the Military Occupation of Germany

With the military defeat of Germany now assured, it becomes imperative to complete plans for occupation of the country. There is apparent agreement among the United Nations that Germany must be occupied; but, although much work has been done on the subject, by both the military and political branches of the several Allied Governments, to date we have not had any general policy directives from the heads of the three great powers, namely, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States. Presumably, at the Teheran conference Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin came to a preliminary meeting of minds with reference to the various aspects of the war against Germany. At the second Quebec conference, it may reasonably be assumed that the President and Mr. Churchill, keeping in close contact with the Soviet leader, finally came to some definite agreement regarding the measures necessary to encompass the complete defeat and occupation of Germany.It has been generally agreed all around that Germany must be occupied by the troops of the Allied Nations, but many of the specific details of such an occupation have not yet been thought through. When we speak of the occupation of Germany, we must first of all define exactly what we mean by the term Germany. It is expected that “Germany” will be understood to cover only those territories included within the Republic prior to Hitler's accession to power. It might be better to agree that the boundaries shall be understood to be those of January 1, 1932.

The Teheran Three

I do not know if the conclusion that was reached at Teheran, now after three months still holds good : ‘We come here with hope and determination. We have been friends in fact, in spirit and in purpose.’ Nor do I know whether the British and American columnists who so solemnly proclaimed that the Moscow, Cairo and Teheran Conferences, had laid the foundations for the perpetual and peaceable direction by the Big Three or Four (leaving out of count all the other countries) of a future world order are to-day of the same mind. What has happened in these months is so significant and entails so many hypotheses as to the future of the world, that it challenges all the over-simple formulae which have nourished a superficial press.Stalin is in the foreground. He has an active, volitive policy which starts from Moscow and arrives at Moscow. Without stressing historical comparisons too much, he can be considered as a Russian Napoleon, who is as much a Muscovite (a Muscovite of Georgia) as the Corsican was a Parisian. Such types bring to capital cities a certain provincial originality, which cuts them off from tradition, thus facilitating the developments of their inventive spirit. Just as Napoleon transformed the semi-anarchic democracy of the French Revolution, (already at its third phase), into a Directory and then into an Empire, while maintaining the symbols of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, so Stalin has transformed the Leninist Soviet regime into a politico-military dictatorship, while preserving the name and certain structures of Communism.Stalin has dropped the Red International for a more concrete and profitable nationalism ; he has passed from persecution of the Orthodox Church to benevolent toleration ; he has restored a particularist trend to economic life, little by little bringing back private interest.

Iran and the Tehran Conference

FROM 1920 the Iranian Government had been painfully evolving means for the unification and modernization of the country, which brought a multitude of complicated problems in it-s wake. The outbreak of war found Iran's national standing quite independent of the favours of the Great Powers, but her new factories, industrial life and economic structure wholly depended on the tools, machinery and shipping space granted her by these Powers. Nevertheless, during the first eighteen months of the war, the scene of fighting was far from the frontiers of Iran, and a course of neutrality was pursued by the Government. This neutrality, which was strictly adhered to by Iran to the best of her ability, was respected by the belligerents during the first two years of the war. After the declaration of war by Germany on the Soviet Union on June 22nd, 1941, however, the Great Power neighbours of Iran, forming an Alliance, regarded the situation in Iran as altogether changed. (1) They considered that Iran formed the only link in the chain that at that time could connect Great Britain and the Allies with the Soviet Union; (2) the speedy penetration of the German Army into Soviet territory and Caucasia transformed Iran into a potential rear for the Soviet armed forces; (3) the strategic position of Iran in the Middle and Near East was enhanced, as it formed the secure flank and rear of the British forces in the East, as well as the road to India; (4) the oil wells in the Persian Gulf regions became of vital importance to the British. Hence, on August 26th, 1941, British and Soviet armed forces entered Iran, and in the light of prevailing circumstances, Iran's neutrality had to be abandoned, and with His Majesty Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi on the throne, a new democratic Government was formed by the late Mohammed Ali Foroughi, the veteran statesman and philosopher. Since then Tehran, the capital of Iran, has seen great events. On January 29th, 1942, the Tripartite Treaty of Alliance between Iran, Great Britain and the Soviet Union was signed at Tehran, and the foreign policy of Iran changed to collaboration with the Allies. On September 9th, 1943, Tehran was the scene of a declaration of war by the Iranian Government on Nazi Germany, which thus aligned the country with the Allies. These events must be considered of the utmost importance in the political history of Iran, as they will inevitably have a great influence on her future for generations to come.