Digital transformation has transformed the business processes and operations of firms worldwide. Companies need to adopt new technologies capable of automating and boosting the business to maintain competitiveness in a global market. This study aims to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) that impact Cloud ERP implementation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). A systematic literature review was conducted with the support of the PRISMA-P. The identified factors were classified following the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework. The CSFs that stood out most were system compatibility with the organization’s needs, data security, and senior management commitment support. This study contributes to the literature by identifying and grouping the CSFs that most impact the implementation of Cloud enterprise resource planning (ERP) in SMEs and to the practice by serving as a guide for managers and decision-makers of SMEs.