Technologies In Russia Research Articles

Assessment of the Role and Prospects for the Development of Regional Innovative Entrepreneurship (on the Example of the Volgograd Region)

Relevance. The development of innovative entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly important due to the increased level of competition in the markets of goods, works and services, the importance of solving the problems of maximum satisfaction of the needs of the population in high-quality goods and services. The success of solving these tasks depends on a number of factors, some of them act as barriers to the development of innovative entrepreneurship, some are necessary conditions. As for the first, it is important to develop measures to level and eliminate them, with regard to the second group of factors, it is important to create the conditions necessary for the fullest use of the potential of enterprises in this area.The purpose is to analyze and determine the impact and significance of regional innovative entrepreneurship, as well as to identify the prospects for the development of this sector in the Volgograd region.Objectives: to reveal the essence of the concept of "innovative entrepreneurship"; to give a forecast assessment of promising directions for the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the Volgograd region, including consideration of both the existing base and a set of measures aimed at supporting the development of this area in the region.Methodology. The method of theoretical analysis of the sources of the problem under study, the method of historical and logical analysis and assessment of the current situation, as well as the illustrative and graphic method are used.Results: the author's vision of the concept of "innovative entrepreneurship" is formulated; the key directions and measures to stimulate the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region are identified; the main functions of the public authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation for the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the regions are highlighted; the author's forecast assessment of the strategic prospects for the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the Volgograd region is presented; the most preferred directions for the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the Volgograd region, which require special attention from the regional public authorities, are formulated.Conclusion. The development of the Russian innovation potential is actively influenced by such factors as the state of the scientific and technical base of enterprises, sanctions restrictions, the system of state support measures.

The making of the Homo Polaris: human acclimatization to the Arctic environment and Soviet ideologies in Northern Medical Institutions

ABSTRACT This paper examines the history of the Soviet human acclimatization project in the North and Siberia, which spanned from medical experiments in Stalin’s forced labor camps to the subsequent wave of industrialization in the region. The author argues that human acclimatization in the North was a settler colonial science project aimed at facilitating Russian administrators and engineers in asserting control over the territory and its resources, while creating a new homogeneous ‘indigenous population’ in Siberia and the North. This envisioned population, referred to as Homo Polaris by the author, was intended to emerge through a two-way transformation: the adaptation of Indigenous peoples into Soviet ideologies and practices, and the acclimatization of settlers coming from the European part of the country to the Arctic environment. Although the administrators and medical doctors were unable to achieve this biopolitical objective, the complexities and dialogues surrounding these transformations shed light on the late Soviet settler-colonial ideologies and their impact on social life in Siberia from the 1950s to the 1980s. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of both published and archival works by scholars involved in the project.

Риски энергетического сектора России в условиях низкоуглеродной трансформации мировой экономики

In the context of global climate change, which is evolving into a climate crisis, the importance of the low-carbon transformation of the global economy is increasing. At the same time, many countries are taking steps to intro-duce new measures and regulatory tools aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions produced by the ener-gy sector of the world economy. This study aims to identify the risks and uncertainties in Russia’s energy sector amidst low-carbon transformation. It is revealed that the relevant legal framework in our country is fragmented and provides limited incentives for energy enterprises to reduce the carbon intensity of their production. Pivotal transition from traditional to renewable energy sources is possible only with the creation of a comprehensive strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the use of significant administrative and financial re-sources. Addressing the problems of Russia’s energy sector development requires immediate solutions in the field of increasing its efficiency, developing Russian technologies for the use of renewable energy sources, promoting distributed energy generation, as well as implementing the processes of carbon capture and utiliza-tion.

Судьба ученого: Башир Искандарович Рамеев

The article is dedicated to the life and work of Bashir Iskandarovich Rameev, one of the founders of domestic computer technology in the USSR, whose professional activities were closely connected with the city of Penza. In the 1950s, the largest research institute for electronic computing machines was established based on the SAM plant in Penza. The article focuses on the scientist's life path, which reflects the history of the country – the revolution of 1917, repressions, the Great Patriotic War, the achievements of Soviet science and technology in the post-war years in the setting of the Cold War. The formation of B.I. Rameev as a scientist coincided with the development of the first information technologies – the development of the first domestic computer “Strela”. The creation of a galaxy of electronic computing machines “Ural” falls on the peak of his career, when the scientist fullfilled the “principle of programmatic and constructive compatibility”.

Tentativeness vs Assertiveness: Metadiscourse Choices of Russian Engineering Writers

The communicative features of academic discourse have been explored from different perspectives. However, these studies have been predominantly carried out on English-language material. Little is known of how rhetorical elements, including stancetaking markers, are used in Russian academic prose. The сurrent study assumed that in order to ensure effective communication academic writers use a repertoire of stancetaking features. The theoretical basis of the study is Hyland’s model of stance markers which is frequently used in studying interactional strategies found in academic discourse. As research material the articles by Russian engineering scholars derived from six academic journals were used. The analysis revealed a large number of stance items with a predominance of boosters in the article introductions selected to build the corpus. It is suggested that the differences in the employment of stance markers identified in the study reflect discipline-specific writing peculiarities of the engineering academic community, while the discursive choices made by engineering writers are constrained by discursive conventions and depend on the level of the writers’ language proficiency. Despite some data limitations, the research results can be seen as a starting point for the future research of stancetaking in Russian research articles from different perspectives.

Patenting and Implementation of Medical Technologies in Russia: Theoretical and Practical Aspects

The paper examines the legal regulation of medical technologies in the context of patenting inventions. The problematic issues raised in this study are of a systemic nature, in connection with which the need for a substantive analysis of the definition of «medical technology» through its components — medical method and method — is argued and the need for their consolidation in the legislation on health protection is justified. The author elucidates the concept of medical technologies in foreign legal systems and explains the absence of the need to borrow foreign experience. Based on the analysis of patents issued in the Russian Federation for methods and ways of treatment, it is concluded that the current legal regulation allows patenting medical technologies as a complex object, while making appropriate changes to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation will eliminate discrepancies existing in law enforcement practice. An integrated approach has made it possible to identify a number of systemic causes that hinder the effective implementation of innovations in practical medicine; ways to eliminate them are proposed.

Priorities of interdepartmental coordination of government authorities in the development of the Russian segment of financial technologies

Subject. The article addresses issues of globalization of the financial services market and Russia's integration into international financial institutions. Objectives. The purpose is to analyze the impact of international sanctions on the development of financial technologies in Russia, search for forms of Russia's participation in the global process of financial sector digitalization. Methods. The study employs general scientific methods of research. Results. The paper offers forms of Russia's participation in the activities of international financial institutions that neither contradict the protection of the country's national interests nor impede the development of integration within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union and other structures, where Russia plays an important role. Conclusions. The findings can be considered when drafting proposals for the development of infrastructure projects, strengthening Russia's information security.

An Analysis of the Russian Patent Situation in the Context of the Ukrainian Situation

This research analyses the Russian patent landscape, particularly focussing on the implications of the Ukrainian situation and subsequent global economic sanctions. Utilising global patent databases, the study identifies that over the last decade, 77,000 patents have been granted in Russia to foreign entities, with the largest numbers attributed to the United States, Japan, and Germany. An observable decrease in patent applications by foreign entities in Russia from 2018 onwards is documented. Amidst sanctions and Russia’s new laws limiting infringement compensation, potential isolation of Russia from global patent systems is anticipated. This isolation permits internal infringement of non-Russian patents while externally exposing Russian innovations to unimpeded global use. The data and trends presented here provide insights into the impacts of geopolitical events on international patent filings and offer a basis for evaluating the evolving functionality and utility of global patent systems amid international conflicts.

Телемедицина: определение, особенности внедрения в практику, эффективность и перспективы применения в кардиологии

INTRODUCTION: Information and communication technologies in healthcare were realized in the advent of telemedicine (TM). This article presents current definitions, as well as describes the existing difficulties of terminology and classification. The main documents regulating the use of TM technologies in Russia at present are given. It is noted that the development of TM and its introduction into clinical practice is associated with a number of barriers that are associated with patients, medical professionals, as well as various technical, legal, ethical and economic problems. The presented article refers to a narrative review focused on some sources for the purpose of an unstructured description of the direction of interest. The search for literary sources was carried out in PubMed, eLibrary systems for 1995–2023 by keywords: telemedicine, telemedicine technologies, telemedicine in cardiology, telemedicine efficiency, remote control systems, telemonitoring, telemedicine in practice. The article presents the information about the role of TM in certain groups of cardiac patients, namely in patients with implanted medical devices, hypertension, chronic heart failure, high cardiovascular risk, as well as the elderlypatients and in cardiac rehabilitation. Changes in the areas of TM use are discussed, namely, attempts to use it in emergency pathology, in particular in acute coronary syndrome. CONCLUSION: Despite the absence of a common global practice and approaches to TM and the well-known barriers restraining its development, the prospects of this direction are beyond doubt. The spread of new TM technologies contributes to the improvement of providing health services system. It allows doctors to work with patients more efficiently and increases the opportunities of patients to receive expert advice. The accumulated scientific knowledge, the gradual adaptation of TM to the user’s needs, taking into account practical experience, make it possible to use this technology successfully in different groups of cardiac patients. In the future, artificial intelligence will be connected and trained to expand the opportunities for remote data analysis and the possibility of remote monitoring of patients' health, related regulatory issues will be resolved, as well as of the liability of the parties will be clearly defined. In the context of increasing demand for TM with an increase in the level of security of services provided and data protection, a global spread of advanced professional knowledge and skills is expected to improve public health.

The Role of Behavioral Principles in the Functioning of Mesoeconomic Systems (Using the Example of Russian Technology Parks)

The effectiveness of the technopark’s functioning depends to a great extent on the quality of its management bodies. The article analyzes two of the most common management models: the short-term vision strategy model (technoparks as some kind of public services that ensure the emergence of innovative enterprises) and the long-term vision strategy model (technoparks not only as service providers to residents and other participants, but also as creators of a favorable business environment together with the state, universities and research organizations). Since the building of the organizational structure of management takes place in the existing institutional environment of the functioning of technoparks, a wide range of behavioral capabilities of management subjects arises.The purpose of the work is to analyze the behavior of management companies and resident companies of technoparks from the standpoint of behavioral and experimental economics, introduced into scientific circulation by Nobel laureates D. Kahneman and V. Smith, R. Thaler.The methodology of the study is based on a statistical analysis of the indicators of the VII National Rating of technoparks of Russia, presented on the GISIP platform of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. Methods of multivariate statistical analysis of the sample structure and identification of correlations of indicators are used.Results. The main model of innovative business development in Russian technoparks (more than 60% of the surveyed) participating in the rating is the short-term development model. Within its framework, management companies, limited by institutional requirements, adhere to the strategy of maximizing profitability from development activities in their behavior. The high risks of innovation activity of resident companies and the behavior of the management companies of technoparks, striving individually to achieve their goals, do not contribute to the realization of the general goal – the development of innovative business in the country. Examples of technoparks are given, in which the mechanisms of interaction between management companies and resident companies are revealed.

Analysis of trends and development factors of carbon capture and storage technologies in Russia and abroad

Subject. The article deals with hydrogen and carbon capture, use and storage technologies (CCUS). Without them it is impossible to achieve the goals of decarbonization of the world economy in 2050. However, currently, the speed of CCUS technologies development is significantly lower than previously expected. Objectives. The study aims to review the dynamics and factors of CCUS technologies development and analyze the most commercially promising areas of their industrial application in Russia. Methods. The study draws on methods of literature review, content analysis of regulatory documentation, descriptive statistics, and case study. The analytical reviews of the International Energy Agency and the CCUS project database of the Global CCS Institute served as the information base of the paper. Results. Currently, the U.S. remains the leader in the practical use of CCUS technologies due to extensive network of pipelines, through which CO2 can be transported, high demand for carbon dioxide generated by numerous oil producing companies for use in enhanced oil recovery technologies, and government financing programs, including those introduced after the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. The most promising areas of CCUS technologies implementation are energy, heavy industry, long-distance transportation, and low-carbon hydrogen production. Conclusions. In the world, the main barriers to CCUS technologies development are the instability of national policies of the leading countries in the field of restrictions on CO2 emission. In Russia, these barriers are sanction restrictions on the country's energy sector, declining growth rates of hydrogen energy due to reduced access to foreign innovative developments, and increased barriers to entry into international markets of innovative energy products of the Russian Federation.

Theoretical Approaches Towards Studying Motivation for Surrogate Motherhood

Population increase in Russia is one of the key strategies that determine state demographic policy. Modern advancements in medical science make it possible to use various technologies that allow men and women who are unable to conceive for medical reasons to find joy in parenthood. The article discusses theories that reveal the essence and content of people’s need to reproduce and live on in future generations by means of using such technology as surrogate motherhood. The research analysis is rooted in the methodology for studying specific social phenomena based on the general theory of human activity determination developed within sociology and psychology: the role of external and internal necessity, needs in shaping the motivation for resorting to surrogate motherhood (A. Zdravomyslov, A. Merenkov). The article points out the importance of the human instinct to continue oneself in subsequent generations. The influence of needs when it comes to forming the motivation for certain human behavior is analyzed based on theoretical provisions (G. Arefiev, A. Bandura, A. Maslow, A. Leontiev) that reveal the process of conscious search for ways to satisfy different needs whenever it is possible. The emergence of medical technology allowing for the birth of a child with the help of a woman whose body, upon receiving someone else’s genetic material, is able to perform this function, forms different motives for the customer and whomever is performing such a task. P. Bourdieu’s theory of social capital helps to identify a set of economic, social, and cultural conditions that determine the content of external and internal factors that contribute to a system of interaction between these social actors. Specific motives for people having their own children are analyzed by W. Miller, D. Friedman, J. Greenberg. The research into women’s motivation for surrogate motherhood is based on works by P. Berger, T. Luckman, M. Fouquet, who studied the modern trend of using a person’s body to fulfill various needs. At the same time, the surrogate mother may develop different forms of identifying herself with the born child. The analysis of these contradictions is carried out based on conceptions of identity by M. Heidegger, E. Erickson, E. Giddens, J. Toshchenko. It is concluded that the use of different theoretical approaches to identifying the social and cultural factors which impact motivation for surrogate motherhood results in highquality empirical research that reveals the specifics of using this assisted reproductive technology in Russia.

Overview: Biodegradable Packaging Film Materials

Currently, bioplastics, which are bio-based (biodegradable/non-biodegradable) plastics, account for about 1% of the approximately 390 million tons of plastic produced annually. But as demand is rising, and with more new materials demerging, the market is already growing very dynamically. Europe ranks the 1st place in the field of research and development of bioplastics. About a fifth part of the world’s volume of such materials, produce here. The development of such technologies in Russia goes slowly. Biodegradable plastics are mainly produced from starch, polylactic acid and cellulose. Moreover, all of components are biodegradable. So-called biocomposites are also available, which are a mixture of a polymer with a filler introduced in order to reduce the cost of materials and/or to improve the chemical-mechanical properties of the product. The obtaining of biodegradable packaging materials by fermentation process is very expensive. Traditional synthetic plastics with biodegradable additives introduced into them need special composting conditions. In this article, there is the market’s analysis of the packaging biodegradable products. It also contains the ways to obtain such products from natural raw materials. A large number of studies are devoted to the chemical modification of such polymers, which makes it possible to obtain flexible packaging materials with improved physical and mechanical characteristics compared to the original and not inferior to traditional synthetic plastics.

Experience in Creating and Using the GTL Technology in Russia

Experience in Creating and Using the GTL Technology in Russia

У истоков отечественной радиоэлектроники

The first tube communication system “Blokada-1”designed for The Naval Forces of Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Fleet (MS RKKF) was among the first domestic radio-electronic systems. The scientifically grounded concept for its construction and implementation was developed by the first chairman of the Communications Section of the MS RKKF Science and Technology Committee, a professor Imant Georgievich Freiman, a head (1917–1929) of the first national department of radio engineering in Electrotechnical Institute, who continued the work A. S. Popov in all scientific and social areas. Research and teaching activities of I. G. Freiman, including active experimental work, gives grounds for determining his role in the history of radio engineering and radio electronics as the founder of the scientific and engineering school of radio engineering in Russia.

Medical and economic aspects of the development of AI technologies in Russia and worldwide (literature review)

The review presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of and prospects for funding the introduction of artificial intelligence in the healthcare sector. The authors analyzed the history of the transformation of digitalization in Russian healthcare and identified its main stages. The assessment of the introduction of artificial intelligence in Russia in relation to the recent past and to the experience of foreign colleagues was carried out. The most popular directions of AI projects are studied on the example of specific companies. The article examines the dependence of the size of the share of the country's GDP spent on digitalization of the system and the speed of transformation of the level of quality of services provided, as well as the tendency to decrease the load on the system, reducing the size of the resulting gap in patient desires and system resources in parallel with the growth of healthcare funding. The paper presents a study of the current state of the digitalization level of the system in comparison with other countries (the United States of America, the People's Republic of China, and the countries of the European Union). The paper presents the tactics and plans of digitalization of each country separately and in comparison. The results of the analysis of the strategy for the introduction of artificial intelligence in the field of domestic healthcare and the healthcare systems of Germany, the USA, and China are presented; the main differences, advantages, and disadvantages are identified. The paper presents the cases of various perspectives in solving urgent problems of the healthcare system based on the experience of other countries; the correlations of complementary strategies and possible consequences are investigated. The paper contains examples of research on the problem of doctors' and patients' trust in artificial intelligence technologies. The creation of digital assistants for patients, predictive analytics, treatment control, and remote monitoring are among the most popular global trends in AI implementation.

PRODUCT QUALITY AS THE BASIS OF COMPETITIVENESS
 OF RUSSIAN ENGINEERING

The low level of competitiveness of domestic equipment significantly reduces consumer demand. This problem can be solved only on the basis of improving the quality level and operational reliability of manufactured machines, which are laid down in the production of equipment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is improving the manufacturing quality and reliability of Russian-made machines and equipment by improving their production and technical service. (Materials and methods) Investigated as initial information and materials the actual data on machines and equipment involved in agricultural production of countries; indicators of the intensity of their use and operational reliability. The following research methods were applied: monographic, comparative assessments, statistical, analysis and synthesis. (Results and discussion) The work is aimed at determining the reasons for the low level of quality of Russian equipment, substantiating the need for innovative development of production systems and technical service of machinery and equipment. It was determined that the basis of the high competitiveness of foreign equipment is the use of a proprietary method of technical service. The expediency of innovative development of the production and technological system and the creation of machine-building firms has been established. Only the company is interested in improving the quality of manufactured equipment, and only the company can organize branded technical service of its products. (Conclusions) The conducted organizational and technological studies have shown that improving the quality of manufacturing and reliability parameters of machinery and equipment based on the developed innovative method of organizing production and technical service will bring Russian engineering to a competitive level and ensure competitiveness and import substitution in technology.

Anomaly Detection in Student Activity in Solving Unique Programming Exercises: Motivated Students against Suspicious Ones

This article presents a dataset containing messages from the Digital Teaching Assistant (DTA) system, which records the results from the automatic verification of students’ solutions to unique programming exercises of 11 various types. These results are automatically generated by the system, which automates a massive Python programming course at MIREA—Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA). The DTA system is trained to distinguish between approaches to solve programming exercises, as well as to identify correct and incorrect solutions, using intelligent algorithms responsible for analyzing the source code in the DTA system using vector representations of programs based on Markov chains, calculating pairwise Jensen–Shannon distances for programs and using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to detect high-level approaches used by students in solving unique programming exercises. In the process of learning, each student must correctly solve 11 unique exercises in order to receive admission to the intermediate certification in the form of a test. In addition, a motivated student may try to find additional approaches to solve exercises they have already solved. At the same time, not all students are able or willing to solve the 11 unique exercises proposed to them; some will resort to outside help in solving all or part of the exercises. Since all information about the interactions of the students with the DTA system is recorded, it is possible to identify different types of students. First of all, the students can be classified into 2 classes: those who failed to solve 11 exercises and those who received admission to the intermediate certification in the form of a test, having solved the 11 unique exercises correctly. However, it is possible to identify classes of typical, motivated and suspicious students among the latter group based on the proposed dataset. The proposed dataset can be used to develop regression models that will predict outbursts of student activity when interacting with the DTA system, to solve clustering problems, to identify groups of students with a similar behavior model in the learning process and to develop intelligent data classifiers that predict the students’ behavior model and draw appropriate conclusions, not only at the end of the learning process but also during the course of it in order to motivate all students, even those who are classified as suspicious, to visualize the results of the learning process using various tools.

State Financial Regulation of Innovations in Russia under International Sanctions

Relevance. One of the most vulnerable aspects of the development of the Russian economy is its technological and innovative component. This aspect of the Russian economy was tried to reanimate and increase its effectiveness after the 2008 crisis, in order to move from a raw material model of economic growth to a model of advanced technological development. In 2022, Russia has no choice but to carry out a structural transformation of the economy, for the success of which it is vital to intensify and increase the efficiency of innovation. In this regard, the role of state financial regulation of innovation activities for the transition period is increasing.The purpose of this study is to substantiate approaches to state financial regulation of innovative development of the economy in the context of international sanctions and to clarify specific conditions for intensifying innovations in the non-state sector of the economy.Objectives: review of the scientific literature on the impact of sanctions on the dynamics of innovative activity; analysis of innovative activity in Russia over the past 10 years; justification of the methods and instruments of state financial regulation of innovations in the current conditions for Russia.Methodology. The article uses methods of analysis and synthesis of information, an overview analysis of scientific literature, horizontal and graphic analysis of Rosstat data on the innovative development of Russia.Results. The results of the work was the systematization of methods and instruments of state financial regulation in the context of international sanctions, as well as the justification of specific conditions for the successful innovative development of Russia in the current geopolitical situation.Conclusion. The Government should use a standard set of financial incentives for innovation activity, but to develop the non-governmental sector and improve the effectiveness of innovation activities, it is also necessary to create additional conditions for creating a favorable institutional environment in which appropriate private initiatives will be possible.

Organization of an engineering center for industrial import substitution

Objectives. Following the imposition of sanctions against the Russian Federation, which included a ban on thesupply of foreign electronic equipment—including automation systems—to Russian enterprises, the continuingdevelopment of science and technology in Russia became a question of ensuring technological sovereignty accordingto the principle of import substitution. According to plans developed by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of theRussian Federation, the policy of import substitution, including automation systems, will ensure the replacement ofimported equipment with domestic counterparts.Methods. Approaches underlying the joint project of MIREA ‒ Russian Technological University and EnvironmentalIndustrial Policy Center to solve the problems of import substitution are described. Various substitution strategiesavailable in the world experience, as well as objective and subjective obstacles to their implementation in Russia,including the insufficiency of domestic regulatory legal acts and previously formed attachments to importedtechnologies and regulatory frameworks, are considered. Distinctive features of contemporary external relations areadduced to the necessity and urgency of developing technological sovereignty. The main functional requirementsfor a software and hardware platform for developing modern automated control systems (ACS) for mechanicalengineering applications, as well as the required capabilities of an engineering center for solving applied problemsof overcoming import dependence, are described. The components of the production of capital goods (engineering)and its role in the product life cycle are shown.Results. The selection of a pilot engineering object comprising a sectional glass-forming machine, along with asoftware-hardware complex including elements of industrial electronics and ACS, is justified. The main functionalelements of the ACS and their interrelations are shown.Conclusions. The results confirm the necessity of achieving complete import substitution for the creation of digitalproducts. Prospects for cooperation with interested organizations are shown.