Crop Technology Research Articles

Preface

Within the framework of the presented proceedings, the results of the conducted II International Conference on Current Issues of Breeding, Technology and Processing of Agricultural Crops, and Environment (CIBTA-II-2023).

Совершенствование технологии производства кукурузы на зерно в условиях Приамурья

The yield of corn grain depends on the tillage methods used in the cultivation technology of wide-row crops. To make comprehensive assessment of the use of various combinations of the cultivator’s working tools, the authors carried out a two-year study to improve the technology of growing corn for grain by optimizing the system of mechanized cultivation of wide-row crops. The essence of optimization is to change the combination of working tools in a combined tillage unit and change the width of their arrangement along the row spacing width and the depth of soil cultivation. Integrated deep tillage contributes to the destruction of weeds from a larger area between the rows and provides optimal conditions for the growth and development of corn. In 2021, use was made of a tillage unit with a combination of working tools - two one-side flat cutting shares (edges) with overlapping of the working tool edge and a V-shaped share in the center of the inter-row spacing. This combination resulted in a corn yield of 3.62 t/ha. Compared to other types of tillage, the increase was from 0.61 to 1.10 t/ha. This year, in comparison with 2022, in the early phases of the growth of corn and the development of its reproductive parts from April to May, excessive moisture was observed, while in June and July the moisture level was insufficient. In 2022, the use of two universal V-shaped shares with overlapping the working tool edge, inserting wheel spiders in the center of inter-row spacing ensured a yield of 9.15 t/ha. Compared to other types of tillage, the increase was from 0.33 to 1.99 t/ha. The provision of a high yield level in 2022 was facilitated by excessive moisture in the period from April to June and the accumulation of moisture in the soil. The choice of a combination of working tools should be determined by weather conditions.

Justification of parameters of working body of deep loosener

The article presents the analysis results on the study of physical-mechanical properties of soils in Uzbekistan and experimental studies on the influence of parameters and rational geometric shape of working tools on the quality of soil tillage while reducing energy costs. It has been established that soil moisture and hardness in the periods of basic and pre-sowing tillage differ significantly according to weather conditions, agrophonous background, and sowing and harvesting technology of agricultural crops. The peculiarities of different soils and the main directions of preserving and increasing their fertility are considered. The problems of optimization of physical properties and issues of the fertility state of irrigated soils are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the problems of improving soil's basic physical and mechanical properties. The use of effective technologies for improving and ameliorating irrigated lands, increasing fertility, and reducing and preventing soil salinization is proposed. For prevention of decrease and preservation of soil fertility, purposeful measures on improvement of physical properties of soils are recommended, the mechanism of which solution is the application of innovative technology of processing providing purposeful growth and development of root system, moderate moisture of soil, increased water permeability, moisture stocks, and reduction of salinization. To prevent intensive moisture evaporation after deep tillage, it is recommended to carry out agrophobic treatment by maximum leveling and creating a shallow crumbly surface layer. To substantiate the parameters of the deep loosener were based on the fact that the degree and magnitude of soil deformation depend on both the shape and parameters of interacting working bodies and on the physical and mechanical properties of the cultivated medium.

Exploitation of antisense RNA technology in horticultural crops

Exploitation of antisense RNA technology in horticultural crops

Evaluation of the technology of harvesting grain crops by the method of combing the standing crops

Evaluation of the technology of harvesting grain crops by the method of combing the standing crops

Primary Cleaning Machine for Small and Medium-Sized Mung Bean Grains for Farms and Peasant Farms

The article provides information on the current state of cultivation of mosh grain, technology and means of harvesting crops grown in Uzbekistan, the need to clean mosh grain. There is also information about the technological scheme of the primary cleaning machine, the experimental version, the results of economic tests, which divided the developed mosh grain into fractions.

Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Var. Capitata L.)

To observe the growth and yield attributes of cabbage under different spacing and nitrogen fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted with cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) variety “BARI Badha kopi-2 (Agradut)”. The experiment was carried out at the research field of the Department of Crop Science and Technology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi during the period from November, 2021 to March, 2022. The experiment consisted of three spacing i.e. 50cmX30cm, 50cmX40cm and 50cmX50cm as well as three levels of nitrogen fertilizers viz. 50kg/ha, 100kg/ha and 150kg/ha. The results revealed that different treatments significantly affected the growth and yield attributes of cabbage. The combination of wider spacing (50cmX50cm) combination with highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (150kg/ha) produced the maximum plant height, no. of leaves per plant, largest leaf length, largest leaf breadth, head diameter, head thickness, individual head weight and yield whereas50cmX30cm spacing and lowest level of nitrogen fertilizer (50kg/ha)required maximum days required for head maturity. On the other hand, all the studied parameters except days required for head maturity found to be lowest in the treatment combination of 50cmX30cm spacing with lower level of nitrogen fertilizer (50kg/ha).The study concluded that cabbage need to be cultivated at 50cmX50cmspacing and 150kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer is to be applied for getting the targeted yield as well as desired return from cabbage cultivation in “High Ganges River Floodplain zones” of Bangladesh.

Efficacy of Trichoderma Harzianum and Bacillus Subtilis as Seed and Vegetation Application Combined with Integrated Agroecology Measures on Maize

In the context of sustainable practices and European strategy to reduce the chemical inputs in agricultural conventional systems, on field crops there are approached agroecological practices that targets the performance growing through effective measures that adjust the biodiversity of agroecosystems. The study presents the results of a field experience developed in a farmer participative approach on two years (2021, 2022). In his farm - from Buești, Ialomița, România - were established 30 multifactorial testing varieties composed from treatment with a special product for maize crop (BioZeaFert: BF) from Bacillus subtilis ICCF 84: 25%; Bacillus subtilis 284: 25%; Trichoderma harzianum ICCF 179: 50%. The treatments have been applied on seeds (Untreated, BF 10%, BF 20%, BF 30%, CuSO4 10%) and on vegetation period (Untreated, BF 75g/ha, BF 112.5 g/ha, BF 225 g/ha, CuSO4 300g/ha) for 3 maize hybrids (Iezer, Felix, F 423). Also has been integrated in his crop technology cover crops and the using of organic agriculture inputs. The application of the product and agroecological measures had positive effects regarding the protection against pest Tanymecus dilaticollis. The damage degree was 16-19% in the untreated maize, while for the treated maize it was between 6-11%, the lowest values were observed for BF 30% on Iezer hybrid. The biostimulator had positive effects on plant growth and therefore on yield. The treatments or the type of hybrids did not influenced the weeding degree.

Experimental studies and mathematical model of the rapeseed seed drying process

The article shows the features of the drying oilseed crops technology, in particular rapeseed. The results of laboratory studies on drying rapeseed are presented, and the possibility of mathematical modeling and calculation is considered. Experimental studies of the drying process were carried out and a numerical experiment was carried out to obtain a mathematical model of heat treatment and dehydration of rapeseed in a thin layer.

EFFICIENCY AND SUITABILITY OF NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENTS FOR POTATO PLANTS GROWN IN GREENHOUSE

Potato is the most important tuber crop worldwide occupying the fourth place after wheat, maize and rice. Many techniques have been developed to facilitate the monitoring of canopy growth. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and chlorophyll content (SPAD 502) were found to be good indicators for predicting nitrogen deficits and detecting early stress by drought. The experiences were carried in the Laboratory of crop technology and good agricultural practice greenhouse from National Institute of Research and Development for Potato and Sugar Beet Brasov, Romania, during the years 2019-2020. The aim of this study was to observe the behavior of a potato variety using different soil substrates in the greenhouse and identifying the effectiveness of non-invasive measures to determine plant stress. SPAD device detect the distribution of chlorophyll in different growth stages, registering average values on variants between 37.0 and 45.5 units in 2019 and between 34.0 and 39.2 units in 2020. Vegetation indices registered higher values in 2019 compared to 2020, when the values ranged between 73.0 and 78.2.

Effects of Different Organic Applications on Growth and Yield of <em>Raphanus sativus</em> (Raddish)

The Journal of Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences is published by the University of Colombo Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences, Hambantota, Sri Lanka. It provides an academic pathway for professionals and researchers to contribute ground-breaking work in the field of agricultural technology and rural sciences including crop science, animal science, soil science, agricultural biology, food science and technology, postharvest technology, agricultural engineering, agricultural economics and extension.

Vermicompost – a Better Organic Manure in Integrated Plant Nutrient System for <em>Vigna radiata</em> (Mung Bean)

The Journal of Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences is published by the University of Colombo Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences, Hambantota, Sri Lanka. It provides an academic pathway for professionals and researchers to contribute ground-breaking work in the field of agricultural technology and rural sciences including crop science, animal science, soil science, agricultural biology, food science and technology, postharvest technology, agricultural engineering, agricultural economics and extension.

Evaluation of Growth and Yield Performance of Castor Hybrids Under Southern Dry Region in Sri Lanka

The Journal of Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences is published by the University of Colombo Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences, Hambantota, Sri Lanka. It provides an academic pathway for professionals and researchers to contribute ground-breaking work in the field of agricultural technology and rural sciences including crop science, animal science, soil science, agricultural biology, food science and technology, postharvest technology, agricultural engineering, agricultural economics and extension.

Rapid Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus by Using Commercial Insulated Isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction (iiPCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The Journal of Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences is published by the University of Colombo Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences, Hambantota, Sri Lanka. It provides an academic pathway for professionals and researchers to contribute ground-breaking work in the field of agricultural technology and rural sciences including crop science, animal science, soil science, agricultural biology, food science and technology, postharvest technology, agricultural engineering, agricultural economics and extension.

Moisture consumption by grain sorghum varieties depending on seeding rates and sowing methods in the southern part of the Rostov region

The current work was carried out on the experimental plot of the research crop rotation of the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The soil is represented by ordinary calcareous heavy loamy chernozem with such agrochemical parameters in the soil layer of 0–30 cm as 7.1 pH, 3.3 % of humus content, 18–20 mg/kg of P2O5; 340–370 mg/kg of K2O. The trials were carried out on the early-maturing grain sorghum varieties ‘Zernogradskoye 88’ and ‘Ataman’. The purpose of the current research was to identify the moisture consumption of new grain sorghum varieties, depending on the sowing norms and methods in the southern part of the Rostov region. The year 2018 was arid with 93.4 mm of rainfall. In 2019 there was also a shortage of precipitation, which amounted to 66.9 mm to the long-term average. The weather conditions of 2020 were characterized by the highest amount of precipitation (223.2 mm). The reserves of productive moisture on average over the years of study at the beginning of plant development in terms of sowing rates and methods in a meter-long soil layer were at the level of 111.2–113.9 mm, which is enough to obtain thick seedlings. The smallest amount of moisture was noted by the dead-rape stage and ranged from 6.5 to 20.5 mm for the studied varieties. On average, over the years of study, for all variants of the trial, the variety ‘Ataman’ was more productive, its productivity varied within 3.75–4.83 t/ha. At the same time, this variety formed the highest yield indicators (727 tons) with a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 0.4 million germinating seeds per ha, with the lowest moisture consumption per 1 ton of grain. As for the variety ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, the lowest moisture consumption was 823 tons at a seeding rate of 0.6 million germinating seeds per ha with a row spacing of 0.45 m.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE DESIGN SCHEME OF THE INSTALLATION FOR PROCESSING GRANULAR MATERIAL WITH INFRARED RADIATION

The article describes technologies for post-harvest processing of grain, the main components of which are interconnected cleaning and drying technologies. The technology of post-harvest processing of grain is carried out to a greater or lesser extent during the entire period of storage of grain of different purpose, state of clogging and moisture, differing in structural and mechanical properties and chemical composition, etc. Post-harvest processing of grain can be singled out among the main priority operations of this industry. The strategic importance of the development of this industry became the basis for the activity of one of the structural subdivisions of the Educational, Scientific and Production Complex (NNVK) «All-Ukrainian Scientific and Educational Consortium» - Scientific and Research Farm «Agronomichne». The article discusses the design schemes of devices for heat treatment of grain, micronizers, infrared dryers in which heat treatment of grain is carried out with the help of infrared radiation; their principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages are also studied. On the basis of the results of this study, an installation for processing granular material with infrared radiation was developed. The classification of grain processing technologies of cereal and leguminous crops has been carried out. The problems of minimizing thermal energy losses and improving the quality of material processing are solved by changing the design and increasing the efficiency of using the heat of infrared radiation due to the return of the heat of the cooling radiators of the material being processed. In this scientific work, the task set is solved by the fact that the heat taken from the air by the emitters (lamps or heating elements) is supplied by jets to the irradiating material and by the creation of a "running wave" on the surface of the conveyor belt, which is deformed, which ensures a pseudo-suspended state of the material due to the application of interaction ferromagnetic elements (rods, columns) placed on the tape with magnets placed under the tape at a certain distance from each other.

The Transformation of Rice Crop Technology in Indonesia: Innovation and Sustainable Food Security

The growth of the Indonesian population has led to an increase in the demand for rice, which the country has yet to satisfy. Indonesia needs a comprehensive strategy that integrates meaningful efforts to increase its agricultural production. This study aims to review the examined trends in rice yield in Indonesia for 70 years after Indonesia’s independence (1945–2016) followed by the identification of the application technology and factors that contribute to increasing rice yields to forecast sustainable food security scenarios up to 2030. This article reviews the results of research on rice production technology in Indonesia from 1945 to 2016, and the outlook for 2030. This paper examines the main points of the Indonesian transformation of rice technology: improvement of rice varieties, integrated crop management, innovations in agricultural machinery, and the Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System (ICCIS). We found that transformation has helped Indonesia increased its rice yields from 3 t ha−1 prior to 1961 to 4.6 t ha−1 in 1985, stagnated in 1990, and increased again in 2017 to 5.46 t ha−1. The increase in yield was sustained by an increase in the harvested area owing to cropping index (CI) innovation. Food security and sustainable development remain the primary goals of Indonesia’s agricultural sector. The application of appropriate technologies and institutional innovations can assist Indonesia in achieving its food security. Therefore, the transformation of technological innovations will continue to be an essential driver of future agricultural growth, including greater use of crop varieties, machinery, and land/institutional reforms.

Phenotypic variation and epigenetic insight into tissue culture berry crops.

Berry crops, a nutrient powerhouse for antioxidant properties, have long been enjoyed as a health-promoting delicious food. Significant progress has been achieved for the propagation of berry crops using tissue culture techniques. Although bioreactor micropropagation has been developed as a cost-effective propagation technology for berry crops, genetic stability can be a problem for commercial micropropagation that can be monitored at morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Somaclonal variations, both genetic and epigenetic, in tissue culture regenerants are influenced by different factors, such as donor genotype, explant type and origin, chimeral tissues, culture media type, concentration and combination of plant growth regulators, and culture conditions and period. Tissue culture regenerants in berry crops show increased vegetative growth, rhizome production, and berry yield, containing higher antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves that might be due to epigenetic variation. The present review provides an in-depth study on various aspects of phenotypic variation in micropropagated berry plants and the epigenetic effects on these variations along with the role of DNA methylation, to fill the existing gap in literature.

Development of technology and equipment for harvesting mung bean crops

The volume of mung bean cultivation and export is also increasing in Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, mung bean is mainly planted as a repeat crop after wheat in June-July, and harvested in autumn in October-November. This provides additional income for farms and improves soil fertility. There are methods of mowing, plucking and harvesting mung bean from 5-10 cm above the surface of the ground, and cutting mung bean from the roots 5-10 cm below the ground. Because this method gives a good result in harvesting mung bean, which grows along the cultivated land in Uzbekistan and when the grain is ripe, but the stalks are green. Research is currently underway to develop a harvester that implements this method and to adapt the Dominator-130 combine to threshing without breaking the mung bean.

Designing a combined coulter for exemplary sowing of cereals

Agrochemical science and progressive practice have developed requirements for sowing crops and, in particular, grain. They will place the seeds in a moisture-proof layer to a predetermined depth on the prepared bed. This study aims to investigate designing a combined colter for exemplary sowing of cereals. To that end, to avoid these shortcomings in the technology of grain crops sowing, a technical solution in the form of sowing sections is proposed. Based on the results, the principal amount of fertilizers should be applied locally, in the soil near the seeds, below the sowing level by 3...7 cm. The soil above the seeds should be compacted with a density of 1.15...1.25 g/cm3. Analysis of the designs of grain seeders and the proposed technical solutions for the combined sowing showed that there are no devices that meet all the requirements. It provides loosening of the soil in the area of fertilizer and seed placement, sows fertilizer to the bottom of the furrow, covers it with soil, forms a compacted bed under the seeds, sows the seeds on the compacted bed, covers them with soil and compacts it over the seeds.