Tillage Technology Research Articles

Economic justification of industrial production of a resource-saving unit for strip tillage

It is a well-known fact that the existing methods of continuous plow tillage are associated with high consumption of anthropogenic energy for plowing and with probability of occurrence of degradation in it. The alternative to the continuous plowing is non-inversion tillage systems related to resource-saving agriculture. At present, combined tillage implements are widely used. They are equipped with devices for applying fertilizers to plowed strips, and in spring the seeds of a certain row crop (sunflower or corn, for example) are sown there exactly in line with the upgraded seeder equipped with an agronavigator for precision farming. The task of the study is to make the preliminary economic justification of the expediency of using various implements for soil-loosening by strip conservation plowing and the need for industrial production of a combined unit for simultaneous application of fertilizers and strip plowing. The issues of implementation of modern foreign tillage technology and devices should primarily consider environmental and resource conditions for row crops cultivation in individual Russian regions. This is especially true for the strip tillage technology and the devices for its implementation. Therefore, further studies should be devoted to the economic component considering the terrain, landscape cover, climatic features, composition and type of soil, land reclamation condition. Due to the current situation, it is essential to gradually replace the imported tillage equipment by domestic developments that are not inferior in quality, reliability, performance and safety to foreign analogues. The authors mean the replacement and repair of expensive foreign produced combined units for strip plowing. To this end, it is suggested to use less expensive domestic technologically new products developed with the consideration of natural and climatic peculiarity of an individual region. The authors apply original methodology of the so-called simplified express analysis of key economic indicators. The methodology provides the opportunity to conduct accurate evaluation of the economic expediency of improving technical characteristics of the upgraded device at the beginning of the design before its production by means of a limited number of available parametric data of the machine sample under study. This eventually influences making a correct decision about the expediency of industrial production of a combined tillage device.

Results of experimental studies of the plow for coupling with drawbar category 3 tractors

BACKGROUND: For the cultivation of agricultural crops, the technology of basic dump tillage is widely used. More than 40% of energy resources are spent on it, due to the traction resistance of the working bodies of general-purpose plows. The technological process of plowing with such bodies has not changed much historically. Pruning of the soil layer is carried out with a ploughshare, crumbling and turning are carried out with a blade, the stability of the movement of the body is provided by a landside plate. At the same time, the resistance of a landside plate accounts for up to 20% of the total component of the traction resistance of the plow body. To reduce the traction resistance, the plow body without a landside plate has been developed in the Saratov State Agrarian University.
 AIMS: Determination of towing and operational characteristics of the PBS-5M ploughshare for coupling with drawbar category 3 tractors and operation on heavy loamy soils.
 METHODS: The experiments were carried out on the field, cultivated with a disk harrow after winter barley harvesting, in Novokubansky district of Krasnodar Region. The 030 cm soil layer had moisture ranged from 16.4 to 19.7% and hardness ranged from 1.86 to 2.74 MPa. The mass of plant and crop residues on the site averaged 185 g/m2, and the average height of weed plants was 10.8 cm.
 RESULTS: The towing and operational characteristics of the plowing unit, consisting of a serial T-150K drawbar category 3 tractor and an experimental PBS-5M plow, have been determined. The experiments were carried out for two variants of the plow. The first variant has the five-body configuration of the plow with the working grip width of 2.83 m and the plowing depth of 22 cm. The second variant has the four-body configuration of the plow with the working grip width of 2.27 m and the plowing depth of 30 cm. The driving mode of the first variant of the T-150K+PBS-5M unit varied in the operating velocity range from 7.27 to 9.2 km/h, the driving mode of the second variant of the unit was with the operating velocity up to 5.72 km/h. The energy intensity of the five-body plow was determined, corresponding to the traction and power characteristics of a drawbar category 3 tractor with a small power reserve of 2.87%. The PBS-5M four-body plow requires the power, almost equal to the operational power of the T-150K tractor engine.
 CONCLUSIONS: As a result of experimental studies of the T-150K+PBS-5M plowing unit when processing the field, cultivated with a disk harrow after winter barley harvesting, it was found that the plow can be coupled with tractors of drawbar category 3. The reasonable mode of operation of the plow with the five-body configuration is provided at the velocity of 78 km/h and the plowing depth of 2122 cm. The output during the main operation time of the unit was 2.12.3 ha/h, the fuel consumption was 12.912.7 kg/ha. The specific energy consumption of the unit was 47.546.78 kWh/ha, and the specific energy consumption of the plow was 31.2631.4 kWh/ha. The engine load with the track skidding of 6.99.7% was 7886%. With increasing unit velocity and increasing plowing depth, the values of the specific energy consumption of the unit and the plow raise as well. In field studies, it was found that it is necessary to use the tractor of higher drawbar category in order to couple the plow for the velocity up to 10 km/h and the plowing depth up to 30 cm in these agrotechnical conditions.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СРОКОВ ПОСЕВА НА ЗАСОРЁННОСТЬ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЧЕЧЕВИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА

The purpose of the work is to study the timing of sowing lentils in the southern chernozems of Kostanay region when the optimal temperature regime of the soil is reached, their effect on the contamination of crops and crop yield. The research was carried out in 2021-2022 at the experimental field of «Agricultural Experimental Station «Zarechnoye» LLP (Kostanay region, Republic of Kazakhstan). The experiment studied the timing of sowing lentils – May 22 (control), May 25, May 27, May 31. The predecessor is spring wheat. The technology of tillage is No-till. There is a tendency to decrease the level of contamination of lentil crops in the phase of full germination, as the sowing dates are postponed from early to late. Thus, the total number of weeds during sowing on May 30 is reduced by 5 times compared to the control variant (May 22) – 18.5 pcs/ m2. The growing season of lentils in 2021 was 82-84 days, in 2022 – 80-83 days. On average, the highest yield of lentils was obtained when sowing on May 27 – 11.17 c/ha, which is higher than the control by 1.01 c/ha.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF AGROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES UNDER DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES OF SOIL PROCESSING IN CROP ROTATION

World and domestic experience in the use of technologies has led to the need to revise approaches to soil cultivation, directions are primarily concerned with its minimization. The purpose of the research is to compare and substantiate the impact of different tillage technologies in a three-field crop rotation on the physical properties of typical chernozem. Applied materials and methods research results in a field experiment, analysis, generalization and statistical processing of data from stock and modern literary materials. The results of the study of the application of soil tillage technologies on the density and hardness of the soil, the productivity of soybeans of the central forest-steppe of Ukraine are presented. It was established that the density of the soil under "No-till" technology and minimal tillage leads to an increase in the density of the soil compared to plowing. Its increase occurred most in the 20-30 cm layer of typical chernozem with minimal tillage. Replacing the shelf with zero and minimal tillage increased soil resistance. The hardness in the soil laver 0-30 cm after disk tillage was higher than plowing by 5.5 kg/cm2, after "No-till" technology – by 8.2 kg/cm2. Soybean productivity with soil discing decreased by 5.4% compared to plowing. According to the "No-till" technology and plowing the yield of soybean grain was obtained at the same level, which is 2,19 and t/ha, respectively. A promising direction for further research is the study of the structural and aggregate composition and reserves of available moisture in the meter-thick soil laver.

Развитие снежной плесени озимой пшеницы в условиях Централ ьного Нечерноземья с учетом технологий обработки почвы

The paper presents the results of the analysis of diseases of infectious fallout of winter wheat at the Field Experimental Station of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy from 2013–2015 to 2020–2021, depending on the tillage technology and weather conditions. It was shown that the main disease was pink snow mold (caused by Microdochium nivale). The analysis of the dynamics of the disease over 5 years showed that the prevalence was higher under zero tillage than under moldboard tillage (6.6 and 3.9%, respectively). The statistical analysis carried out showed an average positive correlation between soil density and disease prevalence (r=0.57 – for moldboard tillage and r=0.69 – for zero tillage). The data obtained indicate the need to adapt the protective measures against fallout diseases, taking into account the tillage technology, the cultivation zone and the climatic conditions.

MOISTURE SUPPLY AND WEED INFESTATION OF SPRING BARLEY CROPS (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) DEPENDING ON THE BASIC TILLAGE SYSTEM

Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most common crops in the world of agriculture. Field research was conducted at the Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station. M. I. Vavilov during 2021–2022. The research results show that the smallest number of weeds in crop crops (32.8 pcs./m2) was counted during tillage using Mini-till technology. When tillage, according to classical technology, there was an increase in the number of weeds by 2.4 pcs/m2 compared to the Mini-till system. The maximum abundance of weeds was observed on the No-till variant, which is 5.1 pcs/m2 more compared to Mini-till tillage. A similar level of weed infestation of crops was observed with shallow tillage (37.4 pcs./ m2). A decrease in the number of weeds was achieved on average during the growing season of spring barley by 7.1%, compared to No-till technology when tillage according to the classical scheme, which provided for plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm. Studies have revealed that the most negligible mass of raw weed plants in an air-dry state was formed with shallow primary tillage. Compared to other experiment variants, their mass was less, by 4.7–20.7 and 4.6–20.3 %, respectively. Studies have found that regardless of the technology of primary tillage, annual monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species prevailed in the structure of biological groups of weeds. As for perennial weeds, there was an increase in their share by 2.9–3.8 times compared to other variants of the experiment, only with shallow tillage. It was found that the largest reserves of available moisture in a meter layer of soil both at the time of sowing and harvesting spring barley were formed on the variants of non-flange tillage, which were more extensive, respectively, by 5.7–13.3 and 4.1–4.7 mm, compared to the variant of the classic primary tillage.

Влияние оросительных мелиораций при выращивании кукурузы

Purpose: to analyze the results of experiments on the use of irrigation regimes and methods when cultivating corn in different climatic and soil conditions. Discussion. The overview of research works devoted to the study of irrigation methods and regimes for cultivating corn for grain on various types of soil in a number of regions of the Russian Federation and other countries, including former Soviet republics is presented. It has been determined that irrigating corn increases yields by 2–3 times. The optimal level of soil moisture in the root layer is approximately 70–80 % of the minimum moisture capacity. The most advanced technology of irrigation reclamation when cultivating corn for grain is drip irrigation, which allows soil cultivation be carried out simultaneously with irrigation at the optimal time, preventing soil erosion, and meeting the needs of plants for water and nutrients as accurately as possible. When growing corn on heavy soils, chieseling has a positive effect, which can increase the yield by 24 % compared to the traditional technology of basic tillage, which involves plowing to a depth of 30 cm. Conclusions: in the process of developing an irrigation regime when growing corn for grain, it is necessary to take into account the crop biological features, climatic and soil conditions of the area, the degree of drainage and water supply of the territory.

Динаміка гетерогенності агрофізичної якості чорнозему звичайного у межах сільськогосподарського поля

The article presents data on monitoring the physical characteristics of the soil in a field under corn (after sunflower) in a grain-row crop rotation with minimal tillage technology. Soil – Calcic Chernozem, light-medium clayey, weakly xeromorphic on loess in the Donetsk region in the Steppe climate zone of southeastern Ukraine. The research carried out in a stationary field experiment to study the effectiveness of abandoning plowing under the soil and climatic conditions of the region. During the growing season of corn for grain, the physical characteristics of the soil were monitored – bulk density, penetration resistance, and moisture content; before sowing the crop, the structural condition was determined. Measurements carried out in three locations – zones of the field, which differ on the intensity of compaction by agricultural machinery. All physical characteristics were investigated in separate layers (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm) within the arable layer; reserves of productive moisture — in the entire soil profile. Meteorological data were obtained by own observations at a weather station in the nearby village of Sukha Balka. According to the results of the correlation and dispersion analysis of ANOVA, the presence and nature of the relationship between stability characteristics, rheological features and the water regime of the soil with its structural composition within the arable layer recorded before sowing revealed. Uneven distribution within the field of intensity of mechanical pressure on the soil forms differences in the structural composition and physical characteristics of the soil. For example, according to the state of moisture in a layer of 0-10 cm, the soil in different parts of the field is in a state of overwetting, overdried or optimal. The bulk density of the upper soil layer is related not only to its own structural characteristics, but also to the composition of aggregates in the layer located below. High penetration resistance, high aggregate content of 5-3 mm and low aggregate content of 2-1 mm in the upper layers can cause deep soil deformation under machine pressure. The dynamicity of the bulk density of the upper soil layer, its low content of aggregates of 5–3 mm and high content of 2–1 mm provides protection against compaction of the soil layers located below.

Effect of conservation tillage technology adoption on yield increasing and stabilizing

Effect of conservation tillage technology adoption on yield increasing and stabilizing

Effects on efficiency improvement and poverty reduction of conservation tillage technology adoption by farming households in the Loess Plateau area

Effects on efficiency improvement and poverty reduction of conservation tillage technology adoption by farming households in the Loess Plateau area

Забруднення угідь унаслідок бойових дій: огляд рішень для подолання кризи

The purpose of this work is to analyze the types of pollution on the lands that have undergone hostilities and to review scientific research on this topic in order to find rational technological solutions to overcome the crisis. Methods and materials. The study is aimed at reviewing open scientific literary sources regarding the contamination of agricultural lands affected by the conduct of military operations. The research focuses on physical and chemical disturbances in the soil caused by military actions (bombing of land, land contamination by shrapnel remains, soil compaction by military equipment, chemical pollution by heavy metals, etc.) and land restoration methods. Research results. The primary task in eliminating the consequences of hostilities is the demining of land areas. There is a wide range of types of means for finding mines and machines for demining, in which the working body can be a reactive explosive device or a mechanical system in the form of a bucket, rollers of a rotating rotor, etc. Reclamation of lands disturbed as a result of military operations is carried out in two stages: technical and biological. The essence of the technical stage is to prepare the territories for the next target use. It consists in planning, as well as applying soil or fertile rocks to a leveled surface. The biological stage is a set of measures to restore the fertility of disturbed lands. It covers agrotechnical and reclamation measures aimed at restoring flora and fauna. To overcome the consequences of soil pollution by oil products and to compensate for nitrogen losses on land due to burning of fields, it is advisable to use active oil-oxidizing and regenerating soil microorganisms, by applying them with tillage and seeding units equipped with devices for applying liquid and dry complex fertilizers. Conclusions. Among the practical agrotechnical approaches to soil restoration after rough reclamation of land, the following can be distinguished: cultivation of bioenergy crops on damaged lands; application of minimal tillage technologies using organic waste and microbiological preparations; biotechnologies of soil remediation. In view of the technical and technological solutions of soil treatment for land restoration, each of the following consequences requires a special approach. Reclamation of damaged lands is advisable when experts estimate the terms of restoration of economic activity at no more than 15 years. If the soil cover needs a longer period for recovery, land conservation is carried out. Key words: soil pollution, hostilities, reclamation, remediation, land reclamation, soil treatment.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREDECESSOR AND SOWING DATES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEED INFECTION OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREDECESSOR AND SOWING DATES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEED INFECTION OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Justification of technologies of minimum (surface) tillage

With the modern development of agricultural production, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, technologies based on intelligent systems, there is a need to introduce a system of machines for the implementation of surface tillage technologies (mini-till, no-till). The main factor largely determining the choice of an agricultural machine, its working bodies, and processing technology are the agrophysical properties of the soil. The research was based on experiments to determine the hardness after various types of treatment of various soils with different granulometric composition. The research was carried out for one year (autumn 2021, spring 2022, autumn 2022), a total of 12 fields were examined, the sample was about 300 measurements. As a result, mathematical dependences were obtained for determining the change in the depth of processing at different soil hardness and the working speed of the machine-tractor unit when performing the technological operation cultivation to a depth of 10 cm. Theoretical studies on the effect of different soil hardness and working speed on the resistivity of the cultivator were carried out according to the formulas of Kirtbay Yu.K. (1982) and Iofinov S.A. (1985). When processing experimental data obtained in determining the resistivity on soils of different hardness and different operating speeds, using the Matlab program, more precise mathematical dependences were obtained that determine the dependence of resistivity on the operating speed on soils with different hardness. Calculations on the formation of optimal aggregates of tractors with toothed chain harrows, performed considering theoretical and experimental studies on the effect of soil hardness and operating speeds on processing depth and resistivity revealed that the optimal unit with a harrow with a working width of 12 m is the Belarus 2022 + BZC-12 unit, with a harrow width of 18 m and 24 m – in a unit with a tractor K-744R1.

Improvement of Basic Tools and Their Economic Processes in Agriculture

Annotation: When cultivating any agricultural crop, the main tillage is carried out, which is carried out according to the moldboard or non-moldboard technology. Deep basic tillage up to 30 cm is the most energy-intensive operation, it accounts for up to 40% of all energy resources used in crop production. Recently, in order to reduce the energy intensity of the main tillage, the technology of tillage to a depth of up to 16 cm with mulching of the upper layer has been widely introduced. If we combine the known technological operations, subject to the agrotechnical requirements (ATT) at different depths of the cultivated layer, then it becomes possible to achieve a new qualitative result that increases the efficiency of the main tillage

Impact of Conservation Tillage Technologies on the Biological Relevance of Weeds

Limited tillage provides a number of benefits, but a question remains how it affects weed community and biodiversity evolving from the weed community. Our field experiment was established in the cadastral area of Branišovice (South Moravian Region, Czech Republic). Three different tillage technologies were used in this field experiment: conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage technology. In 2001–2004, infestation by weeds was evaluated in the stands of spring barley, winter wheat grown after a dicot pre-crop (rape, soybean), in the stands of wheat grown after wheat, and in stands of maize. The recorded weed species were divided according to the criteria of biological relevance. Based on the results of the four-year field experiment, it is possible to state that tillage technologies have only a limited influence on the intensity of weeding but substantially alter the species spectrum of weeds. Weed vegetation in the no-tillage variant exhibits higher values of biological relevance, which allows a higher occurrence of weed-dependent species of organisms. Weed vegetation in the minimum soil tillage variant has the lowest biological relevance values, which limits the occurrence of weed-dependent organisms. Alterations in weeding caused by different tillage technologies are part of the process of vegetation microevolution in the agricultural landscape.

Influence of tillage methods on the development of wheat diseases Aestivum and Fontum

Aim. To analyze the data in the available literature regarding the effect of various tillages on the development and prevalence of wheat pathogens.Discussion. According to the literature, the existing tillage technologies – classical, minimal and zero – significantly affect the development of pathogens that cause the development of wheat diseases in regions that differ in soil and climatic conditions. In Russia and other countries near and far, the issue of combating diseases of agricultural crops is dealt with by chemical, biological and agrotechnical methods. Despite the fact that agrotechnical methods are of the utmost importance in the general system of measures to protect plants from damage, for a long‐time agricultural technology as a means of plant protection was underestimated. However, many agricultural techniques, as well as genetics and selection, increase the resistance of plants to damage.Conclusion. As a result of these techniques, it is possible to create environmental conditions that will be unfavourable for the reproduction of diseases. At the present time, opinion is firmly established that separately undertaken, isolated methods cannot properly solve the problem of protecting plants from pathogens of agricultural crops. Only a set of methods combined into a system of measures provides a solid basis for plant protection. And in this system of measures, the role of agricultural practices is extremely large.

Farmers' adoption behavior of conservation tillage technology: a multidimensional heterogeneity perspective.

Adopting conservation tillage technology can promote sustainable agriculture development. There have been many studies on all farmers' conservation tillage behaviors, but few studies are based on a farmer's multidimensional heterogeneity perspective. Given the background, we conduct an empirical evaluation using micro survey data from 819 households in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin. This paper uses the entropy method to classify farm households into three types: economically dominant, resource dominant, and socially dominant. Furthermore, we use the Heckman sample selection model to discuss the factors that affect the adoption of conservation tillage technology by different types of farmers. The results show that land fragmentation degree can inhibit economically dominant farmers conservation tillage technology adoption behavior. Social relations can positively influence resource dominant farmers. The share of non-farm income will positively impact socially dominant farmers. This paper further proposes policy implications, based on the findings that different types of farmers have various factors influencing conservation tillage technology adoption behavior.

The Dynamics of Soil Moisture and Temperature—Strip-Till vs. Plowing—A Case Study

The dynamics of soil moisture and its temperature is an important criterion for evaluating soil tillage technology in terms of achieving plant production stability. Understanding changes in soil moisture and temperature depending on rainfall and air temperature is necessary to develop application models for agriculture 4.0. A hypothesis was adopted assuming that the dynamics of soil moisture and its thermal properties will depend on the technology of cultivation. Hence, the aim of the research was to learn the dynamics of soil moisture and temperature during a growing season using strip and conventional tillage. Soil moisture was monitored using TDR probes in the row and inter-row of winter barley using plowing and strip-till techniques. Soil temperature was also monitored. Measurements were made every 5 min. In the most important period for the growth and development of barley vegetation, the soil in the strip-till was characterized by greater moisture (3.6% v/v on average) and greater stability than was the case with plowing. The soil in the strip-till was cooler (an average of 0.64 °C), but more stable than in plowing—temporary temperature differences in ST vs. PT reached even more than 5 °C. Strip-till therefore mitigates weather extremes to a greater extent than plowing.

The effect of correlation between a spring wheat variety with soil tillage technologies and doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the interannual yield stability

There was studied the possibility of reducing the effect of weather conditions on spring wheat productivity in the Non-Blackearth zone due to improving tillage technologies. There has been established that on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil, on the fields of the Ivanovsky Research Institute of Agriculture in the period 2013–2019, the difference in the number of productive stems per m2 when using plowing or minimal tillage was not significant when the HTC changed from 0.73 to 2.65, except the year of 2017 (HTC = 2.19), when there was increased soil moisture throughout the vegetation period. The advantage of minimal tillage under these conditions was 30 %. According to number of kernels per ear, there was identified a significant advantage (more than 20 % (HTC = 2.65; 0.99)) of plowing over minimum tillage (by 13–14 %) during the years with soil moisture in the wheat booting stage. When applying experimental tillage, there have been formed areas with a variable density in the lower part of the arable layer, each of which is favorable for plant development under a certain soil moisture. The transition to experimental tillage has increased number of productive stems on 1–6 %. Number of kernels per ear when using experimental tillage significantly exceeded this indicator (by 5–18 %) under a minimum tillage in the entire range of moisture. Compared to plowing, the advantage of experimental tillage according to number of kernels per ear was 0–27 %. The effect of weather conditions on a number of productive stems was 74.8 %, and number of kernels per ear was 32.4 %. The effect of mineral fertilizers on these parameters of the yield structure was 1.8 and 26.2 %, respectively.

SIMULATION OF THE SOIL PROCESSING UNIT WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF WORKING BODIES

Analysis of research and development of pre-sowing machines and units shows that there are many trailed, semi-trailer combined units with different design and technical characteristics. In general, the significant disadvantages of these aggregates are the insufficient quality flatness of the microreliefs and the fragmentation of the soil. Compared to the basic complex with the use of a machine, the use of the proposed unit contributes to: a decrease in the density of the soil at the level of 0...20 cm by 15.6...17.1%, an increase in porosity by 34.7...37.9%, which will have agrotechnical significance. The content of the soil aggregate increased by 19.7...33.3%, the sawdust fraction decreased by 1.8...5.9 times. It was determined that the unit should move at a speed of 9...10 km/h. The object of the study is the modeling of the selection of working bodies of the combined tillage unit. The principle of alternation of tools, which are carried out by the tillage machine used in performing the necessary operations, is the basis of the technology of combined tillage. The choice, alternation of methods of soil treatment and adjustment modes depends on the conditions and characteristics of the field. In order for soil tillage machines used for combined tillage to meet the criteria for their efficiency with predetermined quality to perform soil tillage operations, it is necessary to provide optimal modes of adjustment of working bodies. In this regard, it is necessary to develop mounted combined tillage units, which are characterized by simple design and low cost and are able to perform many technically interconnected operations at the same time: high-quality leveling of the microrelief and grinding of the soil to remove plant residues, in a word, to ensure timely and high-quality preparation of the soil for sowing, while reducing energy consumption.