Agricultural Production Technologies Research Articles

A review of hyperspectral image analysis techniques for plant disease detection and identif ication.

Plant diseases cause signif icant economic losses in agriculture around the world. Early detection, quantif ication and identif ication of plant diseases are crucial for targeted application of plant protection measures in crop production. Recently, intensive research has been conducted to develop innovative methods for diagnosing plant diseases based on hyperspectral technologies. The analysis of the ref lection spectrum of plant tissue makes it possible to classify healthy and diseased plants, assess the severity of the disease, differentiate the types of pathogens, and identify the symptoms of biotic stresses at early stages, including during the incubation period, when the symptoms are not visible to the human eye. This review describes the basic principles of hyperspectral measurements and different types of available hyperspectral sensors. Possible applications of hyperspectral sensors and platforms on different scales for diseases diagnosis are discussed and evaluated. Hyperspectral analysis is a new subject that combines optical spectroscopy and image analysis methods, which make it possible to simultaneously evaluate both physiological and morphological parameters. The review describes the main steps of the hyperspectral data analysis process: image acquisition and prepro cessing; data extraction and processing; modeling and analysis of data. The algorithms and methods applied at each step are mainly summarized. Further, the main areas of application of hyperspectral sensors in the diagnosis of plant diseases are considered, such as detection, differentiation and identif ication of diseases, estimation of disease severity, phenotyping of disease resistance of genotypes. A comprehensive review of scientif ic publications on the diagnosis of plant diseases highlights the benef its of hyperspectral technologies in investigating interactions between plants and pathogens at various measurement scales. Despite the encouraging progress made over the past few decades in monitoring plant diseases based on hyperspectral technologies, some technical problems that make these methods diff icult to apply in practice remain unresolved. The review is concluded with an overview of problems and prospects of using new technologies in agricultural production

Preliminary processing of sunflower seeds in Azerbaijan based on the implementation of new technologies

The main purpose of the research is to increase the output and improve the quality of condensed sunflower seeds based on the structural synthesis of subclasses of cleaning machines, and is the detection of regularities of their activity in the seed-cleaning unit, during the implementation of new sequences in the process of cleaning the sunflower seeds. The annual production of sunflower seeds in Azerbaijan, according to statistics for the last decade, is 20,000 tons. The production of this volume is mainly carried out on small farms, and the size of the fields that they divide under the sunflower is 1.5 to 3.5ha. At the same time, these fields are distributed almost to all economic regions of the country. Seeds are mainly imported to Azerbaijan from the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Seeds are spread without local adaptation and any seed cleaning and sorting resulted in a significant reduction in the efficiency of agricultural production technology, greater waste of sowing material, and less harvesting. Therefore, the technology of seed production of sunflower seeds, both locally produced and imported, is considered a complex functional system that has a comprehensive impact on their quality, and the application of this system is essential in the production of sees in the different zones of the country. The development of such a functional system, adapted to the geography of sunflower seed production in the country, with low productivity and low material capacity, has been relevant to the economic situation of farmers.

Safeguarding food security through large-scale adoption of agricultural production technologies: The case of greenhouse farming in Ghana

Africa risk achieving its food security target due to the predominance of open field rain-fed production systems, worsening climate change impacts, environmentally unsustainable agronomic practices and low productivity. Large scale adoption of new and clean production technologies can overcome these challenges and increase productivity in an environmentally sustainable manner. However, large scale technological adoption faces several research, policy and financial challenges which must be identified and resolved. Despite the introduction of greenhouse technology in Ghana more than a decade ago to ensure sustained domestic supply of vegetables throughout the year, importation of vegetables has continued to increase. This study sought to address the problem of low adoption of greenhouse technology by investigating the barriers to their large scale adoption as well as associated opportunities. For the first time, stakeholders in research and academia, policy and business communities were consulted through questionnaire administration and personal communication to address this problem. Secondary data such as policy documents, strategies and plans of relevant ministries and allied institutions were reviewed. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches were employed to process and analyse the data. The results revealed that, barriers to large scale adoption of the technology pertained to unsuitability of existing greenhouse designs to Ghana's climatic and other biophysical conditions, lack of locally adapted seeds, low technical expertise to manage the production process, high utility charges, lack of access to finance/credit and limited collaboration between initiatives of relevant ministries and also between ministries, research and business communities. These results call for a stronger collaboration between the three communities in (i) establishing a local fabrication industry, (ii) developing locally adapted seeds and solutions for pest and disease management, (iii) developing skills and enhancing capacity and extension services, (iv) value addition and marketing and (v) improving access to finance/credit for young entrepreneurs.

The Application of Information Classification in Agricultural Production Based on Internet of Things and Deep Learning

Under the China’s increasing attention to the technological innovation of agricultural production, all kinds of agricultural information have exploded on the internet, and agricultural informatization has developed rapidly. The related information has spread all over the whole network, which makes it gradually difficult to extract useful information from the network. To solve the deficiency of information classification ability of traditional agricultural information collection methods, the classification method of agricultural information is optimized, to realize searching the required agricultural information quickly. At first, the study introduces Deep Learning (DL) technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) and their advantages. Then, based on Bayesian Networks (BN) and Decision Tree (DT) algorithm, the agricultural information classification model is implemented and trained. Using various agricultural economic development theories, analyzation is made on the present situation of domestic agricultural informatization development. Finally, the advantages are put forward of agricultural production informatization development and economic management development based on IoT technology. The research results show that, the agricultural information classification model based on DL and IoT technology can accurately select the required effective information from the network, and the application of IoT technology in agricultural production big data plays an important role in production and economic management. Therefore, the agricultural information classification model based on DL and IoT technology can make an effective and accurate judgment on the classification of agricultural information, and then provide a focus for agricultural production and economic development. A new idea is provided for the application of new technologies in agricultural production and management.

Deep Learning Agricultural Information Classification Combined With Internet of Things Technology in Agricultural Production and Economic Management

This study aims to explore the application of agricultural information classification combined with the Internet of Things technology in agricultural production and economic management in the context of deep learning (DL). The agricultural information classification system is built based on DL. In terms of experimental methods, qualitative and quantitative methods are used to compare the extractive forward and the generative reverse generation algorithm in the abstract generation method. Typical extraction methods that directly extract important sentences are relatively ineffective. The model parameter tuning and training of generative (regenerating new sentences) are difficult, and the effect does not reach the level of agricultural scientific research. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation practice proves that the effect is better. In the data training effect of Rice Digest, after nine days of iterative training for about 1400 steps, the loss value is 1.33, which is equal to the standard data set. In the data training effect of Wheat Digest, after nine days of iterative training for about 1400 steps, the loss value is 1.496, which is equal to the standard data set. Later, the existing original model is adjusted to fit the model of the agricultural dataset scale. Among them, the minimum learning rate is reduced from 0.01 to 0.003 to expand the learning rate drop rate. In the visual training comparison, when training to about 1400 steps, the cross-entropy loss function values are about 1.43 and 1.29, respectively. The curve smoothing factor is set to 0.97 to observe the overall change in target loss value. The results show that when the parameter settings remain unchanged, the loss value of the model starts to increase linearly at about 1400 steps, and the effect reaches the expected value. This study improves the relevance, completeness, and accuracy of information acquisition in the field of agricultural science and technology information and improves the utilization of agricultural information.

Does Internet use promote the adoption of agricultural technology? Evidence from 1 449 farm households in 14 Chinese provinces

China is characterized as ‘a large country with many smallholder farmers’ whose participation in modern agriculture is key to the country's modern agriculture development. Promoting smallholder farmers’ adoption of modern agricultural production technology is one effective way to improve the capabilities of smallholder farmers. This paper aims to explore the impact of Internet use on the adoption of agricultural production technology by smallholder farmers based on a survey of 1 449 smallholders across 14 provinces in China. The results suggest that Internet use can significantly promote technology adoption, with the probability of adopting new crop varieties, water-saving irrigation technology and straw-returning technology increasing by 0.200, 0.157 and 0.155, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of Internet use is found to be heterogeneous with a greater effect on smallholder farmers having low education levels, limited training, and high incomes. To increase agricultural production technology adoption by smallholders, rural Internet infrastructure and Internet use promotion should be the focus for the Chinese government.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЦИФРОВИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В АГРОБІЗНЕСІ

The article examines promising directions for the development of digital technologies in agriculture. It was determined that a feature of the digitalization of the agrarian sphere is the differentiation of land resources by productivity, the need for spot use of indicators of weather, phytosanitary, veterinary and other conditions at the local level for flexible response of business entities to their changes. It was found that digitalization of agricultural production allows to significantly reduce costs. It has been established that the European Parliament on Agriculture and Rural Development distinguishes digital technologies according to the degree of impact on agricultural production: low, medium, high. It is emphasized that digital technologies are usually used in combination: IoT, Big Data and AI, AI and robotics, drones with satellites and big data, etc. The peculiarities of using of drones by agricultural producers are revealed. Digital agriculture as a management strategy in agricultural production and the main factors of the transition of producers of agricultural products to digital agriculture are considered. It is emphasized that the use of smart technologies allows monitoring in all branches of agriculture. The advantages of using blockchain technology in agriculture are characterized. The problems that arise when using blockchain technologies are described. Trends in the development of digitization of agriculture are analyzed. Among them, such technologies as the Internet of Things, agricultural robotics, artificial intelligence, drones, precision agriculture, agricultural biotechnology, big data and analytics, controlled environment agriculture, regenerative (restorative) agriculture, high-speed Internet access are highlighted. The advantages and problems of the introduction of digital technologies in agricultural production and management are established. The tasks that must be solved when implementing digital technologies in the agricultural sector are summarized. It was emphasized that the digitalization of the agricultural sector will contribute to the development of efficient, sustainable and ecologically clean agricultural production.

ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ МОДИФИКАЦИИ ОРГАНИЗМОВ В ГЕРМАНИИ

The review analyzes the main approaches to the legal regulation of technologies of genetic modification of organisms in Germany. The issues of legal regulation of the use of genetic engineering modification technologies in agricultural production at the federal level and at the level of German lands, as well as the features and limitations of the use of genetic engineering technologies in relation to the human body are considered. The latest legal, comparative legal and interdisciplinary studies on the designated range of issues of legal development are highlighted.

Application of digital technologies in agricultural production in Siberian federal district regions

The article analyzes the agricultural production volume, the number of rural population in Siberian Federal District regions for 2019, presents technical and technological equipment with computers and telecommunications, shows the need for the introduction of digital technologies that contribute to improving the efficiency of agriculture

A Review on Development Water-Saving Agriculture in Asia

The development of water-saving agriculture is of great significance not only for increasing farmers’ production and income, but also for protecting water resources. The purpose of this paper is to learn from the experience of Israel, Japan, Korea and Singapore, improve the low efficiency of agricultural water use in China, and solve the problem of water shortage, promote the development of agriculture. This article concludes that the experience of water-saving agriculture in Israel is advanced irrigation technology, sound laws and regulations, and emphasis on science and technology. Japan’s water-saving agriculture is characterized by an efficient irrigation program and a strict agricultural water management policy. Korea’s experience in water-saving agriculture is that it has a strict water management system, with the government subsidizing the cost of irrigation projects and integrating water into agricultural development planning. Singapore’s experience in water-saving agriculture is to raise awareness of water conservation and to use step water prices. In order to promote the sustainable development of water-saving agriculture in China, the research on water-saving agriculture in the future can be carried out from the aspects of agricultural production or related agricultural technology.

DANGER, THREAT, RISK: ESSENCE AND RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ECOLOGICAL SAFETY SYSTEM OF THE ENTERPRISE

An integral condition for the sustainable development of Ukraine is the rational use of natural resources, protection of the natural environment and ensuring the ecological safety of human life. Environmental security is receiving increasing attention due to the deepening environmental crisis and the exacerbation of other global problems. Therefore, there is a need for research and other concepts that also to some extent characterize the possibility of loss and the occurrence of negative conditions - these are threats, risks and dangers. The purpose of the study is to clarify the main categories of environmental nature and their relationship, such as “environmental safety”, “danger”, “threat” and “risk”. During the research, the method of scientific knowledge, the analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of the main categories of security theory, and the methods of comparison, systematization, generalization, and synthesis were applied in the formulation and scientific justification of the research results. The article examines the views of scientists on the concepts of “safety”, “environmental safety”, “risk”, “danger”, “threat” and their relationship. The internal and external threats to the ecological safety of the enterprise are determined, and the author's vision of the interrelation of the given economic categories is offered. The main characteristics that distinguish environmental risk from other forms of risk are revealed: anthropocentric orientation of ecological risk; polyvariance of forms of origin of ecological risk; limited possibility of absolute determination of environmental risk; cumulative; subinstitutionality of environmental risk. The article outlines the impact of agricultural production on environmental pollution (air pollution, depletion and degradation of land resources, depletion of forest and water resources) and presents the criteria for classification of environmental risk for agriculture. The causes of the ecological crisis in the agricultural sector are, first of all, extensive development of agricultural production, lack of regulatory and technical documentation on environmentally friendly technologies of agricultural production, as well as the lack of an effective mechanism for environmental protection. At the micro and macro levels, there are no objective and reliable data on the impact of pollution from agricultural activities on the environment in all areas - air, land, water and forest resources. Therefore, in order to assess with the maximum degree of reliability of the cause of the environmental crisis both at a particular agricultural enterprise and at the state level, as well as effective management decisions to reduce anthropogenic impact on the environment, it is necessary to study certain components of environmental safety and environmental accounting

The use of modern robotic systems in the agro-industrial complex

The article presents assessment of the role of digital technologies in the co-evolution of all elements of production systems, their comparison with traditional production technologies, the value of strengths and weaknesses of introducing digitalization into production processes of agricultural enterprises, the systematization of the experience of using robotic systems, the importance of disseminating information on the effective management of the digital transformation and the use of robots in the dairy industry. The authors estimate the effect of investments in digital technologies of agricultural enterprises. The classification of agricultural robots is carried out depending on the type of tasks performed. The results of the study of the world market of agricultural robots are presented and the dynamics of global investments in digital technologies of agricultural production is analyzed. The dependence of the result of using robotic systems on the scale of production is revealed. An assessment of the economic feasibility of switching to robotic systems for dairy production has been carried out. The structure and trends of the market of robotic milking systems in the Russian Federation are evaluated. Russian regions are grouped according to the number of operating robotic milking systems. The prospects for the further implementation of robotic systems in the production processes of agricultural enterprises and the role of state support in this process are assessed.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article analyzes the essence of innovative support for the development of agricultural enterprises, substantiates its importance for improving efficiency and competitiveness. A detailed description of the factors of innovative development of the crop and livestock industry is made, the peculiarities of the application of the latest technologies of agricultural production are described. In Ukraine, attention is paid to industries that belong to the lower technological systems and do not require a high level of innovation, because they export products mainly in the form of raw materials and semi-finished products. This leads to low competitiveness of products and the economy as a whole. Therefore, the country should move to an innovative model of development. And we should start with agriculture. In Ukraine, many agricultural enterprises do not sufficiently use the tools of innovation management to strengthen their competitive potential. Changing trends in agricultural production is happening so fast that even the most progressive companies find it difficult to predict the sustainable competitive advantages of their future development. Innovative support of enterprise development is an effective tool for solving problems of increasing competitiveness and is a key area of strategic and tactical management of the enterprise. Leading agricultural enterprises are actively seeking and implementing high-quality innovative solutions. Innovative support for the development of agricultural enterprises is based on the assessment of agricultural production processes, the main of which are organizational features of enterprises in the production sector, market conditions, innovation, competitive situation, investment policy of enterprises for production, processing, sales of agricultural products and the state as a whole. It is established that the introduction of innovative technologies in agricultural enterprises can ensure their stable economic growth by saving different types of resources, reducing production costs, increasing productivity, increasing volumes and increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of quality products. The existence of a close connection between innovative support for the development of agricultural enterprises and the amount of foreign and state investment in agriculture is justified.

Адаптация сельских территорий в процессе социально-экономического развития Тамбовской области

The article presents an assessment of the level of adaptation to environmental conditions of all major groups of representatives of the economic space of rural territories (municipal self-government, population, agribusiness), which showed the uneven socio-economic development of municipal districts of the Tambov region, the priority of the choice of high-intensity agricultural production technologies by agribusiness. Proposals are given to increase the profitability of rural areas as the main direction of growth of the adaptive potential of all participants in this economic space.

Farmers' Knowledge Level Regarding Climate Smart Agricultural Production Technologies in Central Plain Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Farmers' Knowledge Level Regarding Climate Smart Agricultural Production Technologies in Central Plain Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

APPLICATION OF HIGH-TECH AGRICULTURE BY HOUSEHOLDS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA OF VIETNAM

This study is conducted to model the factors that influence the decision to apply high technology in agricultural production (agricultural production) of farmers in the Red River Delta (RRD), Vietnam. Data used for the study are surveyed in fact 600 households participating in agricultural production in the RRD. The paper uses the Binary Logistic regression analysis method to identify the factors affecting the decision to apply high technology to agricultural production. The research results show that factors such as farm households' education, people's participation in social organizations, the impact of urbanization, capital and market availability all have positive effects extreme decision to apply technology of farmers. Based on the results of the study, the paper proposed policies to be focused on to enhance the application of high technology in agricultural production by farmers. The findings of this study demonstrate that people's application of high technology to agricultural production is improved by enhancing their production capacity.

Actual issues of improvement of the legal status of demonstration farms as subjects of agribusiness in Ukraine

Problem setting. It has been known that the use of advanced technological knowledge for running agriculture is to be one of the most effective factors to ensure the growth of agricultural production. To succeed, agribusiness entities must have legal access to the latest achievements in Economics, Management, Technology, Marketing, Accounting, Taxes, Law, Ecology, etc. Therefore, demonstration farms, as areas where modern achievements in agriculture have been displayed, play a significant role in the spread of innovative technologies and practices in agriculture. Nevertheless, the legal framework for demonstration farms activity has not been introduced in Ukraine. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The information base of the current research is not only extended to the current legislation of Ukraine, but also it includes the latest studies of scholars and scientists in the field of Agriculture and Agrarian Law. Target of research is to provide academic research underlying the issue of introduction legal provisions on legal statutes of the demonstration farm into the framework of agrarian legislation on legal statues of agribusiness subjects. Article’s main body. At present, the best international experience of managing demonstration farms as new subjects of agribusiness, which disseminate the innovative experience of agricultural management among other farms, is becoming more and more essential to introduce into the production of agriculture in Ukraine. However, in our country, there is no proper legal framework for the establishment and operation of demonstration farms, which complicates their activities. In this regard, the analysis of the world’s experience in the operation of demonstration farms as a form of application of innovative technologies in agricultural production by agribusiness entities was made. The most relevant issues of the domestic practice of demonstration farms were considered. Further recommendations to enhance the legal status of demonstration farms as special subjects of agribusiness in Ukraine were given. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The article substantiates the feasibility of adopting a law on demonstration farms, which would determine the legal status of such farms, and formulates proposals for the content of the main provisions of the legal status of demonstration farms, which should be enshrined in the proposed law.

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF GROWING ON THE LEAF SURFACE OF CORN

The article presents the studies results of the foliar fertilization influence with microfertilizers and growth stimulants on the formation of the leaf surface area of corn hybrids, as the main component of photosynthetic potential of plants and their productivity in general. One of the modern directions of increasing the yield and quality of crop products is the introduction of energy-saving technologies in agricultural production with the use of plant growth regulators and microfertilizers. Their use for pre-sowing seed treatment provides intensive plant growth and development, high field germination, and spraying plants during the growing season promotes plant growth and development, increasing their resistance to adverse weather conditions, diseases, increasing yields. As a result, growth regulators and microfertilizers are increasingly becoming an integral part of intensive crop technologies. In addition, ensuring the productivity of plants and the optimal leaf surface area can be achieved not only by using a single growth stimulant or microfertilizer, but also their complex. Therefore, it is important to study the use of a complex of plant growth stimulants and microfertilizers, which, in turn, will ensure the realization of the biological potential of corn plants, and reduce costs per unit of output. According to the program of our research, we studied the influence of microfertilizers and growth stimulants on the growth, development and formation of the assimilation surface of corn hybrids of different maturity groups. According to the research results, the highest leaf surface area was recorded in the medium-ripe hybrid Monica 350 MW, 42,74 thousand m2 / ha using foliar fertilization in the phase of 5−9 leaves with a complex of microfertilizers Nanomix-corn and growth stimulant Emistim S. Area leaf surface in the middle-early hybrid yield of 37,96 thousand m2 / ha, was also recorded for the use of this complex. Also, the use of only microfertilizers Nanomix-corn, led to an increase in leaf area for all studied hybrids.

Perceived roles of information communication technologies (ICTs) for agricultural production among smallholder farmers in Oyo State

The use of ICT for agricultural information dissemination in the agrarian communities can help enhance agricultural production. This study examined the usage and effect of information and communication technology for agricultural production among smallholder farmers in Oyo State. Objectives of the study included to ascertain the types of ICTs used for agricultural production, assess respondents’ knowledge on use of ICT for agricultural production and to examine the effect(s) of ICT on agricultural production among smallholder farmers in the study area. Multi stage sampling technique was used to select respondents from 5 rural LGAs of Oyo State to give 120 smallholder farmers. Interview schedule was used to elicit information from the respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-Square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were adopted to analyze data. Findings revealed that the mean age of respondents was 36.41±10.88 years and most cultivated crops in the study area were leafy vegetables (21.3%), cassava (18.8%) and maize (15.0%). Animals reared included poultry birds (28.8%), rabbit (5.0%), goat (2.5%) and cattle (2.5%). Mean years of farming experience was 10.1±5.95 years with average monthly income of N31,232.5±N16,074.53. ICT tools utilized for agricultural information included mobile phones ( ̅=1.91), radio ( ̅=1.89) and television ( ̅=1.38). Respondents’ knowledge on use of ICT for agricultural information was high (62.5%). Constraints encountered on use of ICT included inadequate infrastructural facilities ( ̅=1.51), insufficient income ( ̅=1.08) and poor electricity ( ̅=1.03). Effects of ICT on agricultural production included increased awareness on market ( ̅=1.90), personal skill development ( ̅=1.90) and increased knowledge on production ( ̅=1.90). Significant relationship exists between respondents’ education (χ2=11.139), knowledge (r=0.407) and effect of ICT on agricultural production. It was recommended that older farmers should be encouraged to improve on their educational background through improved extension services and there should be access to better infrastructural and financial facilities.

До питання перспектив і проблем органічного виробництва сільськогосподарської продукції в Україні

До питання перспектив і проблем органічного виробництва сільськогосподарської продукції в Україні